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microfiches 
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Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


i 


•1^^ 


V.9 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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TINUED "    or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
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Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
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1 

2 

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1 

2 

3 

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5 

6 

MICROCOPY    RESOLUTION    TEST   CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2] 


1.0 


I.I 


12.8 


u  m 


wwm 


m 

i40 


2.5 
2.2 


2.0 


1.8 


1.25 


1.4 


1.6 


A  ^F'^'l-IED  IM/IGE     Inc 

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■ 

i 


THE  WOODCRAFT 
MANUAL  FOR  BOYS 

The  Fifteenth  Birch  Bark  Roll 

BY 

ERNEST  THOMPSON  SETON 

CHIEF   OF   THE   WOODCRAFT   LEAGUE  fgif 

Author  of  "  WildJnimals  I  Have  Knmvn,"  "  Two 
Little  Savage:,"  "  Life  Histories  of  Northern 

Animals,"  "  Forester's  Manual,"  etc.    s      >,  • 

/  -'■ '    •  > 


/     / 


Published  for 

THE  WOODCRAFT  LEAGUE  OF  AMERICA 

13  West  29TH  Street,  New  York 


Garden  City  New  York 

DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  &  COMPANY 

1917 


Copyright,  igiT,  h 

Ernest  Thompson  Seton 

All  rights  reserved,  including  that  of 

translatiou  into  foreign  languages, 

including  the  Scandinavian. 


MY  BOOK  AND  MY  TALLY 


Band  Totem 


Tribe  Totem 


1 


Name 


<     Street,  and  city  or  town  addicss  State 

I  Age Height Weight... 


I  a  member  of  the Band  of  the 

of  Woodcraft  Boys. 


) 


Guide 


Date 


Initiation  test  taken       

'  rx-    ■■      s  Wayseeker 191 . 

Bet     le  Pathfinder         191 . 

Becume  Minisino  191 . 

Became  Sagamore  191 , 

List  of  24  coups  won  (abbreviate) : 


Tribe 


191. 


^'C     I       I    1.  -f. 


My  Book  and  My  Tally 

Became  Grand  Sagamore  . 


Date 


Grand  Coups  won 


Became  Sachem 


Date 


Coups  won 


Became  Grand  Sachem 


Date 


Grand  Coups  won 


Degrees  received: 

Name  of  degree 


When  received 


•  •«•••- 


Became  Shaman 


D«u 


PREFACE 


"The  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys  for  1917,"  is  an  official 
Manual  of  the  Woodcraft  League,  giving  full  information  as  lo 
the  carr}  ing  on  of  the  work  of  the  Woodcraft  Boys.  It  is  also  a 
handbook  containing  information  on  outdoor  life  for  the  boys 
of  America. 

Ernest  Thompson  Seton,  whose  life  has  been  a  constant  in- 
spiration and  help  to  all  lovers  of  outdoor  things,  is  the  author- 
Much  of  the  material  appears  for  the  first  time,  though  some 
of  it  has  been  used  from  other  books  with  the  permission  01 
Mr.  Seton  and  of  the  publishers. 

F.  H.  Schmidt,  J.  A.  Wolf,  John  L.  Alexander,  William 
Menaker  and  Hamlin  Garland  have  helped  in  organizing  work, 
as  well  as  Jean  W.  Miller,  Lina  D.  Miller,  Anne  S.  Grumman  and 
other  members  of  the  Council  of  Guidance. 

Mrs.  F.  R.  Hoisington  assisted  along  several  lines,  particu- 
larly in  the  shaping  up  of  the  Coups  and  Degrees  as  found  in 
the  fourth  section. 

Mrs.  Grace  Gallatin  Seton  has  contributed  several  articles 
and  has  given  freely  of  her  time  in  the  working  out  of  the  many 
problems  and  in  the  editing  of  the  book. 

Philip  D,  Fagdns,  in  addition  to  his  duties  as  Executive 
Secretary,  has  written  several  articles  and  given  of  his  time 
both  in  the  working  out  of  the  organization  and  in  editing 
the  material. 

The  League  acknowledges  with  hearty  thanks  the  permission 
of  Ernest  Thompson  Seton  and  Doubleday,  Page  &  Company 
to  use  much  of  the  material  from  the  Book  of  Woodcraft;  for 
the  use  of  the  poems  and  stories  from  "  Woodmyth  and  Fable," 
by  Ernest  Thompson  Seton,  published  by  the  Century  Com- 
pany; to  Alice  Fletcher  lor  permission  to  use  the  songs  and 
music  quoted  from  her  "Indian  Songs  and  Stories";  to  H.  M. 
Burr  and  Association  Press  for  the  use  of  stories  from.  "Around 
the  Fire";  to  Mrs.  S.  A.  Ward  for  the  use  of  the  hymn  "O  Beauti- 
ful for  Spacious  Skies";  to  McClelland,  Goodchild  and  Stewart. 
Ltd.,  for  "The  Seven  White  Swans"  from  "Legends  of  Van- 
couver" by  E.  Pauline  Johnson  (Tekahionwake);  for  the  use 


TU 


...  Preface 

vui 

of  the  "Corn-smut  Girl"  from  "Indian  Days  of  the  Long  Ago" 

l,y  Edward  S.  C"''^*^^  .  ^^^^..-j-gg  ^ith  many  thanks  the  cover 

The  League  ^'^/^^.^^^^^^^^  of  the  Woodcraft  Boy; 

medal  ion  ^V  |.  fl^^j'^yp'rce^^^^^^       Valeria  Parker;  the  article 

the  article  on  the    };»^f*;y,\„i  Frederick  Collins;  permission 

The  Committee  *^^ J^J"*^, .  ,„.„  ^^ich  would  come  up  in 
'"X^^S^mS:  ^'Ij^J&T'ilLn  carefully  covered, 

"'S'^cr^u'a^ouSw  by  Mr.  Seton  ^  been  a.me<l 
While  wooai.rd.li ««  WonHrraft  Leaeue  in  its  present  form 
on  for  fourteen  years  the  '^^^^^J^^^^,,^,/ior  a  Boys' 
'vianl?  tt  pT^n^Bth  BaTloS  £s  been  produced  under 
nrl  Ind  d^^not  include  all  the  material  originally  planned. 
E  ?s  gten"^^^^^^^^^^  with  the  thought  as  expressed  m 

ihe  Preface  to  "Two  Little  Savages. 
"  Because  I  have  known  the  torments  of  thirst, 
I  would  dig  a  well  where  others  may  dnnk. 
Vnd  it  is  hoped  that  the  spirit  of  the  Manualis  the  same  a^ 
has  aJ^yl  c&erized  th?  work  Mr.  Seton  has  done  with 
the  boys  and  girls  of  the  country.  ^  ^^^^^  Committee. 

October,  1916. 


OFFICERS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  COUNCIL  AND 
THE  COUNCIL  OF  GUIDANCE 

ERNEST  THOMPSON  SETON,  Chief 

MARKSULUVAN,Secretary,ELONHUNTINGTONHOOKER  Treasurer 
PHILIP  D.  PAGANS,  Executive  Secretary 

Council  of  Guidance 


John  L.  AtEXAim    : 

Hamlin  Garland,  Historian 

H.  W.  Gibson 

Anne  S.  Grvmman 

Herman  H.  Horne 

Jean  W.  Miller,  Asst.  Jj^ctetary 


May  Folwell  Hoisincton 

T.  Gilbert  Pearson 

Grace  Gallatin  Seton,  Chairman 

Business  Committee 
Judge  Wm.  H.  Wadhams 
Harvey  C.  Went,  and  the  Officers 


National  Council 


JlLKS  BaCHE 

Irvlng  Bacheiler 

E.  C.  Bishop 

Neltje  Blanchan 

Stephen  A.  Breed 

Arthur  Brisbane 

Mrs.  Walston  Hill  Brown 

John  Burroughs 

IJR.  Frank  M.  Chapman 

Honor.vble  Frank  I.  Cohen 

Roland  Ray  Conklin 

William  Carroll  Cornwall 

John  O'Hara  Cosgrave 

Natalie  Curtis 

William  Curtis  Demorest 

Frank  N.  Doubleday 

Mrs.  C.  Tarbell  Dudley 

Bertram  H.  Fancher 

Ivan  P.  Flood 

WiLUAM  H.  Folwell 

Mrs.  William  H.  Folwell 

a.  r.  forbush 

Dr.  William  Byron  Forbush 

H.  N.  Gibson 

Madison  Grant 

Wallace  IIeckman 

Frederic  R.  Hoisington 

Klon  Hltstington  Hooker 

Mrs.  Elon  Huntington  Hooker 

Mrs.  Charlton  T.  Hudson 

James  L.  Hughes 


Ella  Wheeler  Wilcox 


Herbert  Hungerford 
Joseph  Howland  Hunt 
Charles  L.  Hutchinson 
Mrs.  Marietta  Johnson 
Mrs.  Chari,es  D.  Lanier 
Adolph  Lewisohn 
S.  Stanwood  Menken 
Enos  Mills 
Dr.  Robert  T.  Mop  ts 
Presion  G.  Orwig 
Honorable  Stephe       .  Porter 
Reverend  I .  Edwai  j^  Powxll 
Martin  A.  Kyvt-jon 
Caroline  PuutzRees 
^H.  Louis  ;     i  jgston  Seaman 
'.x->fessor  V  .  H.  Scherzer 
JDi.jjARD  Sexton 
Albert  Shaw 

Honorable  John  M.  Slaton 
Hugh  Smiley 
Mark  Sullivan 
Lorado  Taft 
Ida  M.  Tarbell 
WauAM  H.  Thompson 
Mrs.  Charles  Edwin  Tow-nsend 
His  Excellency  Dr.  Henry  Van- 
dyke 
Professor  Charles  D.  Walcott 
John  J.  Watson,  Jr. 
George  L,  Whtfe 
Jesse  Lynch  Williams 


A   MESSAGE  FROM  THE  WOODCRAFT  CHIEF  TO 
THE  BOYS  OF  AMERICA 

Let  me  tell  you  the  story  of  the  Frog-boy. 

He  was  lying  on  the  bank  of  a  reedy  pond  the  first  time  that 
1  saw  him,  eagerly  watching  to  locate  the  loud  call  of  the  spring 
peepers  that  were  uttering  their  shrill  ''peep,  peep,  peep,"  horn 
many  near  parts  of  the  pond. 

When  I  spoke  to  him,  he  turned  quickly,  and  looked  a  little 
ashamed  to  be  caught  at  such  a  small  job  as  watching  peepers. 

''  Did  you  see  one?  "  I  asked.  ^ 

"No;  at  least,  only  Its  tail,"  was  the  reply. 

I  smiled  and  said,  "You  didn't  see  its  ta'ii,  because  it  hasn't 
any. 

j/'^^hy,    I    thought    they     were    lizards;     whistling     water 

.u"^?\-!^  '^^,  ^f^^^  ^  ''^'■>'  ^'"'^'l  o"e;  but  he  blows  out  his 
throat  like  a  bladder  as  big  as  himself  and  through  that  makes 
noises  hke  a  httle  steam  whistle." 

He  stared  at  me;  so  I  took  out  mv  pond  net  and  soon  dipped 
out  one  of  the  httle  frogs.  ^ 

His  eyes  were  ablaze  with  interest,  and  presently  his  shyness 
gave  way.  A  large  bird  flew  overhead,  swinging  through  the 
air  ma  succession  of  festoons.     He  said  eagerly,  "mat  is 

"A  flicker,"  I  replied.  "See  the  sheen  of  his  yellow 
wings  like  sun  rays  as  he  flies?  See  the  white  star  6n  his 
back?  and,  on  his  breast,  if  you  could  see,  you  would  find  a 
dark  moon,  so  he  is  in  all  ways  markeri  for  the  heavenly 
bodies.  ■^ 

As  we  walked  along,  he  darted  aside  and  returned  with  a 
yellow  flower. 

"What  is  it  called?"  was  his  question. 


I  never  saw  a  keener  young  Woodcraft  boy.     He  drank  in  all 
1  could  tell  him,  and  asked  questions  faster  than  I  could  answer 


mc«i 


xu 


A  Message 


them.  He  was  a  true  naturalist,  burning  with  love  for  all 
these  things  of  the  woods,  but  suffering  for  lack  of  some  guide. 
He  had  no  books,  not  even  a  sympathetic  friend;  and  before 
our  walk  was  finished  he  made  me  his  confidant.  He  told  me 
m  his  own  way  how  he  longed  to  know  all  these  things  and 
how  he  wanted  to  be  with  them. 

He  carried  all  the  flowers  I  had  named.  By  the  way  he 
spoke  of  them,  I  knew  that  he  would  never  forget  those  names 
as  long  as  he  lived;  and,  when  I  left  him,  he  asked  shyly,  "Some 
day  soon,  will  you  tell  me  some  more?" 

Poor  lonely,  loving  child  of  the  woods!  My  heart  went  out 
to  him.  I  wonder  if  he  got  as  much  happiness  out  of  hearing  as 
I  did  out  of  telling  those  things. 

Afterward,  I  took  him  many  times  for  little  walks  and  talks 
among  the  birds  and  flowers,  and  from  these  we  got  on  to  other 
things.  The  chance  of  a  cut  finger  one  day,  and  his  getting 
poisoned  by  ivy,  led  to  the  whole  subject  of  first-aid,  and  from 
that  to  the  duty  of  being  strong  in  body.  Removing  some 
broken  glass  from  a  road  where  it  was  liable  to  hurt  some  one's 
feet  or  bicycle,  was  the  beginning  of  thought  for  others  and 
duty  to  the  neighbors.  He  was  shy  and.distrustful  of  strangers ; 
in  fact,  he  avoided  them  and  said  so.  But,  when  I  reminded 
him  that  we  were  strangers  that  first  day,  he  looked  serious  and 
said,  "Yes,  I  know  I  lose  a  great  deal  by  wanting  to  be  alone. 
I'll  fight  against  it." 

When  I  spoke  of  the  Great  Spirit,  he  was  silent,  but  deeply 
attentive. 

These  were  among  his  beginnings.  He  grew  up  to  be  a 
naturalist;  and,  more  than  that,  to  be  a  fine  type  of  citizen. 
Shy  yet,  he  always  will  be;  but  he  is  a  strong,  clean,  happy  man, 
holding  a  high  government  position  to-day;  a  blessing  to  those 
about  him  and  a  help  to  all  who  live  in  the  woods. 

Fortunately  for  him  and  those  about  him  his  kind  destiny 
took  him  to  the  true  school,  the  school  of  Woodcraft,  where 
his  body,  brain,  soul,  and  social  instincts  all  were  trained; 
and  the  training  was  what  he  had  yearned  for. 

Listen,  oh,  American  Boy  of  to-day!  The  things  that  I  told 
him,  and  found  such  pleasure  in  telling,  are  the  things  I  have 
written  down  in  this  book;  for  I  think  that  you  are  a  little 
like  him.  You  want  so  much  to  know  about  wild  I'fe;  you  want 
to  be  strong;  you  are  eager  to  be  important  in  the  gang  you  play 
with;  you  want  to  know  and  be  in  the  big  world;  these  are  whole- 
so"™f  ambitions,  and  it  is  with  the  hope  that  I  may  help  you  as 
I  helped  the  "Frog-boy"  in  those  long  gone  woodland  days  that 


A  Message 


ziii 


I  offer  you  this  volune.  In  this  way,  with  help  from  other 
men  and  women  who  have  been  through  it  aU,  I  volunteer  to 
be  your  guide;  for  the  Woodcraft  Manual  is  only  myself  and 
themselves  done  mto  paper  and  ink. 


^'Pf^JU^  M-i^^^ 


ersfi 


f^Bt, 


'v.?ij^^iui'    "^    "■     ■f~~~*^^'>^' 


THE  WOODCRAFT  ISAGUE 


Our  purpose  is  to  learr  the  outdoor  life  for  its  worth  m  the 
building  up  of  our  bodies  .  nd  the  helping  and  strengthenkg  of 
our  souls;  that  we  may  go  forth  with  the  seeing  eye,  aTthe 

ite  thai  we  be  made  in  all  wise  masters  of  ourselves;  facing  Ufa 
without  flinching,  ready  to  take  our  part  among  our  feUows  fn  aU 

he  ?re.  T  •  l^l'Y'''\''^T''^  ^^^"  '^"^^  trial  comes  Sia 
.abemSlef ""  "'     "  '''^'''  ^^  '''''^^  ^^"^^  ^"  '^''''  ^^'^^thy 

The  WcKxicraft  League  believes  that  its  message  comes  to  the 
people  of  America  young  and  old,  rich  and  poor.^  The  work  of 
the  League  is  divided  as  follows: 

The  Big  Lodge  of  the  Woodcraft  Boys,  from  twelve  to  eigh- 
Sbook  ^'°"P  '^''  Woodcraft  Manual  is  the  offiSl 

The  Big  Lodge  of  the  Woodcraft  League  for  Girls  from  twelve 
to  eighteen.     (Manual  now  ready.)  siromiweive 

pubL\Ser.f''  '"  ''"'""  ""^^^  '-^^-      ^^^---1  to  be 

?hP  ^.^^^^'f  S^"^  ^^^  '"'"/"^  '^^"^^'^  ^^''^^  eighteen. 

Ihe  Sun  Lodge  for  men  and  women  twent  -one  ard  o-er 
interested  in  specializing  in  Woodcraft  ' 

Each  of  these  sections  has  its  own  printed  matter  and  badge 
The  details  of  the  work  vary  according^o  the  needs  of  the  group 

All  are  members  of  the  VVoodcraf t  League  and  wear  the  badge 
of  the  League,  a  white  shield  with  blue  horns.'  ^ 

1  he  Headquarters  are  at  13  West  29th  Street,  New  Vork  City 


XV 


TWELVE  SECRETS  OF  THE  WOODS 

Do  you  know  twelve  secrets  of  the  woods? 

Do  you  know  the  umbrella  that  stands  up  spread  to  show 
that  there  is  a  restaurant  in  the  cellar? 

Do  you  know  the  "manna-food"  that  grows  on  th-  rocks 
summer  and  winter,  and  holds  up  its  hands  in  the  Indian 
sign  of    mnocence,"  so  all  who  need  may  know  how  good  it 

Do  you  know  the  vine  that  climbs  above  the  sedge  to  whisper 
on  the  wmd  "  There  are  coconuts  in  my  basement "  ? 

Can  you  tell  why  the  rabbit  puts  his  hind  feet  down  ahead  of 
nis  tront  ones  as  he  runs? 

Can  you  tell  why  the  squirrel  buries  every  other  nut  and  who 
It  was  that  planted  tnose  shag-barks  aU  along  the  fence? 
what  da  T  ^^"  "^^^^  ^^^  woodchuck  does  in  midwinter  and  on 

Have  you  learned  to  know  the  pale  villain  of  the  open  woods 
kiiown?  ^'^^^^^'  ^°^  w^ose  fearful  poison  no  remedy  is 

Have  you  learned  to  overcome  the  poison  ivy  that  was  once 
so  feared-now  so  hghtiy  held  by  those  who  know? 

Have  you  proved  the  balsam  fir  in  all  its  fourfold  gifts-as 
Chnstmas  tree,  as  healing  balm,  as  consecrated  bed,  as  wood  of 
friction  fire? 

Do  you  know  the  wonderful  medicine  that  is  in  the  sky? 

Have  you  tasted  the  bitter  and  dangerous  bread  of  vdsdom, 
the  treasure  that  cures  mu'  ignorance,  that  is  buried  in  the 
aisle  of  Jack-o-P'-lpit's  Church? 

Can  you  tell  what  walked  around  your  tent  on  the  thirtieth 
night  of  your  camp-out? 

Then  are  you  wise.  You  have  learned  twelve  secrets  of 
the  woods.    But  if  you  have  not,  come  and  let  us  teach  you. 


XVI 


Twelve  Secrets  of  the  Woods 


xvu 


i:"i:Aflipi£iC  :.    .i. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

PAbK 

Preface vii 

Ofhcers  and  Members  of  the  National  Council  .     .  ix 

Message  from  tiie  Chief xi 

The  Woodcraft  League xv 

Tt-  liLVE  Secrets  of  the  Woods xvi 

SECTION  I 

Organization-  and  General  Lvformation 

Woodcraft    Men— Their    Message    to    Woodcraft 

Boys ^ 

How  TO  Form  a  Tribe 

To  Become  a  Woodcraft  Boy  r 

To  Start  a  Tribe J 

Woodcraft  Boy's  Suit 6 

Band  Meetings , 

Charter ' 

A  Meeting  Place ■, 

Councils - 

Regular  Council g 

Order  of  Doings 3 

Decorum  of  Council ]     [  o 

Indoor  Council ''  g 

The  Woodcraft  Laws .     .  10 

Initiations '  jq 

Initiation  Trials .     .  n 

New  Member's  Work [     [  1 1 

Growth .     .  II 

Woodcraft  Indians ,     .  n 

Totems '  jj 

Requirements  for  Ranks '     '  jg 

Entering  or  Wayseeker jg 

Pathfinder jg 

Minisino '  jg 

Titles  and  Officers "  20 


K^T",*'- ->/' "'iCBIIR:-^ 


Contents 


Baflj^es 

Illustration     .... 

Meaning  of  the  Badges 

Salute 
Me.amng  of  Tin:  Coincil  Ring. 
Ceremony  or  Gkwd  Council 

Council  Rouk 

Model  C(j.\.sTiruTi()\  ior  a  Tkihk 
The  Inurinuinc  (ji-  a  Xkwc-omkk 
Inst.vllation  .jk  rm;  Hi  -..-ikk  R  ^nks 
Conferring  or  Coups  and  Dkgr,.;,.;^ 
List  of  Sagamorks  and  Sachkms 
Winning  a  Name  . 


SECTION  II 

Tribe  and  Council  Activities 

Su(;(;kstions  on  Tribal  Work 

General   .      .  •  ' 

First  Three  Months  (Pathtinder) 

Next  Five  Months  (Minislno) 
Games 

Couficil 

Tub  Tilting  ... 

Indian  Leg  Wrestle. 

Navajo  Feather  Dance. 

Cock  P'ighting    . 

One-legged  Chicken  Fight 

Strong  Hand 

Stung 

Talk-fest 
^  Solemnity 
Outdoor 

Watching  by  the  Trail. 
Trailing 

Apache  Relay  Race. 
Chinese  Tag 
Bat  Ball  . 
Scouting 


Quick  Sight 


PAGE 
21 

2?, 
2? 

24 

24 

25 
26 

27 

30 
32 

34 


35 
37 

38 


A3, 
44 

44 
45 
45 
45 

45 
46 
46 

46 
46 

47 

47 

47 

47 
48 


Contents 


XXi 


Far  Sight      .     . 
Home  Star    . 
Hostile  Spy  . 
Tree  the  Coon   . 
Rat  o.<  Lodge 
Water-boiling  Contest 
Medley  Scouting 
Still-hunting  the  Buck 
U'dUr 

Spearing  the  tircat  Sturgeon 
Canoe  lag    . 


Tilting  in  the  Water 
Indoor 
Odds  and  Evens 
Blind  Man's  Hull 
My  X'acation 
Names  by  Topics    . 
Fortune  .... 
Guessing  Game 
Kingdom 
Geography    . 
Game  of  Menagerie 
Menagerie  Partv 
A  Portrait  Partv 
Magic  Music 
I'ireside  Trick 
'Jhe  Lone  Star  Trick 
Fwuher  Foot-ball 
Sottas 

Ciroup  Singing' 
America 
Star-Spangled  Banner    . 
O  Beautiful  for  Spacious  Sk 
Rouser 
Alouette 

Omaha  Tribal  Praxcr 
Hike  Song 
Good  Night 
Canoeist's  Love  Song 
Death  Song    .  ' 

Zon-zi-mon-de 
Muje  Mukesin 
Hither  Thunder  , 


4Q 

4Q 

49 

SO 

50 

5' 

5' 


57 
5/' 

57 
.S7 
5^ 
5^ 
5'^ 
; ) 

5<> 

50 

59 
Oo 

()0 
()0 

Oi 
Oi 

()_> 

05 
65 
00 

67 
69 

70 

71 
72 

73 
73 
74 

75 
76 

76 


it 


xxii 


Contents 


Oanctxc 

Dancing 

Dances 

Storm  Cloud g^ 

Lone  Hunter gj 

The  Dog  Dance '     '  g, 

Ojibw."    Snake  Dance \     [  g; 

Carilx)u  Dance _  g- 

Animal  Dance  of  Nana-bo-jou ......  gj 

Plays,  Pageants,  and  Masques 

The  Peace  Pipe  Ceremony gg 

Suggested  Books .     .     .  oo 

Campfire  Stories  and  Poeais 

The  Road  to  Fairyland q. 

The  Fairy  Lamps    ...  oc 

The  Origin  of  the  Blue  Bird    ....      ."     ."     .'  kj 

Twin  Stars '      '  ^g 

Gitche-o-kok-o-hoo '      '  ig 

The  Story  of  Corn-smut  Girl        .....  qq 

The  First  Gang '      '  ^^ 

The  Seven  Swans '  j^g 

How  Men  Found  the  Great  Spirit     "     !      !     !  114 


SECTION  III 
Thinos  to  Know  and  Do 


CiL\PTER  I.  City  VVooDCRApr 
Woodcraft  in  Town 
Wireless  for  Woodcrafters 
Totems  in  Town 
Fire— Servant  or  Master? 
Sleep  Outdoors  . 
Health     .      . 

Health  Hints. 

The  Life  Force 

Breathing 

Don't  Turn  Out  Your  Toes 

Keen  Eyes 

Dry  Footgear      ... 

Ready  Help 
Patriotism  and  Citizenship 


121 
X23 

131 

^35 
137 

139 
140 
141 
141 
141 
142 
142 

145 


•^M 


iTm^^^W^^^^ 


77 


C<mt«nti 

Hiking  .  . 
Sign  Language  . 
Picture  Writing. 
Weather  Signals 
Railroad  Signals 
Roof  Camping  . 
Individual  Tally  Book. 
Indian  Names  for  the  Months 

CilAPTER  II.      CaMPERCR.\FT 

Camping  Out  . 
Outfitting  .     . 

Outfit  for  Six. 
Tents. 
Teepees  . 
Running  Camp 
Camp  Grounds  . 
Arriving  . 
Sanitation 
Leadership     .   . 
Team  Work. 
Camp  Officers    . 
Camp  Program 
Group  Work 
Rules.     .     . 
Inspections  .... 
Horns  of  High  Hikers  . 
Woodcraft  Council  Ring 
Councils  .... 

Making  Counca  Fire    . 
Totem  Pole  . 
Beds  .... 
Water     .     . 
Mosquitoes 
Lighting  a  Fire  . 
Camp  Cookery  , 
Cooking  Without  Ulensils 
The  Gee-String  Camp  . 
Camp  Horn  ... 

Chapter  III.    Woodlore  and  Handicraft 
Edible  Wild  Plants. 
Mushrooms  .     . 
White  Man's  Woodcraft-Measuring  at  a  Distance 


zziii 

MOB 

•  146 
X48 

•  ^SS 
160 

161 

X63 
164 
164 

169 

172 
172 

174 
174 
174 
17s 
175 

17s 
176 
176 
176 
177 

177 
178 

179 
179 
180 
181 
r8i 

183 
184 
186 
186 


191 
194 
198 


XXIV 


Contents 


Weather  Wisdom    .     . 

When  Lost  in  the  Woods 

Tracking  and  Trailing  .     . 

Keeping  up  the  Old  Trails. 

The  Value  of  Doing 

Indian  Tweezers 

Indian  Clock 

The  Watch  as  a  Compass 

Home-made  Compass  . 

Lights     

Hunter's  Lamp  .     . 

Woodman's  Lantern 
Knife  and  Hatchet 
A  Waterproof  Shelter  . 
Camp  Loom 
Navajo  Loom    .      . 
Camp  Rake  .... 
Camp  Broom 
Rubbing-stick  Fire 
Drum 

The  Woodcraft  Willow  Bed 
Making  a  Teepee    , 
Putting  up  a  Teepee 
Archery  ... 
How  to  Make  a  Bow 
Woodcraft  Paints 
Woodcraft  Dyes 
Lace  or  Thong  . 
Woodcraft  Buttons. 
Handicraft  Stunts  . 

Miscellaneous.     . 

Spoons. 

Bi'.d  Boxes 

Sparrow-proof  Bird  Bo.xes 
Knots 
Blazes  and  Signs 

Blazes. 

Stone  Signs 

Grass  and  Twig  Sign 
Smoke  Signals 
Signals  by  Shots 
1  ramp  Signs 
How  to  Raise  Money 


r-i^U^'-Si-'iVlJ-*''  'A 


Contents  j^^ 

Chapter  IV.     Friknus  in  the  Out  of  Doors 

How  to  Know  the  Wild  Things    .  26c 

Sixty-four  Common  Wild  Flowers  268 

The  Woodcraft  Boy  in  the  Forest  sSo 
Fifty  Common  Forest  Trees                                'la. 

The  Stars  .  ^^3 

Forty  Birds '^14 

Snakes.  Good  and  Bad '^^l 

.33'' 

SECTION  IV 

Wooixraft    Kxploits   and  AcmEVEMENTs   OR   Coups   and 

Degrees 

WooLCRAFT  Exploits  and  Achievements 343 

Coups 

rru  •  345 

Their  use 

Class      I-Athlelics     [      [ ^^^ 

Class    II— Campercraft    .                           '           '  ,crt 

Class  Ill-Nature  Study  .      .      ! ^1, 

Class  IV-Crafts   .                           ^^,^ 

Class  V— Entertainer. Ss 

Class  VI-Life  Craft  ....■;.■                .'  ^g^ 
Degrees.     . 

Their  Use     .                .           ^69 

List  of  Degrees— sixty-four  in  all.     .'.'.[     ]     370 
Lvdex 

429 


^^^i^i 


-i*^;; 


$>  •;^'t^£3--i 


SECTION  I 
ORGANI2ATION  AND  GENERAL  INFORMATION 

How  to  Form  a  Tribe  t    !  ^■*™»«>°«  <>'  «  Newcomer 

Meaning  of  the  CouncU  Ring  cl^?^?  "' **  ^«^«  ^"^^ 

Ceremony  of  Grand  CouncU  Usfo/Sf.      ^"^'  "'*  ^•«'"* 

wj     •        «       Sagamores  and  Sachems 
Winnmg  a  Name 


4^ 


"ViL^... 


ISF 


IfiSr     't^-!iiC*jm  ■    jP^SSm  _m:;t^-tait^ 


^Mm 


SECTION  I 
ORGANIZATION  AND  GENERAL  INFORMATION 


.WOODCRAFT  MEN 
Their  Message  to  Woodcraft  Boys 

man,  t^:SZZ'J^fZT  %^  .^^  ^ "«  ^^  ^o 
things  of  his  everyday  Se  '  ^""^  '^''^  ^^^  ^°  "^^^ter  the 

wentli'oSgtf  S;^^^^^^^^^  His  feet,  as 

be  brave  as  well  as  Xv  h^-f  SfA    ^' ^^"g^t  him  to  swim  and 

ThefimtimehefaHedbLvof^^^^^^^^         ^'  '•'"f  '°  ^'^  ^'a"" 
death.    Those  who  surw7J^      1^  '^'"«'  '"'gHt  easily  mean 

heart  all  CutlZZ'^  W^cX^f  ^il^'  TV  ""^ 
then  but  it  has  always  been  so'l'^^Tso  to-day"  "      "'^  " 

the^Lte'Cdt'f^S^  ^r  ^--^  «-^  - 

built  the  city  of  Nineveh  •  ^1?!'  ^'  "^^f^^^  hunter,  who 

Monarch  of  A^ss^iaXfefo^Lofh^fn      '^'  "°'^-^"'^^'  '^e 
lions  that  attacked  Wm'aY  An.  .•^'^^™'°^^''^me  two 

could  shoe  his  own  ho^e  and  wL     '=  ^f""^"^'  '^'  ^^^^  ^^o 
Rollo,  the  sea  king  X  could  .^^  r^^'^    ^  '°i-™^''''  ^"  ^^'^^^ 
water  and  landed  hNormani         ^W  '^^  '"^  '^e  wildest 
laws  that  are  now  acceTteS  «n    "'^^^u'^  °'^^^^ 
Conqueror  of  England  the  h„n     °T  ^\^'>'^^'  William,  the 

farmer,  d2t  S„d    RoW«  ?    f '  ^T"'  """^'""n.  a-«n,,™, 
man,  planter,  fa  ^'ertf'^  ^(irii^f-  ^"'^'•.  woodsman,  horse: 

™n,  fa™er,Ly,  soSeM  ^r:S^^':^tZt:!:Z!'°tS^ 


~^Mm^^s^- 


"W 


-M,-jr->Mm 


4  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

and  the  whole  long  list  of  names  in  the  Hall  of  Fame,  all  bear 
testimony  to  the  truth  of  this:  whether  in  wood  or  on  farm,  all 
their  essential  training  wr  in  mastering  the  daily  obstacles  of 
life;  obstacltj  which  called  for  handicraft  and  nature  knowledge, 
strength  and  dogged  determination,  qualities  which  ever  doubled 
as  they  were  used. 

It  was  so  in  the  earliest  days  of  man,  in  the  Colonial  days 
of  America,  and  to-day,  and  always  will  be.  For  as  surely  as 
Woodcraft  was  nature's  schoo"  for  man  when  she  constructed 
him  out  of  brute  material,  so  surely  is  it  nature's  school  for 
boys  to-day.  The  things  that  it  engenders  and  nourishes  to 
power  are  the  things  that  spell  success  in  Hfe,  no  matter  where 
the  boy's  life  may  be  cast. 

The  Woodcraft  Boy  to-day  does  not  have  to  study  the  trail 
to  see  what  beasts  have  gone  to  drink,  or  put  his  ear  to  the 
ground  to  know  if  the  buffalo  herd  is  coming;  but  he  knows  that 
in  the  city  the  telephone  book  is  the  key  to  the  business  world. 
He  does  not  have  to  smell  the  wind  to  learn  where  the  jungle  is 
burning,  but  he  knows  where  the  fire  department  box  is  and 
how  to  turn  in  an  alarm.  He  does  not  have  to  look  up  and 
down  the  stream  for  crocodiles  before  swimming  ovpr,  but  he 
watches  both  ways  before  crossing  the  street.  He  need  not 
study  the  scratches  on  the  trunk  for  guides  to  camp,  but  he 
notes  the  name  of  the  street  when  turning  the  corner,  and  in  the 
midst  of  noise  and  excitement  he  keeps  his  head  and  knows  his 
way  as  his  forebears  kept  ilieir  wits  in  the  midst  of  a  herd 
stampeded;  otherwise,  they,  themselves,  would  have  had  no 
descendants.  He  clings  to  the  blessed  heritages  from  those 
other  days,  so  he  is  healthy,  and  he  knows  how  to  Hve  so  as  to 
have  the  overflowing  sense  of  power.  It  is  in  his  nature  to 
learn  again  the  trees  and  plants  and  to  understand  the  message 
of  any  whistle  in  the  woods  or  fields.  And  because  he  loves 
them,  he  protects  the  beautiful  things  of  his  country.  He  sees 
the  wonders  of  the  skies  and  is  touched  by  the  mystery  of  the 
stvrs.  He  knows  where  to  camp;  how  to  sleep;  how  to  cook; 
how  to  live  comfortably  in  primitive  conditions.  And,  trained 
in  the  far  back  game  of  clan,  he  is  thoughtful  at  home  and 
helpful  alike  to  younger  children  and  older  folk.  The  calm 
fortitude,  built  up  of  manifold  training,  teaches  him  to  meet 
friend  or  foe  pleasure  or  danger,  simply,  and  bravely.  What- 
ever his  situation  may  be  he  does  fiis  best,  conscious  of  the  Great 
Spirit's  presence,  and  honors  Him  in  his  life. 

These  are  the  things  that  Woodcraft  built  into  us  in  the 
beginning;  these  in  their  total  are  High  Manhood;  and  these  are 


Organization 
ctfuS;'""  ""  "•"  ^"y  '"  '-PPe"  at  the  caU  of  W«d- 

HOW  TO  FORM  A  TRIBE  OF  WOODCRAFT  BOYS 
To  Become  a  Woodcraft  Boy 

gether  nine  oVboys  twelv^  ySrof  .' "'"^  '^"'^-  ^^^  ^- 
twenty-one  years  of  age  to  act  IT^cT  °t  °''^'"'  ^"^  ^  "^^n 
Woodcraft  Manual  for  Bo%  ^fefullv  ^n'.K  ^''  "^^^  ^^^  ^^e 
Woodcraft  is.  Send  to  Hp?H?  ^'  "^  ^.^*'>' '"^y  ^'"ow  what 
Charter.  Then  select  a  namffo?  the  Trih"  Application  for 
or  special  interest  and  of tenTn  TnHjln  "''^'  V'"^">'  ^^  ^storic 
Have  the  boys  si^  the  AnDlSfon"?'"^ 
Application  with  three  dolkrs?o^lv  f°'  ^xf^"""'  Send  the 
Woodcraft  League    12  W^S  t  ^^^^^V^n^l  Headquarters,  the 

City,  where  tKuncil^rGuTdrrf  "'.f  ^  Street,  New  York 
tion  and  gi.e  vour  Tribe  a  Chartr  ^''  °"  ^^^'^  ^PP''^" 

To  Start  a  Tribe 

IJands  of  not  less  than  fiveZr  mAr  .?  ^"''^  ''  '^'^^^ed  into 
Hand  has  a  Guide  a  man^^.M  ^  '^^"  ^^"  members.  Each 
"f  the  Guides  "should  Tse  ?ct  ras'^gl!;^^^^^  -  ^^^  One 
and  must  be  twenty-one  vSrs  of  .?  °^  '^^  "^"^^^ 

direct  the  work  of  the  Bands  the  N  tfn'J'T:    ^^^  Guides 
to  Headquarters  '  ^^  "^"^  ^"'^^  being  responsible 

Chief,  a  second  CWef^'a  f^ut'v     ^^""^  '^  ^"'^^  ^PP^int,  a 
Decide    the   t?me   and   S  ^fP"''  ^"^  ^^"^P""^  Wr. 

(about  five  cents  a  week  is^isual)  an  JTk  '"'''^"«^'    ^^^   ^"^« 
nature.  "^"*''''  *"^  o^^^er  matters  of  a  similar 

^i^-lfCandnofmn'  t  ^'^"^  '"^^  ^^^^^  "^  not  less 
or  the  GmSp^Snt  a  Chfe/^^^^^^^^^^     ^'^  B^"^  should  dec 
Keeper  and  W^pL  Si'tarl  "^Tu^  separately,  a  Tali; 
officers.  ^       t-oilector,  who  shall  report  to  the  Tribal 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


STYLE  OF  SUIT  FOR  WOODCRAFT  BOYS 

Made  of  greenish  gray  similar  to  the  uniforms  of  the  Forest 
Rangers.  May  be  of  khaki  or  woolen  mixture,  so  that  the  suit 
may  be  worn  for  ordinary  daily  use. 


"T^FT-rrm^ 


Organization  ^ 

7 

Band  Meetings 


Charter 

charter  fee  covers  all  the  exoenses  nf  rh.rf    •      ^       ^"^  ^■5°° 
A  Meeting  Place 

For  the  outdoor  ring'"*'  ttCfS.  C^pg  ?''"  "  ''°^''^^'- 


Councils 

with  visitors  is  called  Gran^  Councin  rieeUnf  o?TlfeT  '^^ 
and  officers  is  .  sIIpH  h;,tI,  r'^       -i     .-.    "'^^'^mg  ot  the  Guides 


8 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


REGULAR   COUNCIL 

If  it  is  possible,  open  the  meeting  by  inaking  the  fire  with  the 
rubbing  sticks,  in  which  case  the  Leader  should  begin  with  the 
paragraph  "New  light  we  the  Council  Fire,"  as  on  page  25,  end- 
ing with  the  paragraph,  "That  His  Wisdom  will  be  with  us." 
(If  matches  are  used  omit  the  above.)  Continue  as  follows: 
"The  four  corners  of  this  symbol  fire  stand  each  for  Fortitude, 
Truth,  Beauty,  and  Love,  from  which  radiate  the  twelve  golden 
laws  of  Woodcraft." 

The  Guide  (or  Chief)  now  speaks  from  the  Council  Rock: 
"Let  the  Keeper  of  the  Tally  call  the  '•oil."  In  large  meetings 
this  is  done  by  Bands.  Each  Leader  stands  as  his  Band 
is  called  by  name,  salutes  the  Chief,  and  says:  "O  Chief, 
Ten  of  our  Band— all  here,"  or  "Eight  here,"  as  the  case  may 
be. 

After  this  is  done,  the  regular  order  of  parliamentary  business 
is  followed  as  below. 


ORDER    OF   DOINGS   IN   COUNCILS 

Roll  Call. 

Tally  of  Last  Council  or  Report  of  Tally  Keeper. 
Report  of  Wampum  Keeper. 
Business  Arising  out  of  Tally. 

Scouts'  Reports,  also  Officers  of  the  Day.    (This  includes:  first, 
all  unusual  work  done  for  the  Tribe  by  a  member  and  is  re|X)rted 
by  the  Guide;  second,  all  matters  of  interest,  particularly  those 
relating  to  nature  study  by  members  of  the  Tribe.) 
Left  over  Business. 

For  the  Good  of  the  Tribe.  (At  this  point  members  may  bring 
up  any  matter  which  ordinarily  would  not  come  up  under  other 
heads.     Matters  of  discipline,  etc.) 

Achievement    Badges   claimed    and    awarded.     (Previously 
passed  in  committee.) 
New  Business. 
New  Members. 
Initiations. 

Challeiiges,  etc.  (These  may  be  athletics  of  any  sort  either 
at  the  Council  ring  or  otherwise.  They  may  also  include 
challenges  at  story  telling,  dancing,  singing,  cooking,  fire- 
lighting,  nature  study.     The  challenger  arises,  salutes  the 

Chief,  and  says:  "O  Chief  I, of Band  challenge 

of Band.") 


;^V"-v^-''' 


w/ 


•i*»'¥i»^i'-'*v»>ii>' 


Organization  - 

^'cSen^ShHn^^-''  ^'  '"^''■'^"'^'  '""'^  ^'  ^^"d  wrestling, 
Chicken  fighting;  or  group  games,  such  as  "stune  "  etr 

The  Chief  then  announces,  "Our  Council  is  ended." 


DECORUM   OF   COUNCIL 

R^k  "  '"A"'^''"  "°,'''-°"'  "•-  -^hair.  but  from  Ihe '-Councn 

r 'L*rig?r„'f  ;;ThT„r  f^tlSe"™^ "  ''"-'■  ^"-  «"^"« 

The  order  „,  ceremony  forSrScou'n?;  Si^'^^t  ^r.?- 


council 


INDOOR    COUNCIL 

uS-'^r-'  'h"f  *  '■'  'i  ?'""  ""'•"'''^  t"  have  an  "indoor 
uu,  me  en  .     is  xerx  striking  and  the  expense  is  slight. 


^T^T^.I^^RF 


10 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 
The  Woodcraft  Laws 


The  laws  for  the  Woodcraft  Boys  (and  for  the  leadei    as  far 
as  possible)  are: 

1.  Be  Brave.    Courage  is  the  noblest  of  all  gifts 

2.  Be  Silent  while  your  elders  are  speaking  and  otherwise 
snow  them  deference. 

•'■  ?*>;•,    O^'^l'ence  is  the  first  duty  of  the  Woodcraft  Boy. 

4.  Jie  Clean.     Both  yourself  and  the  place  you  live  in 

5.  i  ndersland  and  respect  your  bod  v.  It  is'the  Temple  of  the 
Spirit.  '  ^ 

6  Be  thefricmi  of  all  harmless  wild  life.  Conserve  the  woods 
an(1  flowers,  and  csi..'cially  be  ready  to  ilght  wild-fire  in  forest 
or  in  town. 

7.  Word  oj^  honor  is  sacred. 

8.  Play  fair.     Foul  plav  is  treachery. 

9.  Be  Reverent.  Worship  the  Great  Spirit  and  respect  all  wor- 
ship of  Him  by  others. 

10.  BeKiml.   Doat  least  one  act  of  unbargaining  service  every 

11.  Bellelpjtd.     Doyour  share  of  the  work. 

12.  Be  Joyful.     Seek  the  joy  of  being  alive. 


Initiations 

When  brought  into  some  new  group  such  as  the  school 
or  club,  one  is  naturally  anxious  to  begin  bv  making  a  good  im- 
pression on  the  others,  by  showing  what  one  can  do,  oroving  what 
one  m  made  of,  and  by  making  clear  one's  seriousness  in  askine 
o  be  enrolled.  So  also  those  who  form  the  group;  thev  wish  to 
know  wh'^ther  the  newcomer  is  made  of  good  stuff,  and  is  likelv 
to  be  a  valuable  addition  to  their  number.  The  result  is  what  w'e 
call  initiauun  trials,  the  testing  of  the  newcomer 

The  desire  to  initiate  and  be  initiated  is  a  verv  ancient,  deep- 
laicl  impulse.  Handled  judiciouslv  and  under  the  direction  of  a 
competent  adult  guide,  it  becomes  a  powerful  force  for  char- 
acter building,  tor  inculcating  self-control 

In  Woodcraft  we  carefully  select  for  these  trv-out-  such  tests 
us  demonstrate  the  character  and  abilitv  of  the  newcomer,  and 
the  initiation  becomes  a  real  proof  ul  fortitude,  so  that  the  new 
boy  IS  as  keen  to  face  the  trial,  as  the  Tribe  he  would  enter  is 
to  give  it. 


Organization 

THK    IMTJATION    trials 


II 


T"hc  trial  should  be  appr-ved  bv  the  Cnunni]  .     ix       ■ 
the  candidate  when  his  name  is  nmn^     i  '"\'^  ''*-"  S'ven  to 

i  M-ted  on  the  Totem^^TS  S^ 
canjp  a  shorter  time  n^  be  a.^Hr  tbfSu^nf  .ll 

^.  thc^ntykeepsilencefro.ar:^h:;itii  tdtn,:'  '''  '"'"''• 

.^  Exact  Obedience.     For  nn^  ^v««^  „: 
•ionce  to  parents,  teacher"   and    hot'XC^.''  T^''"^  "^^- 

4.  ^Y'^'^-''  «  «^f/«^  -if oo^f r*//-/  ar//r/e- ,  such  as  a  bisk  f  =,  K      u 
'('d,  a  bow,  a  set  of  fire-sticks,  etc  '  ^  ^^"^'^'  ^ 

5.  ^/^T^  o«/,  u'it/iottt  a  buhl  roof  werhead  for  thr..,.  n;„k* 
sccutively,  or  ten,  not  consecutiveK     Tsilw  "l^^^  *^°"- 
b>-  special  permission  of  CouncH  )    '  '     ^'^''^P'"^  P^'^'^h  allowed 


NEW  member's   work 

lr^^<^l^^,TSl%^^,  1?T'  ^^^  ^^'^  -^  ^^1^-  the 
qualifying  for  he  rank  of  pLfLnH  ""//'  ^"""^ion  is  that  of 
the  Achievemems  each  with^^rt'  ^""^  ^^er  of  Minisino,  then 
<i.scribedonpage  uT  i^  timlh/^-nPu'^''  '^^^Se.  which  are 
'>u.  thismavSmela  er  ^'  ^  '"  ^^'''  ^  ^°odcraft  suit, 


Growth 
Woodcraft  Indians 


If 


12 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


HLUE  BUFFALO 

IQOJ 

<  )n  white  ground. 


HORNED 

KINGBIRDS 

igo3 

Black  and  white  on  pale  red. 


FLYING  EAGLES 
igo3 
Black  and  white  on  red. 
Yek-yek-yek 


BLUE  HERONS 
1904 
Blue  on  green. 
Brrrrr" 


@ 


SINAWA 

BLACKBEARS 

1 90  J 

igo6 

lack  on  red. 

Black  on  red 

AHMEEKS 

1900 
Black  on  red. 
A  loud  "slap-pl 


^ 


NiOON  BAND 

190S 
Yellow  on  blue 


SILVER  FOXES 


1904 
Black  on  white. 


f^iiT 


OWENOKES 
1904 
Red  with  black  lines 
on  pale  blue. 


M 


RED  TRAILERS 

1903 
Red  on  pale  yellow 


BLAZING  ARROW 
Red  on  pale  yellow. 


.•.^v-\'\W 


_      J 


Oxganization 


RAVEN 

Black  on  refj. 

Broo-Broo 


WOLF 

«Iack  on  red  for  Wolves. 

Brown  on  yellow  for 

Brown  Wolves. 

Red  on  pale  blue  for  Red 

Wolves,  etc.,  etc. 

Yru■•^l•.•J^ 


WILD  CAT 
tJray  or  brown  on  tea  green. 


13 


HOOT  OWL 
Black  and  yellow  on  green 
^Va-ha-hoo-hoo 


SCRfiiiCH  OWX 

I>arlc    red,    white    face    on 

purple  ground. 

Whil-il-il-lno 

A  soft  quavering  cry. 


BLACK  WOLF 

Black  on  yellow  or 

LOBO  BA.VD 

Gray  on  pink. 

Ya-hoooooo 


LYNX 
Brown  on  gray. 
Brown  on  blue. 
Red  on  green. 
Yow-wow-wmt) 


ik 


GRIZZLY 

Brown. 
Grr-woof 


OHOKOHOO  or 
CAT  OWL 

Red   and   white   on   purple. 
Boo-hoo-hoo 


¥ 


BLACK  CAT 

Black   with  yeUow  eye,  on 

yellow  ground. 

Mt-tna 


FOX 

Red  on  yellow  for  Red  Foxe* 

Silver    on    gold    for    SUver 

Foxes. 

Yap-yurrr. 


LITTLE  BEAR 

Black  or  brown  on  pale  buff. 

Woof-voaf 


14 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


FIREBOAT 

Dark    blue    on    pale   green. 

A  long  whistle. 


FLYING    BLACK    HAWK 
Black  on  orange  or  red. 


THUNDER  CANOE 

Black  or  dark  gray  on  pale 

blue. 

A  whistle  then  a  bang. 


I 


BLACK  HAWK 
Black  on  red. 
Kek-kek-kek 


ItLUEHAWK 

Blue  on  blood  red. 

Indian  warhoop 


THUNDER 
Orange  on  black, 
Banf-rumble-boom 


BALD  EAGLE 

White  and  brown  on  yellow. 

Krtk-krti-kay 


LOON 

Black    and    white    for    Rec 

Loon,   Amber  Loon,   etc., 

on  blue  ground. 

A  tremii!nu5  ufiooo. 


MUSTANG 

Hlack    Mustang,    Red    Mus 

tang,  and  Wild  Horse;  on 

yellow  ground. 

A  long  neigh. 


V 


BUCKHORN. 

Black    buck,    etc.,    on    pale 
green  ground. 
A  shrill,  hissing  whistle. 


NIGHT-BIRD 
Brown  and  white  on  pale  blue- 
green. 
Peabody-peabody-peabody 
whistled. 


A 


BUCK 
Purple  on  blue. 
A  shrill  whistle. 


FORKED  LIGHTNING 

Red  or  yellow  on  blue-green. 

Fitt-bant 


^^v^ 


SEABIRD 
Black  and  white  1 
JCee-wiv-N 


'^biLicm 


£r 


SILENT  BEAVER 

Brown  on  blue. 
\o  mouth — no  cry 


RED-GODS 
Red  on  pale  blue. 


WHOOPING  CRANE 

W  hile  on  blue  ground— black 

wing. 
Kah-too,  a  trumpeted  croak. 


Organization 


SHUNKA-REELA. 

(running  fo.t) 

Vellow    a.  \    black    on    pale 

blue. 

Yap-yahoo 


15 


STIxVG  RAY 

tireen  with  black  marks  on 

pale  red  ground. 


BADGER 
White  and  black  on  yellow 

blue. 


WOLVERINE 

Black    and    pale   brown   on 

white. 

Garoooo 


BLUE  MOON 
Pale  blue  on  deep  green. 
Any  known  night  song. 


RED-GODS  COnrAP 

K*^' with  black  lines  on  pale     I  Dark  b^w^^n^,.  Mue 
"'"*•  An  awful  yell. 


ECHO  BAND 

Pale  on  dark  blue. 

Ek-ho 


i6 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


liUGLING  ELK 
I  :;ik    hrown   on   rose  red. 

MOOSE 
Hl.ick     oQ    pale    green. 
A   lonjt   smooth  bellow. 


C  AT-IN-THE-NIGHT 

Gray  on  black. 

Prow-  ni' 


4- 

THUNDERBIRD 

Dark  blue  on  yellow,  wh-'te 

head. 
Lightning  comes  from  bu  eye. 


MOHAWK 

Black  and  red  on  olive  green, 
Indian  whoop. 


COYOTE 

Itrown  and  white  on  yellow. 
Yoop-yoop-yah-yow  in  as- 
cending side  like  a  coyote's 
bark. 


FIRE-MOUNTAIN  BAND. 
Blue   mountain,    red    flames 
on  black. 
Yip-yip-:,     oo-bang 


FLYING  EAGLE 

White   and    brown    on    pale 

blue. 

Kek-Kfk-Kfk 


WHITE    MOUNTAINS    or 

SNOW  PEAK  BAND 

White  on  dark  blue. 

RumbU-shshsk 


ARROW  FOOT 
Red  on  blue  neld. 


SUNRISE  BAND 

Yellow  on  pale  blue. 

Call  a  loud  Yo-hc,  yo-ho,  yo- 

ho  OD   ascending  notes. 


COON 

Vti-^y  -.tith  bi:;rk  marks  on  a 

red  ground. 

A  high  pitched  quavering 

lioo-oo-oo-oo 


SUNSET  BAND 
Red  or  yellow  on  blue-gieen 
or  pink. 
A  long  descending  whistle. 


tj 


Organization 


LIGHT  HEART 
Red  on  pale  blue. 


<^ 


KINGSNAKE 

Yellow  with  red  spots,  ground 

pale  green. 


ARROWHEADS 

Turquoise    blue    arrow    on 

dark  brown. 

Pin: 


BLUE  SK\ 
'  irge  blue  circle  on  white. 


FLYING    PATROL    or 
FLEET  FOOT  or 
WINGED  HEEL. 

While  on  red. 


TT 


OJIBWA 

Oruntse    on    pale    blue 
Prare  Whoop. 


RED  ARROW 

Red  on  white. 

Zip-zip 


/ 


DEERFOOT 
\'cllow   and   black   on   blue- 
green. 
PiilP.uPu 


BLACKFOOT 

Black  and  rtd. 

War  Whoop. 


HORSESHOE 

Blue  on  pale  yellow. 

Ctink-Clank 


17 


SHINING   MOUNTAIN 

Dark   blue    semi-circle  with 

white  mountain. 


WAR  QUILL 

W  hite  feather  black  tip  and 

red  tuft  on  yellow. 


YELLOW  QUILL 

All  yellow  with  black  tip  ( 

fnlc  green. 

0 

0      o 

o 

o     o 

Q 

THE  SEVEN  STARS 
Pale  pink  on  dark  blue. 


RED-HAND 
Red  hand  on  gray 


SNAPPER  BAND, 

Red  on  turquoise. 

Snap-«uch 


\ 


z8 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


REQUIREMENTS  IN  THE  BIG  LODGE 

Wayseeker 

To  qualify  for  a  Big  Lodge— that  is,  to  enter  as  a  Wayseeker 
one  must: 

Be  over  twelve  years  of  age. 
Know  the  twelve  laws  and  state  the  advantag 
of  them. 
Take  one  of  the  initiations. 
«,  ™.  Be   voted  in  unanimously  by  other  membe 

// 1  *^     of  the  group. 

\Va  s  -  k  Having   passed   this,    the   candidate  becom 

>^'-'e  er       a  Wayseeker  and  receives  the  Big  Lodge  Bad) 
of  the  lowest  rank,  that  is,  with  two  green  tassels  on  it. 
The  next  higher  rank  is  that  of  Pathfinder. 


Pathfinder 


Pathfinder 

I'o  win  the  rank  of  Pathfinder,  the  Wayseeker  must  know  th 
"Star-Spangled  Banner"  or  in  Canada  "The  Map 
Leaf"  and  take  the  following  fifteen  tests: 

1.  Have  one  month's  honorable  service  witl 
out  a  stain  on  record  in  Big  Lodge  as  Wayseeke 

2.  Walk  five  miles  in  two  hours  and  writ 
a  satisfactory  account  of  it. 

3.  Swim  twenty  five  yards. 

4.  Know  the  Pole  Star,  the  Two  Dippers,  an 
at  least  three  of  the  other  constellations. 

5.  Know  ten  forest  trees,  leaf  and  trunk. 
().  Know  ten  wild  flowers  by  observation. 

7.  Know  five  edible  wild  plants  or  transplant  successful! 
lour  kinds  of  trees,  flowers  or  plants. 

8.  Know  fifty  signs  of  the  sign  language. 

9.  Know  ten  totems  as  found  in  the  city. 

10.  Tie  five  of  the  following  standard  knots  and  know  thei 
uses;  double  bow,  running  noose,  square,  whip  a  rope's  end 
timber  hitch,  bowline,  hard  loop,  clove  hitch,  eye  splice. 

11.  Make  a  bird  box  or  restaurant,  according  to  specifica 
tions  of  the  Audubon  Society.     See  that  it  is  properly  placed. 

12.  Prepare  of  wildwood  materials  onlv.  and  light  thre( 
successive  camp  fires  with  three  matches;  'or  supply  sufficien 
and  proper  i.rewood  for  cooking  six  moals. 

13.  Ul  '  ^stand  and  demonstrate  the  use  of  hatchet  anc 


ayseeker— 
idvantages 

r  members 

e  becomes 
dge  Badge 


;  know  the 

The  jVIaple 

its: 

•vice  with- 

^ayseeker. 

and  write 


ppers,  and 


iccessfullv 


now  their 

)pe's  end, 

:e. 

specifica- 
placed. 

'ht   three 
sufficient 

chet  and 


Organization 

wooden  box).  ""^  '''''  ^^"*^h  as  putting  a  shelf  in  a 

It  Heln^nVf^"'"^'^^'"  '■"  «"^  «f  the  Lodges 
unbLgS^lfngtl'.^  ^"^  ^"''  -  '^^^  d'?  '^or  the  Joy  of 

caS^ttVoTncn'the  ruiT''?^^^^"'^' P^ 

detail  as  is  needed    'TLtakfnL\,y  f^"^-"'  ^^  ^"  '^  "^^^h 

announces:  '"^  ^  I'^""  "^  scissors  or  a  knife 

of|rcen  and  'n.„>  i.eo  t™fli™s°.  '""P"'™<^^.  'h^'  'assel 
Tf ™  ^''."'""8  hands  wi.h  the  candidate  savs- 
I  now  declare  complete  your  installati^^^a  Pathtinder." 

Minisino 

Pr:™"i^L'';j,t'4StL'rS  "^  ""-^  ^"•«'   and 
r.  Aiak^.  a  rubuing  stick  fire. 

with  n^'Snl'fc  hltitd  St  "  '"^^'' 
make  with  it  or  cook  Xo    L-       -l.    ^  ^"^  can 

cantp  fire  for  J  iSr^.^^Th  ^TeSnT^^  "^ 
'    where  to  camp,  hoi  to  put'un  aten?^''^  "'  ""Pj"*'  '"'^'"''i"?-' 

^traw  hay  or  corn  husks  ^ybe^^e™"'  "  """  '''"^'"^'•le, 
o„e-U'"mt  rfite^l  Sef  »"'  ""  ™™).  "  -w  a  boa. 

anf  |f:srtig;„^"a\S.Tr't  °'  '^'■^^''  "  '"  ">^  — 'O'. 

in  sf4"Sd'rwL"s"  ''"'-''"  °'  ""^  '™-  observation 
9-  Know  ten  native  quadrupeds 

fa.nt,ng.  dislocation,  and  t^^al^'illft'^  ™'/'r'""'"8. 


Minisino 


20 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


11.  Have,  by  examination  and  practice,  an  acquaintan 
with  the  essentials  of  etiquette,  as  used  in  the  Woodcraft  Cou 
cil  and  in  daily  living. 

1 2.  Run  a  Council  and  teach  a  dance  or  song. 

13.  Spend  at  least  three  hours  a  week  for  two  weeks  hel  )ii 
in  home  duties. 

14.  Keep  temper  quite  unrufHed  or  speak  no  evil  of  any  01 
for  one  moon. 

15.  After  consultation  with  the  Guide,  abstain  from  besettii 
sin  for  two  months. 

Now,  as  before,  the  Guide  testifies  in  Council,  the  Pathfind 
has  the  last  green  tassel  cut  from  his  Badge  and  is  installed  as 
Minisino  of  the  Big  Lodge. 


Titles  and  Officers 

Head  Guide — One  at  least  twenty-one  years  of  age,  of  goc 
character,  associated  with  some  Woodcraft  Tribe  and  actual  i 
giving  time  to  leading  in  Woodcraft  work.  Also  qualified  < 
willing  to  qualify  within  a  year  as  Gleeman  or  Council  Leade 
(See  Degrees.)   Is  responsible  to  Headquarters  for  work  of  Trib 

Guide — One  at  least  eighteen  years  of  age,  of  good  charactc 
willing  to  give  time  to  leading  a  Band  in  Woodcraft  work, 
commissioned  by  Headquarters  upon  recommendation  of  ll 
Head  Guide. 

Shaman — a  Guide  who  has  qualified  as  Camper.  Camp  Doi 
tor,  Camp  Cook,  and  Council  Leader. 

Chief — A  member  of  a  Tribe  appointed  as  Leader  by  the  Gui( 
or  elected  by  the  members  of  the  Tribe  with  the  Guide's  approva 
He  acts  as  the  representative  of  the  members  (should  learn  t 
run  the  Council),  and  cooperates  with  the  Guide  in  conductin 
the  work  of  the  Tribe. 

Band  Chief — A  member  of  one  of  the  Bands  appointed  £ 
leader  by  the  Guide  or  elected  by  the  members  of  the  Band  wit 
the  Guide's  approval.  He  acts  as  the  representative  of  tb 
members  and  cooperates  with  the  Guide  in  conducting  the  wor 
of  the  Band. 

Tally  Keeper — A  member  of  the  Tribe  appointed  by  tl 
Guide,  or  elected  by  the  Tribe  with  the  approval  of  the  Guide,  t 
act  as  Secretary  and  keep  the  Tally. 

Wampum  Keeper — A  member  of  the  Tribe  appointed  by  tl 
Guide,  or  elected  by  the  Tribe  with  the  approval  of  the  Guid^ 
to  act  as  Treasurer.  Sometimes  it  may  be  wise  to  have  or 
member  hold  both  this  and  the  preceding  office. 


quaintancf 
raft  Coun- 


ks  hel  )ing 


of  any  one 

1  besetting 

Pathfinder 
tailed  as  a 


je,  of  good 
d  actually 
ualified  or 
:il  Leader, 
k  of  Tribe, 
character, 
work.  Is 
ion  of  the 

amp  Doc- 

the  Guide 
1  approval, 
d  learn  to 
:onducting 

pointed  as 
Band  with 
ive  of  the 
;  the  work 

ed  by  the 
!  Guide,  to 

ted  by  the 

;he  Guide, 

have  one 


Organization 


I 


PA™,itm»     xt     """^^  "'"''  '"  the  Big  Lodge 
rS,™-TTjhrhStlr",^  ''S'' '"  '""Big Lodge. 

interested  in  work,  welfare  a„?r.'",'"'^''"'™  »' '"end, 
necessarily  givin.-irrti^^'inTuie"'  ""  ^"''^'  '""  "">■ 

C  oups.  ^"«E-Une  who  has  achieved  twenty-four  Grand 

f  Grand  Coups.  ^^^'  "^^^  ^^«  achieved  forty-eight 

('^f  to^SVfhe'c"^^^^^^  °^ Tribeappointed  by  the 

Watch  LoDcr-Tf  jTo^  k       r       ,   ^">'  g'^'^n  period. 

.0  have  rX'of  "iS.^'jS  oTS:^?.'^'  'i?  '"'""-- 
It  times  witen  discipline iWersa^f  tJ?  '"^  "''*> ""'  assist 
bv^ny^a^^priat?  na^r^&d^^S  l^^-^ -ed 

'|^s;;^s  ?^:;i:?  iti^r  "°^  '-^^^  ^^^^  ^-  -- 

"K^rDLft^rfror S^^^^        ^-^^'^'^^^  --at  least  ten 
l^adges  and  Degrees      corS^n*rf'''"'P«^'^^^^  t«^«nfer 

Manual   under  T^hiefand^  1   hI  f-?''-."^  ''^^  ^"^^^^^^ft 
Headquarters     Thpmi  •  ,  ^^   ^">^e  appointed    bv 

j  cooperate  with  the  GuVe  Td  ll      ^'' °u' '"^'■^  ^^"'^s  who 
;  the  tribe.  ^  ^^^  guarantee  the  continuance  of 


Badges 

I,  ,Ue^symboI  of  the  W«,dcraft  League  is  a  white  shield  with 

' .  >*e  IX"^:;  B«  I-lse  has  in  addition  a  blue  tee,«e  with 

l-'^n  lolge 'on^-t"''  ^''  *"'  ""  '"™™Pl«'=  "cle  and  a  small 
Ihe  crown  on  the  Chiefs  badge  is  in  each  case  blue. 


n 


'A 


2a 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


That  of  the  Coup  is  a  black  and  white  eagle  feather  embroid- 
ered in  wash  silk. 

That  of  the  Grand  Coup  is  the  same  with  a  red  tuft  on  the  end. 

That  of  the  Sagamore  has  a  crown  with  five  points. 

That  of  the  Grand  Sagamore,  Sachem,  and  Grand  Sachem  is 
made  in  the  same  way  as  the  Sagamore  badge  with  the  addition 
of  red  tufts,  etc. 

The  i)adges  for  degrees  are  red  squares  (with  a  design  in  black) 
and  blue  horns. 

That  of  the  Guifle  has  a  trail  on  it. 

That  of  the  Shaman  has  on  it  the  four  mountains  of  attain- 
ment. 

The  robe  badge  for  degree  is  the  Zuni  Coil  in  the  centre  of 
which  is  the  emblem  of  the  degree. 

The  Head  or  Hat  Band  for  the  Boys'  Big  Lodge  is  composed 
of  blue  squares  on  a  white  background. 

That  of  the  Little  Lodge  has  brown  squares  with  a  white  back- 
ground. 

The  Meaning  of  the  Badges 

The  bad£»  <-  e  Woodcraft  League  is  an  ancient  Indian  totem 
composed  of  a  pair  of  horns  attached  to  a  shield;  the  horns  mean- 
ing "attack  "and  the  shield  "  defense" ;  the  idea  symbolized  being, 
••  t  rained  and  ready."  This  is  used  by  all  in  the  League,  whether 
boy  or  girl.  Little  Lodge  or  Adult. 

The  blue  on  the  badge  is  to  remind  us  of  "Blue  Sky,"  which 
is  our  watchword.  For  under  the  blue  sky,  in  the  sunlight, 
we  seek  to  live  our  lives;  and  our  thoughts  are  of  "Blue 
Sky,"  for  that  means  "cheer";  and  when  there  are  clouds,  we 
know  that  the  blue  sky  is  ever  behind  them,  and  will  come 
again. 

On  the  boy's  badge  the  blue  teepee  reminds  us  that  the  teepee, 
llie  only  movable  dwelling  that  permits  of  any  open  fire  inside, 
was  the  abode  of  the  first  woodcrafters  of  this  country. 
It  always  faced  the  east  with  the  sunrise  that  symbolizes  the 
ever-renewed  promise  of  the  day.  The  fire  within  it  was  the 
symbol  of  the  Great  Spirit  and  the  smoke  to  them  was  the 
established  emblem  of  prayer,  ascending  from  the  hearth  to 
the  far  above. 

The  two  green  tassels  are  the  badges  of  inexperience;  and 
when  by  achievements  the  Woodcraft  boy  is  entitled  to  have 
them  removed,  the  meaning  of  the  symbolism  is  as  evident  as 
it  is  happy. 


^m^ssmm^A 


^■ 


'P'^mt^tM^M 


Organization 

WOODCRAFT  BOYS'  BADGES 


^3 


Wayseeker 


Pathfinder 


Minisino 


Chief 


n  n 


Sagamore  Grand  Sagamore 


Sachem 


Grand  Sachem 


Guide 


Shaman 


Coup  Badge 


Degree 
Badges 


Grand  Coup 


Zuni  Coil 
Blanket  Degree  Badge 


U'ood  Brownie        Water  B 


aiTTLE  LODGE) 
rownie  Fire  Brownie 


Chief 


Head  Bands 


i 


M 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 
Salute 

The  salute  is  given  with  the  right  hand  with 
all  the  fingers  closed  to  the  palm,  except  the 
httle  finger  and  the  thumb  and  (he  hand  raised 
level  with  the  head. 

The  Meaning  of  the  Council  Ring 


That  is  an  old  story 


Why  do  we  sit  in  a  circle  around  the  fire? 
and  a  new  one. 

In  the  beginning,  before  men  had  fire,  thev  were  forced  to  sit 
up  in  the  trees  and  shiver  all  night  as  they  looked  down  at  the 
shimng  eyes  in  the  bushes  below— the  eyes  of  fierce  creatures 
ready  to  destroy  them. 

But  fire,  when  it  was  found,  enabled  man  to  sit  on  the  ground 
all  night,  for  the  brute  beasts  feared  it  and  stayed  afar.  It  afford- 
ed him  protection,  warmth,  a  place  of  meeting  and  comfort  All 
the  good  things  that  we  think  of  when  we  say  "home"  belone  to 
the  place  around  the  fire.  And  when  man  began  to  think  of  such 
matters,  he  accepted  the  fire  as  the  Great  Mystery.  Still  later 
as  he  realized  that  the  Sun  was  the  Great  M\-stery  by  day  he 
reasoned  that  there  could  not  be  two  great  mysteries;  therefore, 
the  Invisible  Cause  behind  these  two  must  be  the  one  Great 
Mystery;  and  in  this  was  the  first  thought  of  true  religion 

All  of  these  things  are  deep  in  our  nature,  ground  in  through 
the  ages  as  we  sat  about  the  fire  of  wood  that  was  our  nightlv 
guardian  in  the  forest.  And  all  of  these  ancient  thoughts  and 
memories  are  played  on,  whether  we  realize  it  or  not,  when  we 
gather  in  a  circle  about  the  Council  Fire. 

Then,  too,  a  circle  is  the  best  way  of  seating  a  group.  Each 
has  his  p  ace  and  is  so  seated  as  to  see  evervthing  and  b^  seen 
by  everybody.  As  a  result  each  feels  a  very  real  part  in  the 
proceedings  as  they  could  not  feel  if  there  were  corners  in  which 
one  could  hide  The  circle  is  dignified  and  it  is  democratic.  It 
was  with  this  idea  that  King  Arthur  abolished  the  old-fashioned 
long  table  with  two  levels,  one  above  the  salt  for  the  noble  folk 
and  one  below  for  the  common  herd,  and  founded  the  Round 
table  At  his  tat  ill  who  were  worthy  to  come  were  on  the 
sarne  level,  were  brothers,  equal  in  dignity  and  responsibilitv; 
and  each  m  lienor  bound  to  do  his  share.  The  result  was  a 
kindlier  spirit,  a  sense  of  mutual  dependence. 

These  are  the  thoughts  in  our  Council  Ring.     These  are  among 
the  reasons  whv-  our  Council  is  always  in  a  circle  and  if  possible 


OrganiTation 

l)rotherhoocl.  when  we  sit  aVn  ,r  rT    i      ^  ,    '  ^^.'^"  ^^^^  "^ 
r-reand  smell  the^wc^^^  :lteTSdl.""'  ^"  ^'  ''''''''  ''^' 

Ceremony  of  Grand  Council 

worl'rhefwirwanrtoTnlif^^Jh"  ^^'"'^^'-^  ^^^  ^^c 

Council,  intmdudne  variirth  '•■  ^T^''  '"'"^  ^^'^  ^rand 
songs,  etc.,  in  aSirt^he  reS  dI"  -^T^^'^,^-"^-, 
following  order  is  suggested  tro^e^n^  "  "'     "^'^ 

^  men  all  are  assembled  and  seated,  giv'e  a  short  roll  of  the 

out^^- M wi?^  J"'"^-^  ^^  ^^^  '-appointed  Chief  of  the  Council  call 
out      My  fnends,  give  ear-we  hold  a  Council "  •  or  if  f  t!i  t ^i^ 
uords  are  preferr  -'    "Whtivv     v    k  >  or 'f  the  Indian 

Nahoonpo  Omnee-chee-yayneeihopi        '-■ '  ""^   ^''''^  ^«'^ 
■he  ^cidie  from  Z  wS  o"  ttr«t  ■ '"'■ "  "™^"'  '°"'' 

From  the  Lamp  of  Fortitude  Are  These 

is  stre^'t";  '"  ''"  "  "  ^'^  '°""^^^-"  -f  -"  •";  unflinchingness 
^<^Sp,^^l!^^-^^^  than  to  spea.  in  the 
^^Obey;  for  obedience  means  self-contrSl.  which  is  the  sum  of  the 

And  These  Are  the  Rays  from  Beauty's  Lamp 

bod;.'st"'an5  Sla'te"  "xh^t  H  ""'-''7  "^^^"^  ^^-"""-^  ^^ 
^ .         ,  ana  estate.     The  body  is  the  sacred  temple  of  the 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


^^^"^^^I^^IZJ"^^,   Cleanliness  helps  first 
uly  in  their  country's  lovLserv?."''  "^"  ^''^  '^'^  '^^  ^^e 


iruU-  ir.\u-  '^rauna,  and  tho<= 

trul>  in  their  country's  loving  service  "  -  — 

^P^iuZl:^C^^^^^  \''  \the  temple  of  the 

And  These  Are  the  Rays  from  the  Lamp  of  Truth 

anffertrundt^i;;;ra;':^i  J^^^^  ^-^h-  -d 

Pla,  Fair;  for  fairly  ,??"!      .T^^^ 

Be  reverent.     wZRe  Grf^  ^f  -^^  f^^  ''  ^^^^^hery. 
Ilimby  others  for  none  hVvt  allhe^tS  ln6  T'l  ''^"''''^  'J 
worship  have  claims  on  our  respect.  °  reverently 

And  These  Are  in  the  Blazing  Lamp  of  Love 

da?e'^:fasy'^7ould"en^aTerhe"'  unbargaining  service  every 
forth  to  makers  blessings  m'^re  """  "^'"'^  ^  ^P""^  '^^^ 

with^thers  it  !s  shared  ^^'  ^'"^"'^^  ^°"^'^^'  ^^'^^X  time 

the^tsinels'u^lSr^t"  s^^^^^^^^^         ^^^  ^-"-'  cutting  short 

singing  the  Omal^lTribapSxthf^H^-f  "-^''^  ^^«^'"g  l^- 
Council  is  ended,  but  our  Council  FI?)  ^'^'^^  ^""^"nces:  "Our 
this  blessing  become  a  danger  fs  t'he  dutv  "f"^'  'l'?"^^"^^'  ^^'^^^ 
to  utterly  quench  our  Council  F  re  or  h^r-^J''^  ^"^P" 
.mpassable  barrier  lest  it  becorlie  a  Surce  of  Ire!"  '''°"'  ^^"^  "^ 

Closing 

The  Council  Robe 

I '.'  0™S  "Rot  "r  gII  '  r  *^-"T"Leag„.  have  found 
lnVturesquc.  ""''   '^""""''  '«"li  comfortable  and 


Organization  £^ 

of  the  band,  fhe  tribe!  e?c  ^^       '  ^"''^  ^°"'  ^^^  '^^'"^^ 

CONSTITUTION  OR 
THE  LAWS  FOR  THE  RULING  OF  THE  TRIBE 

I.  Name 

Tribe  of  the  Big 


This  Tribe  shall  be  called  "The 
Lodge  of  the  Woodcraft  League." 


II.  Purpose 

bunlg^ToTou/Ldra^^^^^  ^-  ^ts  worth  in  the 

our  souls;  that  we  mafgrftfh  ST^"^ •'''•^"^^^^"^"g  °f 
"thinking hand"  to  learn  thinllo  I  ^^  ^^.^'"^  ^>'^'  and  the 
life,  thatle  be  madefn  al  wise  ^^^^  ""^^ "^  '^^  ^^^^ ^"d  of 
without  flinchine  readv  tn  f^i  ^^'^  ""^  ourselves;  facing  life 

the  Great  Spirit  finds  us  theTSf!tro"nr'"'.  '-'^^^^-"^^^  ^^^^ 
tabernacles.  ^^'^^"S  ^°"^s  in  their  worthy 

ni.  Who  May  Enter 

acJe'p'blf  trthVlnd  S  whoTa  ^\'  '"T  '"^^  '-'  -^°  -e 
a;^ordingtoanesta^;ll^i;^^Sr^Sf;-^^^ 

a.^iS^^pS^^tiKSt^^S'i^^^^        ^Hich  is 

IV.  Councils 

m.l'':r„5L1r'.'"  """'^  ''""''  '■'  ''^'''  -  '"c  first  part  of  each 
tach  Band  should  hold  a  wet klv  mcctinc 


t 


28 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


S"Sla%i?2L„^^^;  Hunf.  (Sep..),  LeaMa„i„, 
of  one  fourth  of  .he  c'oS^cil  ofoS^     w7.     'xTit'^"  '^''^' 

V.  The  Rulers  of  the  Tribe 

(See  Titles,  page  20) 

|«;;rlS:;S;,e'T."hf ^efd  l-:^''"'-  ^^  ^"^  ™'- 

.he^G^derSo'Cr ^o'ut  S'lf' "'  ^°T™-  »PP<""'«I  V 
Chief  is  the  learrmus"  enforce    rt""''  l^P'?"".  for  the 

ab^tfreKr/tUtCMef.  place  in  ease  the  iatter  is 

by?h?G^id'e"VcSfatdi:S,?'"r'';7?P°'"'"''<>--year 
Enters  nothing  to  £  records  e?^  T"'  '"''P''"^  "■"  records. 
Council;  should  be  an  artlt'        '^'  *'  ™'^""'"<f«f  by  the 

ete^XThf^^bers^rkell^  °"V«"  »>■  ">=  Guide  or 
of  the  Tribe.  "houM  have  aC' £'"*  and  public  properly 
valuables  in.  lock-box  or  small  trunk  to  keep 

offi«r'™''   ""'^   "■^""'"    '-'"«''   "ore   than   one  of   these 

ciSC^iSiiX^^Z^'^-'l"'''T-  «>e  Tribal  and  Band 
togChir  form  Ihe  ffirt  S^lT  r''^  ^^h'  of  their  Honors, 
Tribe.  ''    "-ouncil  or  Govermng  Body  of  the 

Co'iL.f  ^heVo'iilcrmaS  ^/  *=  ?"*«'•  '"=  Chief,  and 

1st).  ^^  ^""  °f  ^^e  Leaf-falling  Moon  (October 

(Whenever  to  doubt,  foUow  the  National  ConstituUon.) 


Organization  j„ 

VI.  Changes  of  the  Law 


VII.  Dues 

on'irbtMLe'couicil-  for  TriM^^e"^' ^t^tS^ 
necessary,    the    Council    shall    as^^th^c^e  tki^'pa^tt 

The  initiation  fee  for  newcomers  shall  ho  u-  u 

Shan  .„cU,de  the  «.t  year's  due,  b^tS  ^„t  include  .ht2 


Vm.  Confidential 
of  'JcoS  '""  '"  ■'"P  ""''  "■'  ""M-'ial  discussion. 

IX.  Laws  and  Punishments 

The  laws  are  as  already  given  (p.  o). 

Karin^   f";r''  ""'  ""^^^^  °"*  ^^  ^^'  <^hief  and  Co.mcil  after  a 
■taring  uf  the  case.    Thev  consist  of:  '  ^ 

Kenewal  of  initiations. ' 


30  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

^  The  extreme  penally  is  "dea.h  -  ,ha,  is,  banishment  from  the 

The  Band 

e.e^s1ts'?,^ef  ^foTL^ryia^^  ^^-  ^^"  -mbers 

The  Band  also  elects  the  Second  C  ^  .  T-''T  ''  ''^''^'^^ 
Chief  and  a  Tallv  Keeper  who  shm.m"  ^'^  '".absence  of  the 
office  to  keep  the  receX  [he  Win  ?^ '  r  f "  "'i'l^'  ^"'"  '''  '''  ^is 
of  the  Band,  and  S;houI     ?.       ^Ir^^']^  *^^  Tally  Robe 

Wampum  Collector  aL^j^ntiid  Z/^^i  'V^^  ^7>'^-  ^ 
the  Chief  may  fill  the  olTrP  n  I  '  1  ""-^  ^^  ^'^'^^^d  though 
other  members  even  those  ^Inf  «  ^erw.se  arranged.  The 
Band  withourdection  ""'  '■'"^' ''' '"  ^^^  ^^« '"^^lof  the 

Two  or  more  Bands  unite  to  form  a  Tribe 

use'sXTTn  rnd  cS,^  %tll:CTt'  1  '"^  ™^='  -^ 
Callofitsown.  ""'*<=  "and  has  alsoa  Totem  and  a 

Council  by  its  Chtf  and  N„K,If?l^''TP^^^^ 

as  it  can  elect.  *   ""-'''  *"^  '"<^h  Tribal  officers 

The  Inbringing  of  a  Newcomer 

era??:  mu?e°n;::t  lri'owe«'fr  ^"",'^^r"''  ™--  "'  Wood- 
being  admitted  m!;-t  ^Js  2?K  t  .«*■  ■'""  ^""= 

■  ".=  "'  "«•»  fse  (i.  e..  twelve  for  Bi(;  Lod„e ) 
^^  .  Know  the  laws  of  the  Lod„e,  als!  thetnd  sign  a„d  the 

»ven*'„to'^^bSi;,bSrifT  f""  "Yt  """=  P-^^  '"^ 

be  given  an  Initia«oX'?st  fo  tTin'Tt',"-  ?"^,'=°<'.''  """ 
on  page  lo.  ' '"  '"^  '"ak  of  fortitude, 

'lucting  the  ceremony  wi  1  s^V  J  fh?*;'- '''  "^  '^■^^"^'^••"  '^  ^°"- 
inbringing,  "Then-  iV«  nL  "  u^""  ^'''"'-'  appointed  for  the 
Coundl,  by  name         '  "^"^-  "^emher  to  be  taken  in  at  this 

up.  This  candidate  "  I  am'  toW  h.  /.""'"^-^f-  -'"^"^b^^  ^'^^^ 
»ec.<iof  fitrtA--  ,    .'  :  '^"^  told,  has  duly  oual  tieH  in  fhp  fnnr 

l^i|&d^y»--r:tiifew^|; 


'i^wE^jam^s^s^imm 


■■■jMi:^^ 


Organization  „ 

5SAa.sa£S"«S 

Standing  before  the  Guide  in  open  Council  he  shall  be  nu.^ 

craffuagoe?"''™"'  ™*  '°  '*^°"''  "  °'™''«  »'  ">=  Wood- 
Answer:    "It  is" 

Ansu'er :  (hy  the  officer  who  knows)-  "Yes   O  Ph.Vf    t 
vouch  for  the  cand'date."  '       ^"*"'  ^  '^^^ 

;;  Vou  know  our  laws;" we  shall  take  them  one  by  one 

Do  you  promise  obedience  to  the  Council?  "  ^ 
Answer:     I  do. 

ish  the  Great  Soirit 's  pjff^  l.ni  ♦         ^    '  .^f^V-h-seekmg,  to  cher- 
silence.reTSe  honor  )'        '"  ^'"-'"'kmdness.  fair-play.  joy. 

anati?"  "^''  "'"'  '^'  ^°"'"  ^'^^^^  ^'•«'"  ^^ich  these  laws  do  em- 

''rd'whZe  d'ld  rhi::?''"'''  ^""^i'  ^^«^'''  -^^  ^--•" 

nuu  wneiice  did  these  four  receive  the  r  lieht?  " 
C«>od  comes  from 'he  „S~?.  =-1*^!'  '''^  '^'"'"''^^  ">"'  ■>" 


hMSS^!^ 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


33 

when  ordered,  and  submit  without  n^urmuHng  to  its  deci- 

candidate's  hear    oron  hi, ll    K^^f  ^T  ^^^  ^^''^'--  *'''''  the 
"Now  T  ,loi    '  .    ^™'  shakes  hands  and  savs)- 

in  tS""  '  .""'"iK/rhe  "'"°''  "■?'■!''  as  alJI^'serter 
Big  Lodge  in  the  Woodcrafe  League"  '  "'  "'''"'  ''  "'  "" 

Jhus  one  enters  the  Tribe  and  the  League  by  joining  a 

Installation  ot  the  Higher  Ranks 

den^e\':Srult«?d^oThe  r''\T'''  '".P'O"--''™  the  evi- 
thcy  appoint,  and  S  quUe  JtSo^^r?'  f ''>f.Commi,tee 
at  the  next  Council  or  Grand  rj.m^^  the  installaUon  is  made 
venient  or  desirable  ''  "'■"^''«''«  is  most  con- 

claS."^'?Srthe'':Xnff75^  ^'  >^r.  '°  >« 
nounce  the  claim     The  rnmmS       I  ^  °'  ^""^  '■"a"  an- 

-;;*"«  now  stand  Ip  to    "p"  Tthf  da  r  ST^d  '"' 
Chief  at  the  Council  Rork  Cm  /CI    J  •%%,.,    ^  ^"'^e  or 

lenge  the  claim/' end  S  noni  brieflv  i'"'  -^'  7  ^"^  ^°  ^^al- 
and  their  value  in  our  work  t'hin^  describes  the  quaUfications 
therefore,  I  noTcu^from  the  ^^^^1^^^^^^^ 
the  badge  of  the  rank  hU  mlr^K     '  f^  ^^'^^^  ^^^  ^een  tassel, 
his^^insilUtio^  T^r^rt :'-™«. -^  ann^ounce  that 

haL's'"J.'tecceSl  o'^nflihof  ,■  ""."  ?'  <""• '""  ^"ak" 
applause.  ""^k™  one,  who  retires  to  his  seat  amid  loud 

The  Conferring  of  Badges  f„.  Coups  „d  Degrees 

(See  Section  IV) 

an^u^ces"  t  t'^Zt  ^t'^time'  ^  ^l^'^^'  ^^  ^'^^  ^--"  ^-k, 
prepared  with  a  pr^p^ly^^^^  ^<^^  who  ii 

ters)  stands  up  5l  Cden  to  °neak   S  ^^^'  ^'"'V  "'^^^"^^- 
says:  P^^^'  "^^-TJ  steps  forward  and 

';0  Chief,  in  behalf  of  ^f  fK« 

claim  a  coup  (Grand  Coup  or  Degr;e  as  if  Ly  be)  for  ^"''  ' 


'•%^-i2s^: 


Organization  3^ 

Record!:"  ''  ^^'  testimony  of  my  witnesses,"  handing  over  the 

cJms  ^^'"^  °^  ''''^  ^u"""".  *^^!' °"'  '«"^'y^  ''Here    .    .    . 

hv  '    '  .'./       ^'^   'f,   ^^^   ^^'^^"'^^   ^""y   witnessed 

ki    ■*    *    '  ,      .  .  •    •    •    3^"  persons  of  good  standine  and 
able   o  speak  with  authority  in  this  matter     The  Committee 
has  already  looked  into  the  case  and  endorsed  the  apS  on 
What  is  the  pleasure  of  the  Council?"  "^i^pui-diion. 

Someone  rises  and  says:  "O  Chief,  there  can  be  no  question  of 
the  justice  of  this  claim.     I  move  that  it  be  allowed  " 
Another  says:  "I  second  that,  O  Chief."    The  Chief  savs- 

'Vvir'TlIe'H'^"''.''  '"  '1'^r  ^y  'How,'1ont  ary  iy 
^r  n^  c^  ^""^^  ^^""^ '''  '^e  cJaim  is  allowed."  ^ 

The  Chief  then  ;ays:  "In  behalf  of  the  Council  I  bestow  on 

Sev^mrnf."'"''"  °^  '""^  '^''^^  ^^^«^  -  ^  symbd  of^ur 
This  paper  is  now  signed  by  the  Chief  in  the  chair  and  be- 

List  of  Sagamores  and  Sachems 


During  the  fourteen 
twenty-three  have  won 

Sagamore  Plenty  Coups, 
"        Deerfoot, 
Deerslayer, 
Silver  Fox, 
.  Kingbird, 
Eagle-e%e, 
Little  thunder. 
Little  Beaver, 
Karonawa, 
Ningonit, 
Onjima, 
Moskuas, 
Rolling  Thunder, 
Little  Eagle, 
Kijika, 
Wa|X)o^ 
Airtalk. 

Ishka  Chissakid, 
(No  name.) 

Wita-tonkan 
Tatanka 
"        (No  name) 
aachem      Migwanag 


years  since  the  Order  was  founded  only 
the  Sagamore's  Crown,  viz: 

190S  Douglas  A.  Miller,  Greenwich,  Conn. 

^^  J^.^'"^  ^^-  ^o<^.  Rutherford,  N.  J. 
igo6  \ViIlis  R.  Monroe,  Cos  Cob,  Conn. 
1908  S.  Miller  Jordan,  Rutherford,  N.  J 

1910  James  F  Gilkinson,  Middletown,  Conn. 

191 1  George  L.  White,  Cos  Cob,  Conn. 

1912  Albert  E.  Finiels,  Cos  Cob,  Conn 

191 2  Richard  L.  Burdsall,  Port  Chester  N  Y 
191 2  Paul  Cecil  Spoffard,  Port  Chester,' n'y' 

191 2  Edward  D.  Graber,  Greenwich,  Conn. 

1913  Alexander  P.  Leverty,  Bridgeport,  Conn. 

1914  Clive  C.  Dav,  Summit,  N.  J. 

1914  James  C.  Maples,  Port  Chester  N  Y 
i9«4  Samuel  Comlev.  Port  Chester  N  Y  ' 
1914  Richard  .\.  Reynolds,  Bridgimrt.  Conn 
1914  Robert  G.  Hull,  Bri(lgc|K)rt,  Conn 
1014  (lifTord  A[)j)leton,  Bridgei>'.rt,  Conn 
1014  Harviv  C,  Went.  Bri.!i;q>.->rt,  Conn.' 
itM4  Horace  T.  Smith.  Mridge|)ort,  Conn. 

I  Resigned.) 
1916  F.  R.  Hoisington,  Jr.,  Rye.  N  Y 
1916  John  Louis  Lieipy",  Br.okline,  Mass. 
1916  Donald  Colpitis,  Kineo    Me 
191.')  Uwis  F.  Hall.  Hri<Ige[.ort,  Conn 


N. 


34 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 
Winning  a  Name 


The  suggestion  should  comP  V  f^^  P''''''"  unvvorthv  of  it. 
and  conduct  of  the  meX  T^^ 

a  certain  high  measur?  o7 twer  aTd  ^u  ^'  ^^'  ^"^'"^^  *« 
achievement  that  manifests^hf  ^"^,  ^^'f-restramt,  or  especial 
The  name  is  almosHever  gi  -en  ^or'i  '"'">  "^  '^^  ^^'"^  ^^^^in. 

•or  a  career  of  fortitude  or  much  h^  '.IT''  '"P'^'^-  '^"^  '^'^'^ 
partment.  "'^*'  '^'"'^  achievement  in  some  de- 

one''t\L':te?dyTnd:te^li::^^^^^^  ^-'ded  that  such  a 

best  way  is  to  finVout  pri^afeh^^  ^his'"n''^'^  '"•l"^'"^'  ^^e 
honor,  next  what  particular  name  or  \tl  P'"''''"  '^''^*-'^  ^^'  ^he 
ceptable  to  all  concerned  If  d^siSl  the  rn^P'?™^  ""'^  ^^- 
Head^uartersa  suitable  Ust  o^lSr!!:^  wStee'sS^c"! 


SECTION  II 
TRIBE  AND  COUNCIL  ACTIVITIES 


Suggestions  on  Tribal  Work 

Games 

Songs 


Dances 

Plays,  Pageants,  and  Masques 

Campfire  Stories  and  Poems 


US^^^lR^^^^ 


m 


rr^^J   *■ 


SECTION  II 
TRIBE  AND  COUNCIL  ACTIVITIES 

(This  section  aims  to  heln  WooHrr,ff  t  -u      . 
meetings.     The  subjects  which  Sw  are  S?'  '?  .'"""'"^  ^^^''  <^o"nciI 

Some  one  suggested  that  tCv  J    ^"^°"'''.  ^^  ^^  '"^^^ess  time 
with  their  ball's  to  S^^^^^^^  field,  stand 

who  could  walk  the  straightesTline  to  tK   f^  centre  and  then  see 
but  they  found  that  only  one  o    hi V     u^  ^u"*"/ "     ^^'^  ^^^y  did, 
line-the  rest  had   urnKdl  for  .r^^'^^lV'^^^^^tra^^^ 
they  asked  the  boy  why  he  had  bSn  ^''f  ""^  ^,?'''-    ^"^  ^^en 
line  he  answered  "I  Lnt  nf,  ^^^^  ^°  "'^^'^  ^"cb  a  straight 

toward  it."         •    ^  ^^^^  ""y  ^y^  on  a  post  and  walked  right 

theTeTs\TngeToT.Ssl'.''"  '^''T.'^^'  ^  Tribe  can  do  that 
Tribe hasaS"  Make  ufeXn  ttMh'"'  ^'?'"^^  ""^^^  '^^ 
attention  to  the  various  interests  of^^ '^^^^^ 
member  has  a  chance  to  grow  F,  l  ^'  ^""^  ^^  ^^^t  each 
ully  planned  so  as  to  gi?roppoftlLT^"?.'^"i!'^  ^'  ^^^'■ 
have  a  fine  time,  and  to  1^^  S^f  ""^.u?'"  '"^^'  business,  to 
the  same  close  attention  ancl  enTusTaL  il^'  K  ^"^'  °'  ^°"-'^' 
subject  during  the  time  it  has  rth    oTw  TT  '^  T*^ 

enters  as  a  Wavseeker  anH  l,^,;^  ?  L       ^^      ^^<^b  member 

a  -^«nisino,and'^"nalb^  to  JiTnumS^^^^^       ''''^'''/'''  ^^e" 
It  IS  wise  to  decide  on  theTel^h  nf  .•  ^o^Psand  Degrees. 

the  Tribe  topas   the  te  lithfi  T'  '^'^.°"'^  '^^^^  ^'^  a" 

ins  its  share  of  sub/e  S  to  i;e  covered  f^K  ""' '"  '^'^  '^'^'''- 
ber  will  have  a  change  to  'row  whhThe  other^"  "'^  ^*^'  "^'"- 
f  :^  "Sii^^.--^erJ^.-be  ^play  the 

Sames,  singing  tribai"bus^nS     ^-  '^u^\^'^'  ^^^^her  it  be  in 

37 


-^-  -■*- 


.*<«M' 


3« 


Woodcraft  Manual  lor  Boys 


Eu^r^""'  "'  '""'-'''y  ^"^  ^-"^  --^  ^ch  n,en.bcr  puts 

"The  strength  of  the  pack  is  the  wolf; 
rh.  strength  of  the  wolf  is  the  pack." 

Here  are  a  few  suKgcslions  for  coverinir  the  tests  for  I>;ithr,P.l.r 
numbers  inaTc,  T  ■   ^\^«^^''-/'- K^ound  more  slo.  Tho 


PsitkMder 

(Three  months) 
First  Month: 

First  week:  Organization  council;  choose  name,  to   .m    and 
officers,  explain  purpose    *  WoooVraft  Bovs.  ceremony'  e"c 

and  TcToun? IT  "  "'"""  '"'  "'^^"^'  ^^^^^  ^5^'  «^^" 
Fourth  week:  Knots  (lo). 
Second  Month 

First  week:  Stars  (4). 

ThS^i^i^S'fKr^^^;'^^^"^^^)- 

r/iy^^^lT'-"  "^'"^  "P  "^^^   ione-.ptional  work. 
First  week:  Sign  language  (> 

^'rJ(7:^"^''  ^^'"^''  ""^  ^^'"   ^^3);  Prepare   woo      fo 
Third  week:  Bird  box  or  restaurant  (i  ) 
Fourth  week:  Sign  language  '8). 
rath  week:  Edible  wild  i  iants  (7). 

Minisino 

First  Month: 
First  week:  Rubbin?  stick  fire  (i) 
Second  week:  Birds  (,8). 


K  .¥ 


■a^ 


Tribe   Activities 


Thiri  week    Hike.-nd  iccou-.t  (-: 
.n.:rthw.-tk    Temanulatn  ,  (W. 
Sea"      Munih:  ^ 

Fi       jee-k:LueSav,np,  first  aid  (lo). 
S.   '>nd  week:   Life  '  •     n- 
'I    ird  week      ,ife '^    \ 

TlMMZHr""    --"«"»"  home  .elp  (.3, 
I'irsf   veek-   Birds  (8 
Secotid  week.  Stick  f    d    0 

;/"'l^^*'^^;  I     ',,r(H>f.r^,rer 
•fourth  veek:  ■    .iew    .>oef   sch. 
'er      4\ 
F(;Mr//r  1,'   »,A; 

Fir«t   ve.    :  Anim.  Is  (c 

Set  ,iid  V     k:  Run  C    u,        ., 


39 


^uie— Etiquette  (n), 


em- 


Third   vei , 

Foi         wei 

F:  th  Month: 

Tst  we<'' 

econd      t 

^  -lird  V  ^k. 

Fourih  veek 


SJetp 
:  Ch 

Birds 
F 

An 


ui 


^^)\  t      je  (6). 


•  iew 
Aid-Life  Saving— review. 
■^  and  birds— review. 


C  TiK^  craft— review. 


I 


i 


\ 


If. 


fmt"^£i' 


COUNCIL  GAMES 
Council 


Tub  Tilting 
Leg  Wrestle 
Navajo  Feather  Dance 
Cock  Fighting 


One-legged  Chicken  Fight 
Strong  Hand 
Stung 
Talk-fest 
Solemnity 
Also  many  of  the  Outdoor  and  Indoor  Games 


Watching  by  the  Trail 

Trailing 

Apache  Relay  Race 

Chinese  Tag 

Bat  Ball 

Scouting 

Quick  Sight 


Outdoor 

Far  Sight 
Home  Star 
Hostile  Sp 
Tree  the  Coon 
Rat  on  the  Lodge 
Water-boiling  Contest 
Medley  Scouting 
Still-hunting  the  Buck 

Water 


Spearing  the  Great  Sturgeon  Canoe  Tag 

Boat  and  Canoe  Tilting 


Odds  and  Evens 
Blind  Man's  Buff 
My  Vacation 
Names  by  Topics 
Fortune 

Guessing  Game 
Kingdom 


Indoor 

Geography 
Menagerie 
Menagerie  Party 
Portrait  Party 
Magic  Music 
Fireside  Trick 
Lone  Star  Trick 
Feather  Football 


rr^^^irr^^fi*:  ^'^'j^mi^^-:^' 


t,i^'ti_^-ti:il.',jMjaLl .^tP*; 


CpUNCIL  GAMES 

.h'&dl  rL^"^'  ''""  '"""'  •'  '^^  ^«  "^t"«  the  council  games  to 

Tub  Tilting 

cTZ  erounH     T?^*       ^  ^""^  "f  ^^^  '^°°'  ^^°"Jd  be  two  feet 
apartceCetcelt'r  "'  "'  '"'^''  ^^^''^  *  ^^^^  ^-«th 

^catcher  LSnH        K  ^°  P'^X^r'  accidents,  we  have  usuSly 
near  Ihe  miS"'  ''''  "^"^    ^'^^  ""^^^  ^^'^^  ^'-g^We^; 

kniei'o^r  (rLl"t^  '*;'  1^^'  ^  ^''"^'  "^  ^o  push  below  the 
your  hand   ^  ''°^''  ^^  '°  ""^  '^^  ^^her  man's  spear  in 

A  foul  gives  the  round  to  the  other  man. 

tou?h:s7he"^ounT  "'"  °"^  "^^^  ^  °^  °^  ^^-  ^^  «Pe- 
It  is  a  draw  when  both  go  off  together. 

T^h/'^^  '^°^\'.  ^1^  'P^''  ^^ter  each  round, 
rhe  batt  e  is  usually  for  three  or  five  rounds 

...V  S  "°^  A        ?^  *"y  8°^  thrusts  having  been  invented  but 

ha;x'  r  Cg^^  sr";?eTst  r -^  ^^ "-  ^""^  ''-- 

•«'  Hn  ni  ;^^\  1^^^^"'  ^''^"  overbalanced,  one  can  regain 

■'tu  '  ^"inpleteiy  around.  ^ 

TakeeiZ5eet'Kh.::rr?  '"  ^^"^..^^^'^  *^^  ^"^^^  thus: 
or,  It  anything,  a  httle  heavier  than  ordinary.    Get  a  two- 

43 


IK?^>"-"'t'^TCT«iaK 


44 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


'  V/oodtn.    ctnK 

Wo  7 


No  « 


nch-f  K-   '^^L'"^.'^'  ^"^  ^'■^"^  th'^  '^'-'t  a  disk  three 

"k"  •'.'•^s    bevel  off  and  round  the  edges.     Bore  a  hole 

(aKut  three  fourths  of  an  inch)  in  the  middle,  and  put  this 

on  »he  top  of  the  bamboo,  so  that  it  sets  against  a  shoulder  or 

knot.     Drive  a  circular  plug  in  the 
hollow  of  the  bamboo  for  a  wedge, 
and  make  afi   secure  with   one   or 
two  very  thin  nails  driven  in  (No 
7). 

Now  pad  the  head  an  inch  thick 
with  the  ordinary  horsehair  stuffing 
that  is  used  in  furniture,  and  bind 
all  with  strong  burlap,  sewing  it  at 
the  seams,  and  lashing  it  around 
rrui  I  .       ,      .  ^^^  bamboo  with   string   (No.   8) 

Th  .  conipletes  the  dry  land  spear.     If  for  use  i.i  the  water 
make  a  final  cover  out  of  rubber  cloth.     This  keeps  the  spear 

Fn.l,  fTP  u '^'^.^P;:  '•"  '^*''^^'  ^^'""'  «"*^  «"^'  ""<^^  half  pounds. 

Kach  tribe  should  have  a  half-dozen  of  these  spears  They 
serve  a  number  of  purposes,  some  of  them  quite  different  from 
that  ongmally  mtended. 

I  have  seen  a  good  many  cam,Krs  try  tilting  on  the  land  or 
on  the  water  and  make  an  utttr  failure  of  it,  by  reason  of 
the  absurdly  clumsy,  heavy  spears  used.  A  grLn  sSne 
was  cut  for  handle,  and  the  end  tied  up  in  a  bunX  offi 
ja  was  ,8  mches  through.  This  was^ard  enough  Totih, 
«l>=n  dry,  an<;  as  it  usually  soon    fell  into  the  water  and  eot 

n '':'s'^'r.V  '?  T«^'  '^"'"'^  '''^^'^'  ^"^  «"^  -""I'l  n"  t  52 
It  ,i>  ti  s|H«tr  ui  uii. 

Indian  Leg  Wrestle 

The  contestants  lie  fkt  on  their  back  on  the  ground  or  floor 
acing  m  opposite  directions,  and  lying  side  by  sSe  T^ev 
then  lock  arms  and  as  the  judge  coint!  one,  two,  three  thev 
each  raise  the  leg  next  to  their  opponent  so  as  to  be  ready  when 
the  official  says  "three"  to  lock  legs.  Each  tries  to  turn  the 
^ns  Th:  ^'''"^"^^  y^'  ^"'^  ^ho  succeeds  in  doin^this 
wins.     The  game  is  to  wm  two  out  of  three  rounds. 

Navajo  Feather  Dance 

ri«h"  i?wor/e?/hr  '1"'J^  ""  ^  ^°'"^*^^''"'  "^  ^'  to  s'and  up- 
rignt,  IS  worked  by  a  hidden  operator,  so  as  to  dance  and  caoer 

be  uJ3"'7t  i^:  '"  ri^''  '".  '*^  '"«^'°"«-    A  marionefte Tay 
be  used,     it  IS  a  great  fun  maker.  "^ 


fcaK3A^v,ir  ,jr^i^^- v«3»ar^TSB?. 


'Hsmmi  .-^sr^miis:;^:^^. 


fii'^^Vi-.j-lE-- 


,i;- 


M). 


Tribe    Activities 
Cock  Fighting 


45 


dorPadTachTthl'^'  'fi^  ^^t Jong  (broomsticks  will 
?rl  fj,  J,  r^  °"  ^^^  ^"d  with  a  ball  of  ra?     These 

are  the  spurs.    Make  an  8-foot  ring.    The  two  rivals  are  on 
their  hunkers,  each  with  a  stick  through  beWnd  h  s  knees 

titetfofX'uS  ^^°"  ^^  '''  ^"-'  -^  ^^^  --  -S 

Now  they  close;  each  aiming  to  upset  the  other    to  make 

urn  lose  his  spurs  or  to  put  l:im  out  of  the  ring,  any  o(  whkh 

ends  that  round,  and  scores  i  for  the  victor.     I    both  faTl   or 

on  'rZT'  ^^  ^"  '''''''''  ''  '^  ^  ^--    Battled fo^'i  I 

One-legged  Chicken  Fight 

In  this  each  of  the  two  contestants  stands  upon  one  lee  hold 

Strong  Hand 

The  two  contestants  stand   right  toe  bv  rieht  toe    riirht 
th\"tord'J?SLS^^^^£^v'.^^^  f-^  braced;  leh  hf nds 'f?ee.  \' 
mot    v     ir?^-     ^""^  ^"^^  ^'^  unbalance  the  other-  that  is 
make  bm  hf t  or  move  one  of  his  feet.    A  Uf t  or  a  shIJt'  ends  the 

Battles  are  for  best  out  of  3  or  5  rounds. 
Stung,  or  Step  on  the  Rattler  -Sometiines  Called  Poison 
This  is  an  ancient  game.    A  circle  about  three  feet  across 

of  tKr^h  '  *'"*^'  *  "u"^  ^'■''""^  '^''''  and  trv  to  make  one 
ot  the  number  step  mto  the  poison  circle.  He  can  evade  .? 
by  s.de-steppmg,  by  jumping  over,  or  by  dragging Tnothe'tto 

SomotJ^^r^  ''"''■'  '"  ^^^  '"^^^  ''  ^^""«  and  sits  down, 
bomctimes  we  use  a  newspaper  with  a  switch  lyine  across  if 

Stler's  «'7"'  '^^''^^'''  ^u^"  ^*""8'  »he  other  side  become  the 
t^e"  hands    """^  '''"^  '^'^  "^  '^'  ""'^''^  ^'^'^  ^^e  switch  across 


'$ 


46  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

Talk-fest 

The  Talk-fest,  if  properly  handled,  can  be  one  of  th*.  mn«f 
amusing  of  the  Council  Rine  eames     Tha  iA^  •    ?  iT    ™°^' 

Solemnity 

troduced  if  desired.  '^    ^""^  «^^"'*  "^y  b«  "»- 

OUTDOOR  GAMES 

Watching  by  the  Trail 

ple^mV  """'  "  °'''"  ''''''  "  '^'  '^"'  ^°  P"^^  ^^  ^'""^ 

players  sit  on  the  same  skle                        ''^^-    Sometimes  aU 

The  game  is,  whoever  is  first  to  see  certain  fm««e  »  j 

on  scores  so  many  points.    Thus:  '"^'  *^*^^ 

A  crow  or  a  cow  counts 

A  horse   ....           ^ 

A  sheep 2 

A  goat     ...*.' 3 

A  cat 4 

A  hawk   .     .     .      '     ' S 

•An  owl                          '     ' 6 

^t^Xt'ot  ^u^'i^f  siintrtL^"^^^^^  ^^^^^-'^ 

certain  trees,  flowers"  etc.  ^"^^  ^^^  P^"*^^'  "^ 

Trailing 


-  ji^~;»r.^K^:^3iiB^Ei^' 


^'^',^mef;:^. 


Tribe    Activities 


47 


He  IS  given  loo  beans,  ,30  slices  of  potato,  and  10  minutes'  start 
He  has  to  lay  a  track,  as  crooked  as  he  pleases,  dropping  a 
bean  every  3  or  4  yards  and  a  slice  of  potato  every  20  After 
ten  minutes'  run  the  deer  has  to  hide. 

The  trailers  follow  him,  picking  up  the  beans  and  potato 
slices  Each  bean  counts  i  point,  each  slice  of  potato  2.  The 
one  who  finds  tne  deer  scores  10  for  it. 

Apache  Relay  Race 

One  band  is  pitted  against  another,  to  see  who  can  carry 
a  message  and  bnng  a  reply  in  shortest  time,  by  means  of  relays 
of  runners.  One  quarter  of  a  mile  is  far  eneugh  for  an  ordinarv 
race.  This  divides  up  even  55  yards  to  each  of  eight  runner^ 
The  band  is  taken  out  by  the  Chief,  who  drops  scouts  at  con- 
venient distances,  where  they  await  the  arrival  of  the  other 
runner,  and  at  once  take  the  letter  on  to  the  ne.xt,  and  there 
await  the  return  letter. 

A  good  band  of  8  can  carry  a  letter  a  quarter  of  a  mile  and 
bring  the  answer  in  about  3  minutes. 

Chinese  Tag 

Is  like  the  regular  game  of  tag  with  this  difference:  the  one 
who  is  tagged  must  keep  his  hand  on  that  part  which  was  hit 
when  he  was  tagged  thus  making  only  one  free  arm. 

Bat  BaU 

A  regular  baseball  diamond  is  used,  two  teams  are  chosen  of 
equal  number.  A  volley  ball  or  indoor  basebaU  is  used,  pref- 
erably the  former.  One  team  is  scattered  anywhere  inside  the 
bases,  the  other  team  is  up  to  bat.  The  boy  bats  the  ball  with 
his  hand.  The  opposing  team  catching  the  ball  he  has  batted 
tries  to  put  the  runner  out  by  throwing  the  ball  at  the  runner  or 
by  touching  him  with  it.  If  the  runner  stands  still  he  may  not  be 
put  out,  but  the  team  trying  to  put  him  out  must  keep  the  ball 
passing  continually;  one  of  the  players  holding  the  ball  is  unfair 
i  he  boy  running  must  reach  the  home  plate  before  another 
;;utiCr  tomcn  up  iu  bal. 

Scouting 

Vouis  are  sent  out  in  pairs  or  singly.     A  number  of  points 
are  marked  on  the  map  at  ecjual  distances  from  camp,  and 


■l""  .^' 


48  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

the  scouts  draw  straws  to  see  where  each  goes.     If  one  olace  is 

Points  are  thus  allowed: 
Last  back,  zero  for  traveling 

the^latt^'^'''  '°""'  ''"'  ^"^  '^'^  "^•'^"^^  they  are  ahead  of 

Points  up  to  roo  are  allowed  for  their  story  on  return 

Somot.mes  we  allow   ,o  points  for  each  Turtle  thev  have 

Mvn;   lo  for  each  Owl  seen  and  properlv  name      c  fo^r  each 

Hawk,  and  ,  each  for  other  wild  iirds;  also  .  for  'a  ci"  Tfor 

No  information  is  given  the  scout;  he  is  told  to  eo  to  such 


The  Game  of  Quick  Sight 

Take  two  boards  about  a  foot  square,  divide  each  into  twentv 
^^^Tl  ^''  t*^"  ""'^  ^"^^  ten  pebbles.  Give  to  one  dK 
one  board.  l\ve  nuts,  and  five  pebbles.  He  plices  thei  onX 
squares  m  any  pattern  he  fancies,  and  when  ready  the  other 
player  is  allowed  to  see  it  for  five  seconds.  Then  k  i  covemi 
up.  and  from  the  memory  of  what  he  saw  the  second  pkyS 


• 

0      J. 

# 

M 

o 

— 

0 

— 

o 

9 

• 

Qviclri($^t  Oimt 


Counttrs 

ooooo  #•••• 


fTl'K?^?'^^  ^^^  P^tt^"""  °"  his  own  board.     He  counts  one 


Tribe    Activities  49 

This  game  is  a  wonderful  developer  of  the  power  to  see  and 
memorize  quickly. 

Far  Sight,  or  Spot  the  Rabbit 

Take  two  six-inch  squares  of  stiff  white  pasteboard  or  whitened 
wood.  On  each  of  these  draw  an  outline  Rabbit,  one  an  exact 
duplicate  of  the  other.     Make  twenty  round  black  wafers  or 


spots,  each  halt  an  inch  across.  Let  one  player  stick  a  few  of 
hese  on  one-  Rabbit-board  and  set  it  up  in  full  light.     The  otier 

beginning  at  roofeet,  draws  near  till  he  can  sel  the  spots  well 
nough  to  reproduce  the  pattern  on  the  other  which  hrcarries. 
f  he  can  do  it  at  75  feet  he  has  wonderful  eves.     Down  e"en 

to  70  (done  3  times  out  of  5)  he  counts  high  honor;  from  70  to 

(.0  counts  honor.     Below  that  does  not  count  at  all. 

Home  Star  or  Pole  Star 

andTJ/tTlf^-l''^  ''  ^•''"u  '""  '''"^'  '^'^'^^'  '^^^^'  •"  daytime, 
e  hie  h-n  i  {; ''  "^"^  "^""'^  '""^'  '^"''^-  I"  '^«'"g  this  he  may 
anything,  indeed,  except  a  compass 

the^lt.nv'''TJ'  '^"'u"'*  •'-''  ^  S^^  ^^^'"P^^^  ^o^'-ected  for 
me  locality.     J  he  one  who  comes  nearest  wins 

It  IS  optional  with  the  iudijt.s  whether  !h<'  u^  of  a  time- 
piece  IS  to  be  allowed.  >c  oi  ^  ume 

Hostile  Spy 

ThkTs^Z^rv";  ";\?r  "'  '^•i"  '\^  '•'^d  '^'•y*^"^^  handkerchief, 
ihis  IS  the  Grand  Medicme  Trophy  of  the  band.    The  Hos- 


50  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

himset  ''"^''''  '^'  ^"^'■'^  ""^  ^^^'^  ^°  P^y  ^  ransom  for 

Tree  the  Coon 
ThTmble' '"  "''^'"''  ^""''  ^'^""^^^  ""  ^^^  ^^""'"ar  "Hunt  the 

.h^l'l^'  '''''•'T  ^'">  ""'^  so  out  of  the  room.    That  one  nlaces 

others.  """'  """  '"""'S  '''  g^^'^"«  "o  <^J"«  to  the 

nlX^Hii '''  ^"^  '^^'''^^  *''^"'  ''  ^^^""«^'-'  "''u^lly-    Sometimes  we 

feXr7:s'rst^rs:e^r  ^  ^-"=  '^-  -  ••=  ^^'^ob;^ 

Sometimes  each  is  given  his  number  in  order  of  findin,.  I> 
S.Sif:^'„n'er.'  '  ^°°"^'  '''^  """"^'^  ^  add'ed"up","at/.i^ 


This  is  the  rat  and 


Rat  on  the  Lodge 

.    Each  player  has  a  good-sized  bean  bag. 
IS  kept  by  the  player  permanently 

ground 'SUr  '"a  d'.S  ?^^"'-^"  T  ^"^^^^  °^  '"^^^  ^^ove  the 
anorrpaS;  r^^^'fi^^^^^^  ^^^  'odge  and 

-'^=^Mg:.N"i;:';;,sL;t3^;  r,^^-- '?  ^^.^  - 

their  be.in  Ijaes  a»  h        'r^  the  firmg-hne  and  throw 

.h,.mwi.h%Shl'i^.-hl^^,e7ilr/oS4^|-P--H 


Tribe    Activities  51 

one  does  then  the  keeper  can  tag  him  (unless  he  reaches  the 
finng-hne)  and  send  him  to  do  duty  as  keeper  at  the  rock 

But  they  can  coax  their  rats  with  their  feet  up  to  the  dead- 
me,not  beyond,  then  watch  for  a  chance  to  dodge  back  to  the 
hring-hne,  where  they  are  safe  at  all  times. 

If  the  rat  is  knocked  oflF  by  any  one  in  fair  firinL'  the  keem>r  is 
I>owerless  till  he  has  replaced  it.  Meantime,  most  of  the  p  '•- 
crs  have  secured  their  rats  and  got  back  safe  to  the  r.ring-linc'. 


Water-boiling  Contest 

Given  a  hatchet  and  knife,  i  match,  a  2-quart  pail,  7  inches  or 
CSS  m  diameter,  one  quart  of  water  and  a  block  o  soft  w^ 
about  2  feet  long  and  5  or  6  inches  through. 

The  record  for  water-boiling  is  said  to  be  7  50 

First  cut  plenty  of  wood.  Spend  three  minutes  on  it.  Sup- 
por   your  pad  on  four  pegs  driven  in  the  ground  or  by  a  loZ 

^pe^s  ;„™.terxr '"'  ^™"''- " "'"  '^  '-"^^™'' 

If  the  first  match  goes  out,  contestants  are  usually  allowed  a 
s«ond,  but  are  p^nalUed  by  havmg  ,  minutes  added  ,o"h'ir 

Medley  Scouting 

The  following  competition  in  Medley  Scouting  took  place 

fn  rfolSgT-     '  '''-'  -''  ^'--^  ^-  ''^  '^'S'--  ^ 

At  the  word,  "  Go. " 
mapk"^  a  leaf  of  sugar-maple;  ar  !  tell  how  it  differs  from  other 

Tell  a  short  story  or  give  a  recitation. 

Bring  a  leaf  of  poison  hy  (wrapped  in  a  thick  paper,  to  a\oi.l 
touching  It),  and  describe  the  poison,  and  mode  of  cSteractinl! 

Ill  rt 

Mark  off  on  a  stick  your  idea  of  a  vard 
Bring  a  leaf  of  witch  hazel,  an  1  tell  what  it  is  good  for 
^.^Brmg  a  leaf  of  beech,  and  tell  how  it  differs  from  th.,se  most 

Dance  a  step;  any-English,  Irish,  Scotch,  or  Indian, 
btrike  a  match  and  hght  a  lamp;  both  of  them  imaginary. 


I 


iff 


53 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


Mak.  ;i  ,n..p   .f  North  America  irom  ininmry  in  ten  minutes 

(me  an  imiiaiion  of  sonic  animal,  actions  or  sounds, 
ay  t  he  ,.art  of  an  Indian  woman  finchng  her  warrior  dead. 

I  or  ea.  Ii  of  the  first  20  competitors,  points  were  given-  the 
\>nze  adjudged  by  tiit-  (oial.  '^        ' 

Some  of  these  .lunts  may  :,cem  trivial,  but  there  was  a  nur- 
x.se  .n  ea  h,  and  that  purpose  was  ser^-ed.  In  the  Indran  wicbw 
or  example  we  wished  to  select  the  best  actor  for  jSay      Most 

m  camp,  uas  so  fine  tha.  he  brought  tears  into  the  eyes  of  many 
The  selection  of  the  various  leaves  impressed  these  kinds  on 

all,  es,>ec,ally  those  who  failed  to  bring  the  right  ones 

rhe  animal  imitation  and  dance  was  intrfxlucedto  cultivate 

{xxir  It  might  l)e.  The  imitations  of  monkey,  lynx,  cat  oanther 
moose  etc.,  developed  a  keen  observation  and  a  b[  TeoS 
natural  h.sto.^  that  was  intensely  interesting  as  well  as  amuf^ 

twke'  T/fi^^;' r^  ^fl  P^':t'^"'^^'y  'n^lructive  and  wS  t H^ 
twice.    The  first  time  the  winner  took  14  minutes  and  the  srr 

Stm-hunting  the  Buck,  or  the  Deer  Hunt 

sofftJ?'  ''  ""  "^T"!-;  '•  '^'^'  '"^^^  ^'^h  ^  ^'^e  frame,  on  which 
soft  hay  IS  wrapped  till  ,t  is  of  proper  size  and  shape,  then  alHs 


ift.ht^K 


rkc"?.Sl^ertic'"'^'^-    ^  '''''  '^^''^^  ^^  ^^''^  -<^  black 
If  time  does  not  admit  of  a  well-finished  deer,  one  can  be 


Tribe    Activities 

The  side  ulthe  deer  is  marked  with  a  large  ova"  and  Lr  ,h 
heart  is  a  smaller  one.  ^  "^  '    ""  °^"  ^"^ 

Bows  and  arrows  only  are  used  to  shoot  this  deer 

dummy  under  hU  arm  and  runVoT  Z  t/^  ''""'  '"'"^^  "«■ 
or  until  he  comes  back  and  shouu*"rl"dV-  '"S^lt,""'' 
trail  of  corn,  dropping  twr  or  three  grate  for  eve^  iTl/L", 

£  rty%i:er^fatiei;"sr  ■''■" "'  "^^  "■^- 

not  among  rocks  or  on  the  top  of 
a  ndge,  because  in  one  case  many 
arrows  would  be  broken,  and  in  the 
other,  lu  t. 

The  huntc_  now  hunt  for  this 
deer  just  as  for  a  real  deer,  either 
foUowmg  the  trail  or  watching  the 
woods  aiiead;  the  best  hunters  com- 
bine the  two.  If  at  any  time  the 
trail  IS  qmte  lost  the  one  l,i  charge 
shouts  Lost  TraU!"  After  /h 
the  one  \  o  finds  the  trail  scores  iu 
.^ny  one  giving  a  false  alarm  by  sh  ,.=    .>       ^«."  ;.  «    a  r 

Thus  they  go  till  «>me  one  finds  tt  '  ! :         fsh„u,s  Hl^^;. 

^A;."'?,.'""  '"'  f'"*"«.  i'-    TiK     •  .. . :  ;4ut  ".SrW  ■■ 

Tl^e  finSl  '     T''k  "  "^'''S  "■  •""  "'^y  'lo  "ot  scorj  ■ 

.rom?hfve';™\':tc;t,,'^4j'?^'  7i  •"»>="  r  """' 

m-r  tM  "p  «-P"  "„d  •h?;e'"Mnh.;.'"=  rt 

rnr'tS'tTer?^r5^L,!t1s^rrc,,'"'     TtSr.i'-^V  ''^ 

sC;SS™^'^'"'™'''"-"»^'"henceXtw;:i 
A  shot  in  tlie  big  oval  is  a  bndv  ^"^und ■  »k^.  ..^^^^  .  .    , 


HI 


I 


54 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


If  all  the  arrows  are  used,  and  none  in  the  heart,  the  deer 
c>cai)es,  and  the  boy  who  was  deer  scores  hventy-five. 

The  one  who  found  the  uummy  is  deer  for  the  next  hunt.  \ 
clever  deer  can  add  greatly  to  the  excitement  of  the  game. 

Originally  we  used  paper  for  scent,  but  found  it  bad.  It 
littered  the  woods,  yesterday's  trail  was  confused  with  that  of  to- 


day, etc  Corn  proved  better,  hetause  the  birds  and  the 
squirrels  kept  it  cleaned  up  from  day  to  day,  and  thus  the 
ground  was  always  ready  for  a  fresh  start.  But  the  best  of  all  is 
the  hoof  mark  for  the  shoe.  These  iron  h<K)f  marks  are  fast  to  a 
pair  of  shoes,  and  leave  a  trail  much  like  a  real  deer.  This  has 
several  advantages.  It  gives  the  huntir  a  chance  to  teU  where 
the  trail  doubled,  and  which  way  the  deer  was  going.  It  is  more 
realistic,  and  a  boy  who  can  follow  this  skilfully  can  follow  a  liv- 
ing deer.  In  actual  practice  it  is  found  well  to  use  a  little  corr 
with  this  on  the  hard  places,  a  plan  quite  consistent  with  realism 
as  every  hunter  will  recall.  ' 

It  is  strictly  forbidden  to  any  hunter  to  stand  in  front  of  the 
hring  line;  all  must  be  back  of  the  line  on  w'ich  the  shooter 
stands. 

There  is  no  limit  to  the  situations  and  curious  combinations  in 
this  hunt.  I  he  deer  may  be  left  standing  or  lying.  There  is  no 
law  why  It  should  not  be  hidden  behind  a  solid  tree  trunk.  The 
game  develofjs  as  one  follows  it.  After  it  has  been  played  for 
some  time  with  the  iron  hoof  mark  as  above,  the  bovs  grow  so 


Tribe    Activities 


55 


skilful  on  the  (rail  that  we  can  dispense  ui(h  even  the  cm     The 
.ro„  mark  like  a  .ka-r  h.n.f  leaves  a  very  realistic  "slot "  .>r  (rack 
u  Inch  the  more  skilful  boys  readily  f„||,.w  through  (he  woods     A 
luin    IS  usually  for  three,  five,  or  more  deer,  according  ^agree- 
ment, and  the  result  is  reckoned  by  points  on  (he  whole  chase. 

WATER  GAMES 
Spearing  the  Great  Sturgeon 

f  ^K'lr'^^^'i^K^*' ''  f  ^.e^f''"g>y  popular  and  is  especially  good 
fur  public  exhibition,  being  spectacular  and  full  o  amuseS 
and  excitement.  •uacuiciu 

The  outfit  needed  is: 

(i)     A  sturgeon  roughly  formed  of  soft  wood;  it  should  be 


•  v-v.^ 


T^6  )Vboden    Stvr<ieo-n-. 


"  '^■»  %V^ 


al'<Hit  three  feet  long  and  nearly  a  foot  thick  at  the  head.     It 
ma>^|.e  made  realistic,  „r  a  small  log  pointed  at  both  ends  will 

(2)     Two  spears  with  si.x-inch  steel  heads  an<i  wooden  handles 
about  three  feet  long).     The  points  should  be  sharp,  bu    no 

headTh     n'^"'"''''""  '^^  '^"'■'^^  ^--^  "'"'"^'^  altogeth^er.     Kach 
head  should  have  an  eye  to  which  is  attached  twenty  feet  of 


ht  .1(1  IS  a  fathom  mark  made  by  t^ir.g  on  a  rag  or  cord. 
m-n      .^^'e'^^atswith  crews.     Each  crew  consists  of  a  .,ncar- 
hiri/Ih.  n?.  '''''^'""'   u"-^  T  "■■  ^''°  ^^^•■^'"'-*"  "«•  paddle  s.  of 
or  tist  wear  life  bells  during  the  game. 


56  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

after  each  heat  ^''^  ^'^^'^  *^hange  bases 

arid  ;;f si^^rnli;/;;;;;:;^™;"-'-  ">'  ^^  -  -^  '• 

il  is  in  the  fish.  „rK  ihe  h^e  aroS   hffi  5  °""'  *'^' *WI<^ 
thismay  beaccidcnmlly  done  to7;rr;;,V'''  "  ^""P'  »  '"  »» 

or  over  the  heads  of  vour  crew  ^  ^  '"^"'  *'"'' 

is  in  tuv^•.  ItTnot  a  fou  ^h'.  .  .""'  ^^^^"  ''^^^^  '•'^'' 
must  at  once  leii  out  i.h/  -'^  '*^''V^"^  '^'^  spearman 
•Fathom"  '^  '''*^  "'"P"'*-  "^  'he  other  crew  cries 

If  he  i^at  Ks  upset  the  judge's  canoe  helps  them  to  right 
Kach  crew  must  accept  the  backset  of  it.s  accidents 


i 

1 


Tribe    Activities 
Canoe  Tag 


57 


Any  number  of  canoes  or  boats  mav  encage  in  Ihi";  \ 
rubber  cushion,  a  hot-water  bag  full  of 'air.  anv  rubberfoot- 
ball,  or  a  cotton  bag  with  a  lot  of  corks  in  it  is' needed.  The 
game  is  to  tag  the  other  canoe  by  throwing  this  iulo  it. 

The  rules  are  as  in  ordinary  cross-tag. 

Tilting  in  the  Water 

\Vhen  used  on  the  water,  the  ordinary  rules  of  canoe  tilting 
are  followed.     Each  spearman  stands  in  the  bow  of  his  boit 
on  the  bow-seat.     His  crew  bring  him  within  eight  feet  of  his 
rival,  and  now  he  endeavors  to  put  him  overboard.     Points 
arc  reckoned  thus: 

P^orcing  your  enemy  to  put  one  foot  down  off  the 
seat 

Forcing  your  enemy  to  i)ut  two  feet  down  off  the  ^ 
seat  jQ 

Forcing  your  enemy  on  one  knee 

Forcingyour  enemy  down  on  two  knees     .  lo 

Forcing  your  enemy  to  lose  his  spear    ...     tq 
Forcing  your  enemy  overlxjard        ■      ■      .      .      .     2<: 

It  is  a  foul  to  strike  below  the  knee,  or  to  use  the  spear  as  a 
club.  ^ 

The  umpire  may  d(Kk  up  to  twentv-tive  points  for  fouls 
\V hen  canoes  are  used,  the  spearman  stands  on  the  bottom, 
so  all  point.5  are  by  loss  of  spear,  or  by  going  overboard. 

INDOOR  GAMES 
Odds  and  Evens 

Boys  form  in  a  single  line  across  the  room.  One  kn-  is  "it  " 
He  says  he  will  rail  odds;  then  calls  numbers  both  odd  and 
even,  l)ut  those  in  the  line  must  run  onlv  on  odd  numbers  If 
any  run  on  even  they  are  out,  also  those  are  out  who,  when  'he 
line  runs  on  an  odd  number,  are  the  last  to  reach  the  given  goal. 

BUnd  Man's  Buff 

All  players  are  numbero*!,  one  plaver  is  blindfolded.  The 
others  form  a  ring  abinit  him.    The  one  in  the  centre  calls  out 


58 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


TonTllT'  '^"  ^  u-^'""'  ^^^'"S  '^'^^  ""'"bers  change  olaces 

My  Vacation 

Mal-f  booklets  with  the  pages  entitM  "\U'  -o.i;    *    l 
Kraph,     My  latest  nicturP  -- If^n,     ^"'*^     .^V>  earhest  photo- 
went,"  ''VVhere  we  Int -:  "J     ^^"^  w''.*^  '"^•"  "How  we 
we  met,"  ''An  Lcidenr-'-Hn^  f  f  we  lived,"  "Some  people 
moments,"  '^V'ne^'t raged"-   'V  n'^etc^'  p'''^^  ""T^ 

;.n  .ake  some  ve^^  ^  lll^SS^^-- ^-^|^^^^ 

Names  by  Topics 

"What  names  suggest  birds?"    Drake,  Partridge  Hawk  Mr 
U  hat  names  are  part  of  a  honc^^  "     d     """?*^'  "^wk.  etc 
Key,  Hall,  etc  ^^-        ^'■^'^'  <^arrett,  Locke,. 

'"S*  ■^'•■"■8""ile.  Rice,  Bern-,  cic  ■  '  "*""■■ 

BeacrHill.^^LISIer'""""'    '°™="-ns?"    Dale. 

Fortune 

.h^nS.;:;;:;:;  ^^i;";::;;-^,  -^''^.  ^he  playe.  are  given 
set  of  cards,  ( orres^  S  n  n  '^'l  ^'^  '''^t"buted.  The  oth.r 
played  face  iloZrtheeeVt"a?t^^^^^^^^^^  t"  .hose  given  out.  an- 
[.layer  m  turn  goes  t  .hi  'e  ul  'ce  'hM  T  '*  ^'*^''!:'^^'-  ^'^'^' 
'ardsand  savs.     Phe  l>^v  who  h^  H^  the  topmos. 

this  is  red  hea.l.i  an^^uick  em,ir:;'  h"^^^^^^ 
a  Kreat  jR.litician  or  have  t  conf^il  '■  ,^  ''"'"  ''"^*^^  ^^ 
humorous,  or  impossbS  He  f  T''  J^""  ^"'"^'thing  el.se 
i^  up.  and  find  ?he  outr  o^  th'^n  ■■"'  'K''^'"^  «^'"'  ^oWs 
fun  mav  be  had  if  ihcdc^Lu  ^"^'"^^I^^^"'''"?  card.  Much 
<>f  -he  .ruth  Fhe  Ume  ™  r'^  ,«'^'f"  ^^''^•^  ''■^^^^'.v  "f'Posite 
la^t  card  tell  .«..  o^rS^^ ^ S  ^tSnr''  ""  "^^"^  '^  ''^ 


rn 


Tribe    Activities 
Guessing  Game 


59 


The  players  sit  in  a  circle;  one  of  them  is  blindfolded  and 

Tuv  '!?r  ,1  P^l^'"^-  ^^^h  P'^>'"'"  i^  g'^en  a  number.  Then 
the  blindfolded  player  calls  3  or  4  numbers  as  i,  5,  9,  10  The 
players  who  have  those  numbers  jump  up  and  change  seats 
among  themselves.  While  this  chan-ing  goes  on  the  blind- 
folded player  attempts  to  catch  them.  If  he  does  succeed  in 
catching  one  he  must  guess  who  the  captive  is  (by  feeling  his 
dress,  features,  etc.).  If  he  guesses  correctly  his  eyes  are  un- 
covered and  the  captive  is  "it."  If  not,  the  game  is  continued  as 
before— several  more  members  being  called  out. 

Kingdom 

The  Guesser  goes  out  of  hearing  until  the  group  chooses  an 
object,  rhen  the  Guesser  is  called  and  mav  ask  any  question 
that  can  be  answered  by  "  Ves"  or  "\o,"  onlv  one  question  of 
one  person,  and  the  number  of  questions  is  lim'ited,  perhaps  ten 
or  fifteen,  accordin«  to  the  clexcrncss  of  the  Guesser  and  the 
ahslruseness  of  the  object  chosen.     Tlie  Guesser  usually  begins 

h  fw    ?u      }V'^y^'^^^'-''^'   i«  it?"  and  having  established 
uhfther  the  object  is  in  animal,  vegetable,  or  mineral  kingdom 
I-roceeds  to  a.sk  such  questions  as  will  narrow  the  subject  down  as 
i|mckly  as  possible  to  ol)ject  selected. 

Geography 

Anv  numl>er  of  ,>Iayers  allowe.  for  this  game,  which  has  often 
l.ccn  played  a  a  dinner  table  or  around  a  campfire.  'fhe  first 
player  h,.g,ns  by  naming  a  geographical  place,  such  as  a  moun- 
lam,  nvyr  city,  state,  or  nation;  the  next  plaver  gives  another 
name  which  must  be  geographical  and  the  lir^t  letter  of  which 
must  \h.'  the  same  as  the  last  letter  of  the  name  given  l,v  the  first 
'layer;  and  so  on  around  the  circle,  again  and  again;  until  all 
have  dropped  out  by  fa.hng  to  think  of  a  suitable  name  and  the 
on.  remamu.i,'  is  the  winner.  For  instance,  first  player  names 
i/./6,;m,i;  second  payer  names  Arkansas,  third  player  names 


Game  of  Menagerie 

The  players  ;ire  s<'atcd  in  a  circle 
•vtnt  to  ihc  .Menage.-ic  -"     His 


One  begins  thus,  "As  I 
neighbor   to  the   right   asks. 


I 


It 


6o 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


VVhat   did  you   sec  there?"     He  answers,  "I  saw  a  lion" 

''l  wen?^  ?!;  '\?  '"'■"■':  •"  '"^  right-hand  neighl^r  and  ^y^ 
I  went  to  the  Menagerie.  •     The  same  question  is  then  as^ed 
VV  hat  did  you  see  there?  "     The  second  player  must  then  re 
peat  the  answer  of  the  first,  "  I  saw  a  Hon,''  addTn^to  it  an  anV 
mal  of  his  own,  'and  a  monkey."     The  game  gis  on  in  t^l 
way  each  player  putting  the  same  question  and^Iswer  of  S 
neigh  x.r  and  adding  the  name  of  another  animal     'Tack  the 
Irunk"  may  he  played  in  a  similar  manner.     Any  artide  suit 
able  or  grotesque  may  be  packed  in  the  trunk.     ^ 

Menagerie  Party 

..f  antdmafVT'r  T 1 '''?  "^  ^'^"  '  ""'"^^^  ^"^  ^he  name 
oi  an  anmu  .  e.  g.,  i,  elephant,  2,  mouse.     The  leader  calls  on 

c-ach  player  in  turn  to  come  forward  and  draw  on  a  blackboard 
e  animal  named  on  his  slip.  One  minute  is  given  to  exe- 
cute each  drawing.  The  other  plavers  try  to  guestthe  Tni 
mal  on  the  board  and  write  their  guess  correctiv  niimhlrL 
papers  provided  for  the  purpose.  VhenXf 't\rbern1om" 
pitted  the  leader  reads  the  correct  list  aloud  and  the  niav^« 
correct  their  mistakes.  If  there  are  not  many  ar  ists  preset  the 
results  are  apt  to  be  startling.  present,  the 

A  Portrait  Party 

A  modification  of  the  last  game  is  for  the  players  to  sit  in  a 

nrcle  and  each  draw  a   portrait   of  his  left-hand   ne  ghbor 

I  he  leader  col  ects  the  portraits,  puts  a  number  on  each  to 

i'lenti  y  it,  and  places  then«  on  exhibition.    The  plavers  trv  to 

guess  the  original  of  each  portrait.  ^   '  ^  ^^ 

Magic  Music 

The  player  who  is  "it"  leaves  the  room,  while  the  others  de 
nde  upon  .some  action  they  want  him  to  do,  for  instanc^wllk  to 
he  centre  of  the  room  and  recite  poetry.  The  playr^hen  re 
turns  and  the  game  commences.*  The  other  pEs  sin/o; 
hum  or  one  plays  the  piano.  When  the  play?r  who  is  ''it°' 
nears  his  destination  (in  this  case  the  centre  0/  the  room ^  L 
music  grows  louder  and  he  can  tell  that  he  is  on  trii^ht 

h."  Vl  a"^' '"w.     Having  at  last  reached  the  proper  soot 

e  player  (>roceeds  to  try  out  all  sorts  of  stunts,  unt^S  I 
b>  .h.  tone  <,f  the  music,  he  hits  u,x,n  the  right  action  (rfciUng 


drawing, 


Tribe  Activities  6i 

KLh  J^r^  ^"^  ^"  '"  ^'^'^  -y-  -^^J^-  player  being 

Fireside  Trick* 

Put  your  hands  together 
ing. 

The  thumbs  are  you 
;ind  your  brother.  You 
(an  separate  easily— like 
that. 

The  first  lingers  are 
\ou  and  your  father,  you 
can  separate  not  quite  so 
easil\ — like  that. 

The  little  fingers  are 
you  and  your  sister,  you 
can  separate,  but  that 
comes  a  little  harder  still 
—like  that. 
I  The  middle  fingers  are 

\ou  and  your  mother, 
you  can  separate,  but  it 
is  hard— see  that. 

The  ring  fingers  are 
you  and  your  sweetheart, 
you  cannot  separate  without  everything  else  going  first  to  pieces. 

The  Lone  Star  Trick* 

A  Texnn  showed  me  an  interesting  trick  on  the  table      He 
took  SIX  wooden  toothpicks,  bent  then  sharplv  in  the  middle 
and  laid  them  down  in  the  form  shown  in  "  A." 

"Now,"  he  says,  "when  our  people  got  ijossessi.ui  of  Texas 
It  was  nothmg  but  a  wilderness  of  cactus  spines.  See  them  there ' 
Inen  they  began  irrigat- 
ing. (Here  he  put  a 
spoonful  of  water  in  the 
centre  of  the  spines.)  And 
then  a  change  set  in  and 
kept  on  until  they  turned 
into  the  Lone  Star  State." 

As  we  watched,  t  he  water 
t  aused  the  toothpicks  to  straighten  out  until  they  made  the  mi- 
tern  of  a  star  as  in  "B." 


♦  iTom  "Book  of  Woodcraft.' 


M 


«•  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boyi 

Feather  FootbaU  or  Feather  Blow 

This  is  an  indoor,  wet-weather  game 

Books  Recommended 

Camp  and  Outing  ACTrnTitf   rrhif    ^""P^"/.  4So  pages.    $i  .5^ 
tion  Press.    $1.50  ""'    (Cheley- Baker.)    PublilhSi  byAswia- 


table, 
as  can 
imself. 
'ff  the 


Jessie 
I. SO 
ssocia- 


SONOS 


America 

Star-Spangled  Banner 

O  Beautiful  for  Spacious  Skies 

Rouser 

Alouette 

Omaha  Tribal  Prayer 


Hither  Thunder 


Hike  Sonc 
Good  Night 
Canoeist's  Love  Seng 
Death  Song 
Zon-zi-mon-de 
Muje  Mukesin 


189 


SONGS 


Group  Singing 

There  may  be  Woodcraflers  who  are  little  interested  in  ath 
lH.cs  and  not  moved  by  the  charms  of  handicraft  but  it  i^  ver^ 
.ioubtfu    whether  there  are  any  indifferent  to  m^sic      AH  cin 
.u.t  produce  it  but  all  can  enjoy  it  in  some  measure 

I  here  can  be  no  finer  expression  of  team  play  than  in  erouo 
s.ngmg  a.,d  no  Woodcraft  Tribe  will  have  done  its  bestworlf int  U 
US  members  have  learned  to  sing  well.and  while  it  is  desirable"ha 
<  he  leader  be  a  musician,  any  one  who  can  carry  a  tune  Sn  selec 
good  singable  songs  and  teach  them  to  the  group 

rhll^f'T  r  '*""  f  "^'■^'  ^"8S,  which  may  be  found  in  all  of 
the  good  collections  of  songs,  are  the  songs  that  are  particularlv 
native  to  America  These  are  considered  bv  manvKur  bS 
composers  to  be  of  high  value.  Because  of 'the  fact  tha?  these 
Ma  live  American  folk-songs  have  not  been  greatly  used  we  are 
including  several  of  them  in  this  chapter 

It  IS  the  spirit  of  the  American  folk-song  that  commends  it 
l^Wd^l^"''"S  •"^^^^••^^•"g  the  world  about  us  as  w3l  a.  the 
:^^^'y  .a^;'e";enfSufe;  ""^  ^"'  ^  ^^"^^  '^'  ^"^  ^^  -^ 

America 

Mycountry, 'tis  of  thee, 
Sweet  land  of  liberty. 

Of  thee  I  sing: 
Land  where  my  fathers  died, 
Land  of  the  Pilgrim's  pride, 
From  every  mountain  side 

Let  freedom  ring. 

My  native  country,  thee, 
Land  of  the  noble  free, 

Thy  name  I  love: 
I  love  thy  rocks  and  rills. 
Thy  woods  and  templed  hills; 
My  heart  with  rapture  thrills 

Like  that  above. 

6S 


MICROCOPY    RESOLLTION    TEST    CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHAKT  No.  2l 


1.0 


I.I 


I  45 


I  2.8 
13.2 


t  m 


12.5 
2.2 

2.0 
1.8 


1.25 


1.4 


1.6 


A  ^PPL'ED  irvHGE     Inc 

^^  16b3   tost    Moin    Street 

r.S  Roctieste-.    Ne«    lork         14609       USA 

i^S  (7tfi)    482  ~  OJOO  -  Phone 

as  (716)    288  -  5989  -  fox 


66 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

Let  music  swell  the  breeze 
And  ring  from  all  the  trees 

Sweet  freedom's  song; 
Let  Mortal  tongues  awake, 
Let  all  that  breathe  partake 
Let  rocks  their  silence  break, 

The  sound  prolong. 


Our  father's  God,  to  Thee, 
Author  of  liberty, 

To  thee  we  sing; 
Long  may  our  land  be  bright 
With  freedom's  holy  light; 
Protect  us  by  Thy  might. 

Great  God,  our  King. 

Samuel  F.  Smith,  1832. 


The  Star-Spangled  Banner 

O  say,  can  you  see,  by  the  dawn's  early  light, 

ivJ^^^V^^  proudly  we  hail'd  at  the  twilight's  last  gleaming? 

Whose  broad  stripes  and  bright  stars,  thro'  the  perilous  fight' 

O  er  the  ramparts  we  watched  were  so  gallantly  streaming- 
And  the  rocket's  red  glare,  the  bombs  bursting  in  air, 

Gave  proof  thro'  the  n'ght  that  our  flag  was  still  there? 
O  say,  does  that  star-spangled  banner  yet  wave 

O'er  the  land  of  the  free  and  the  home  of  the  brave? 

On  the  shore,  dimly  seen  thro'  the  mists  of  the  deep 

Where  the  foe's  haughty  host  in  dread  silence  reposes, 
WTiat  is  that  which  the  breeze,  o'er  the  towering  steep 

As  It  fitfully  blows,  half  conceals,  half  discloses?       ' 
Now  It  catches  the  gleam  of  the  morning's  first  beam. 

In  full  glory  reflected,  now  shines  on  the  stream— 
Tis  the  star-spangled  banner.    O  long  may  it  wave 

O  er  the  land  of  the  free  and  the  home  of  the  brave. 

And  where  is  that  band  who  so  vauntingly  swore. 

Mid  the  havoc  of  war  and  the  battle's  confusion 
A  home  and  a  country  tnev'd  leave  us  no  more? 
Their  blood  has  washed  out  their  foul  footsteps'  pollution, 


Tribe    Activities 

No  refuge  could  save  the  hireling  and  slave 
From  the  terror  of  flight,  or  the  gloom  of  the  grave— 

And  the  star-spangled  banner  in  triumph  shall  wave 
O  er  the  land  of  the  free  and  the  home  of  the  brave. 

0  thus  be  it  ever  when  freemen  shall  stand 
Between  their  loved  homes  and  foul  war's  desolation, 

Blest  with  Vict  ry  and  peace,  may  the  heav'n-rescued  land 
Praise  the  Power  that  hath  made  and  preserved  us  a  nation 
hen  conquer  we  must,  when  our  cause  it  is  just, 
And  this  be  our  motto,  "  In  God.  is  our  trust"— 
uri^  ^^'l^P^J'SJed  banner  in  triumph  shaU  wave 
While  the  land  of  the  free  is  the  home  of  the  brave. 

—Francis  Scott  Key,  1814. 


67 


O  Beautiful  for  Spacious  Skies 


Katherinb  Lee  Bates 


^^ 


S.  A.  Ward 


1.  0 

2.  0 

3.  0 

4.  0 


bean 
beau 
beau 
bean 


ti  -  ful 
ti  -  ful 
ti  -  ful 
ti .  ful 


for 
for 
for 
for 


spa  -  cious  skies.  For     am  -  ber 
pil  -  grim  feet  Whose  stem,  im  - 
he  -  roes  proved  In        lib  •    er  - 
pa  -  triot  dream  That    sees      be  - 


waves 

pas- 

at 

yond 


2L^  ^l     '    ^?^    p."""  •  P'«  "oin-tain  maj 

sioned  stress      A     thor  -  ough-fare    for  free 

-  ing     strife,  \\ho  more   than  self  their  conn 

the     years    Thine    al    -    a  -  bas  •  ter  cit  • 


■  es-ties      A  - 
dom  beat     A  - 

■  try  loved,  And 
ies  gleam  Un  - 


68 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


O  Beautiful  for  Spacious  Sides— Concluded 


m 


± 


i 


f- 


J J^-4- 


m 


-^ 


•=fe,^^ 


bove      the  fruit  -  ed  plain! 

cross     the       wil  -  der  -  ness! 

mer    -  cy  more    than  life! 

dimmec    by        hu  -  man  tears! 


A  -  mer 
A  -  mer 
A  -  mer 
A  -  mer 


:?_-c-- 


oa! 

ca! 
ca! 
ca! 


A 

A 
A 
A 


J- 

8= 

1- 

— 1 

1 

-• — 

r— •  *- 

— 1 — 

— 1 — 

•- 
— •— 

::, 

i 

=^ 

p^ 

~^'~ 

— f 

—V- 

-I — 



- 

i 


^^i 


-J U 


EEJ 


-i-L-H- 


rnx 


iner  - 

mer  - 

mer  • 

mer  - 


-  ca!  God    shed  His    grace    on     thee  And  crown  thy 

-  ca!  God  mend  thine    ev  -  'ry     flaw,  Con  -  firm     thy 

-  ca!  May   God    thy    gold     re  -  fine,  Till     all      suc- 

-  ca!  God    shed  His    grace    on     thee  And  crown  thy 


r^rt:- 


:!=!: 


t 


i 


-'9— 


J=F 


f=^ 


-«--- 


-■-e5/-T- 


I 


good    with  broth  -  er-hood  From   sea      to      shin*  ing     sea! 


law! 


soul       in      self  -  con-trol,    Thy     lib  -  p- 

cess      be      no    -    b'e-ness.  And     ev  -  'ry     gain     di  -  vine! 

good    with  broth  -  er  •  hood  Prom  sea      to 


1 


I 


:t-!Lr 


I 


ty 

;aii 

shin  -  ing     sea! 


± 


<2   •- 


n 


From  "Fellowsbip  Hymns."    Used  by  permission  of  Association  Piws  tnd  Mrs.  S.  A.  Ward. 


W¥^<^^^h^_ 


WiiF' 


F-  .rf--^.'' 


Tribe   Activities 
Rouser  or  Reveille 


69 


-* 5£=^. 


Ho,  sleepers,  a  -  rise!  the  sun's  iu    the  skies.The 


summer  mist 


flies    from  the  lake  and  the     lea.    The   Red  Gods  do    call:     Ho. 


■d-     * 


high.  Hi-kers  all,  Come  drink  of  the  Life-c 


up  you  nev-er  will  see. 


5r. — • — ^ 


Then  blow  ye  winds  high,  or  blow  ye  winds  low.  Or  blow. 


ye  wet 


east    wind     o    ■  ver    the     sea.    We'll  face    ye    and  fight,    and 


laugh  when  you  s.ute.For  storm  was  the  trainer  that  toughened  the  t 


ree. 


'1 


70 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 
Alouette 


»rU*CliM<M»  iMC. 


From  "Sociui  Activities,"  by  Chesley,  pub.  by  Association  Press. 


Tribe    Activities 


71 


Alouette  is  an  unusually  fine  song  for  group  singing  The 
idea  js  that  of  caressing  a  beautiful  bird.  A  leader  sings  the 
v-erse  up  to  end  of  "je  te  plumcrai  la  tete"  and  the  group  repeats 
this,  running  down  scale.  The  soloist  sings  "et  la  tete"  and  the 
chorus  repeats  twice.  All  sing  chorus.  In  the  next  \jrse  the 
soloist  uses  'cou"  and  just  before  the  chorus,  adds  to  it  the  word 
used  m  the  previous  verse  as:  "et  le  cou"  response  b  '  crowd 
then  et  la  tete"  response  from  crowd,  then  on  to  chorus.  After 
each  verse  the  previous  verse  words  are  added  until  all  the  parts 
ot  the  bird  have  been  used. 


The  Omaha  Tribal  Prayer 

Harmonized  by  Prof.  J.  C.  PiLLKoas. 
Slow.    Grave.    Solemn. 


:sz 


'^  j^-j .-- 


Wa-kon-da     dhe  -  dhu    Wa-pa  dhin      a  -  ton  -  he. 


^        (^        g 


± 


CoH  Fed. 


± 


2: 


i= 


« 


-^  0S 


fs 


.Wa-kon^a     dhe- dhu  Wa-pa-dhin     a  -  ton- he. 


jO- 


-&- 


S 


Ped. 


^ 


m 


I 


By  pennission  from  Alice  C.  Fletcher's  "Indian  Story  and  Song.' 

Translation: 

Father  a  needy  one  stands  before  thee; 
I  that  sing  am  he. 


I  , 

(5; 


72 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 
Hike  Song 


Music  by  Jos.  S.  JoNis 


1.  Way  down  in  yon-der  val-ley      The  mist    is    like     a    sea, 

2.  W©    wan-der    by    the  wood-land    That  hangs  up  -  on     the   bill, 
8.  We   gaze  up -on    the  streamlet.      As  o'er    the  bridge  we  lean; 


^■S      ^KS^S^" 


*=*= 


--^■ 


^-^ 


Tho'  the  sun   be  scarce-ly  ria  -  en,  There  is  light    e-nough  for  me. 
We      hear  the  birds  a-tun-ing,     Their  mom-ing  clar- ion  shrlM. 
We     watch  its  hur  -  ried  rip-pies,     That    catch  the  mom-ing  sheen. 


^ >«■' — t »„, — c^ — g_^ — p — : 1 


For       Y       't  ear  -  ly  mom-ing,      Or        be      it  late    at  night; 

For      h>.     _ied-ly      a-wak-ing.     From  midst  the  dew  -  y  spray; 

Oh,  the  Woodcraft  Boys  are  stalwart.  And  the  Woodcraft  Girls  are  fair; 


^T^^-^   ^  -x 


t 


;i 


Cheer -i  -  ly    ring    our  foot-steps,  Right,  left,  right! 

Cheer  -  i  -  ly    now  the  black-bird,  Whij'c-''ng  greets  the  day. 

And  cheer  •  i  -ly  breathes  around  ns,  The  biacing  wood-land  air. 

Chobub 


vnuKUO  1^ 


^£lL-jLt- 


For    be      it   ear  -  ly   mom-ing,  0^     ba      it   late     at  night, 


^ 


E 


I 


Cheer  -  i  •  ly    ring     our  foot-steps,        Right,  left,  right 


Mid 


ere- nings  dusk -y  shad* 0W8,     In   mom-ing   ros  •  y    light. 


[„  1^   [>  .^_^   ^   ^  .1 — 


4. 


£ 


i 


i 


Cheer -i  -  ly    ring  our  foot-steps.         Right,    left,     right. 
From  •'  University  of  Toronto  Song  Book."    F.  SucklinR  &  Song,  Toronto. 


Tribe    Activities 
Closing  Lullaby 

(  DedieaUd  to  E.  T.  S.  by  Frances  Denmore.) 

Chippewa  Cradl(«  Song 


73 


Bend-ing  low    to       earth.  We  will      now    our      si-lence      keep; 


irri 


:r]: 


:=t: 


slower 


Win-ter  killed   all     our  mirth.  And  the     Fire    -    flies    sleep. 


The  Canoeist's  Love  Song 


Wi/A  ardfr,  ratktr  slowly 


OJIBWAV 


Ck*k-ak-bay  U  bik  en 
I  Through-out  the  night  I 
t      In  my  birch  ca-noe      I 

Where  canst  thou  be,    O 


dan-day-akn,   chtk-ah  •  bay  tt-Uk  on 

keep    a-wake,     Through  -  out  the  night  I 

seek  forvou.     In   my     birch  ca-noe    I 

my  sweet-heart?  Where    canst  thou  be,  O 


_A*_, ^ \tb-»  ~ljra/i.         "i 


doH-day-ahn,  ah 
keep  a-wake,  Up 
seek  for  you.  Up 
my  sweet-heart?  I 


gak-mah st  -it    oh    ■  dan-day-akn. 
on      ariver     I        keep  awake, 
on      a  riv  -  er     I        seek  for  you. 
wake  and  seek  thee.O     ( Omit 


-P 

.)  my  sweet-heart 


e^^p^^g^^^p 


By  permission  from  Frederick  R.  Burton's  "American  Primitive  Music," 
with  adaptation  by  Wm.  Brewster  Humphrey. 


74  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

Death  Song 

Oflbtvay 

Ver  I  moderate 


Mak-noo   nt-nak  nin-ga 
I     am    go  •  iiig    on     a 

:b-£— T-^ • 


T 


W 


mah-jah.     mak-noo    ne-nak, 
jour  -  ney     Far  and  lone  b«    - 


f 


-»- 


£ 


1 


l*^^ 


:^-^Nrr 


f 


r  f    r 


» — r~*- 


ntn- ga  -  ma  A  -  jak,      A  .  o  ^  da  ■  na    win-  t     nin-ga- de   - 
yond  the  aet-ting  sun,     To  the  Spir-it-land  now    I    am  de 
J l_ 


jak......     Mah  -  noo      ne  -  nak     nin-ga   mah  -  jah  -  nem 

part -lug,      In      the     trail  made    by    my  fore  -  fa -thersi 


■a- 

f 

A  -  0  -  da 
To    the  Spir 


f 


■M.  -  vxn 
it  -  land 


te?55l^ 


F 

nin-ga     de...       jah. 
ter  -  nal    I   am     go    ■ 


inz. 


■^^t>-4' 


^ 


HE 


m;s= 


-^^^\ 


K„  ^""^  "American  Primitive  Music,"  by  Frederick  R.  Burton.  Adapted 
!iy?-  Brey^ster  Humphrey  of  the  American  Indian  League  vSbv 
special  permission.  *         ^*™  "^ 


Tribe    Activities 
Zon-zi-bion-de 

(By  Permission  from  Alite  C.  Flekher's  "Indian  Story  andlSonf) 

Ontalui 

WUk  ipetial  Engliih  words  for  us.  in  welcoming  an  honored  guttt  to 


75 


Spirited. 


the  IVoodernfl  Council 
M.  At.  JN  =  152         " '""0"«ed  by  Prof.  J.  C.  Fillmorb 


'-fc 


^^ 


Ye   ha     he       ya   e 
Ho    ho     ho         ho 
DoDBLB  Drcm  Beat 


he  dha      ye  ha    he        ya    e     he  dha 
he  comes  Shout  a-Ioud  ye  Roll      the  drama 


j» 


m^^^B^ 


dha  kadhoe.    ZoO.  zi-mon-de         o  -  ma  tha    e  dhe.         Ah    k" 
ed    seat         (Use  hu  name.)       We      hail      thee  chief    Fame  th. 


7 

ya 

ni 


ya    e     he  dha       ye    ha     he 

name    did  bring    Wel-come  to 

A  A       _      A 


^pE^^^ 


r 

ya    e     ha  dha    dha  ha  dho. 

our  coun-cil       ring.     ( 

-  AAA 


^m 


76 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 
Muje  Mukesin 


RatherfMt 


^■X];:^:i^!X-^t;z=3dr:£=Cz^z^^l( 


Muj  -  je  inuk  -  e  -  sin    aw  -  yaw  .  yon  muj  -  je  muk  -  e  -  lin    aw  .  yaw .  yon 


^^^^3E^     llJ   ;  ;_>_^^iaj^| 


muj  -  y  ojuk  -  <f  •  sin      aw  -  yaw  -  yon  muj  -  je  muk  -  e  -  sin     »w    yaw  •  yon. 

This  Moccasin  Song,  "Worn  out  Moccasins  I  am  Wearing."  is  ftv..n  Fred- 
erick R.  Burton's  "American  Primitive  Music,"  1909,  by  permission. 

Hither  Thunder! 


->•-     ♦•-      «»•»  .  fty yo'       fiy ypl       \J~wo 


jTio  —  ta  —       n»€X-  — T^ . 


From  "The  Indians'  Book,"  by  Natalie  Curtis;  pub.  Harper  Bros.,  by 
special  permission.  '     -^ 


-4- 


yon. 


.: 


Storm  Cloud 
Lone  Hunter 
Dog  Dance 


DANCING 
Dances 


Snake  Dance 

Caribou  Dance 

Animal  Dance  of  Nana-bo-jou 


is,. 


DANCING 

John  Ruskin  surprised  the  world  some  fifty  years  ago  by  his 
eloquent  plea  for  dancing  as  a  mental  training.  Our  educators 
have  slowly  accepted  the  idea  and,  some  twenty  years  ago,  began 
to  seek  m  Europe  for  folk-dances  that  would  furnish  amusement 
combmed  with  rhythmic  exercise  and  the  chance  for  dramatic 
expression. 

Many  good  dances  were  brought  from  England,  Russia,  and 
Hungary,  etc.,  before  we  awakened  to  the  fact  that  in  this  de- 
partment the  richest  of  all  lands  to-day  is  our  own  country 
There  are  more  and  better  folk -dances  in  America  than  in  any 
other  country  that  we  know  of. 

There  are  scores  of  charming  Indian  folk-dances  which  the 
Woodcraft  Boy  would  like  to  know,  a  few  of  which  are  given 
here.  They  have  been  tried  out  many  times  and  approved  by 
leadmg  educators.  More  than  any  others  at  present  available, 
they  contam  the  possibility  of  graceful  movement,  exercise,  and 
dramatic  expression. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  the  crouch  of  one  certain  dance  has 
been  accepted  by  many  of  the  public  as  the  only  position  in  the 
Indian  dances,  for  it  has  blinded  us  to  the  real  beauties  of  their 
tj-pical  performances. 

It  is  difficult  for  us  to  realize  how  much  dancing  meant  to  the 
Red  Men.  It  figured  in  all  their  social  and  athletic  life.  The 
dance  was  a  great  pubhc  opportunity  to  either  tell  in  pantomime 
historical  facts  or  interpret  ideas.  The  vital  things  of  their 
everyday  life,  as  well  as  their  dramatic  adventures,  were  pre- 
sented at  the  Council  Ring  through  the  dance.  The  chase,  the 
things  connected  with  their  religion;  love  and  hate,  peace  and 
war,  were  all  set  forth  to  music  and  movement  at  the  Council 
Fire. 

The  time  most  used  for  these  dances  is  two-time;  a  heavv 
and  light  beat  on  the  tom-tom,  with  or  without  the  chant  tha'l 
t'specially  belongs  to  each  particular  dance. 

The  fundamental  step  is  the  two-step,  which  consists  of  a  very 
short  step  and  a  short  hop  on  each  foot,  with  a  sharp  upward 
action  of  the  knee.  This  was  meant  originally  to  jingle  a  string 
of  bells  or  rattles  that  were  worn  on  each  knee. 

79 


8o 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


The  one-time  and  three-time  are  less  frequently  used  and  are 
more  difficult  to  do. 

The  arms  and  body  are  swayed  and  freely  used  to  express  the 
dramatic  story;  always,  of  course,  rhythmically. 

The  Storm  Cloud 

One  of  the  best-known  native  dances  is  the  Storm  Cloud,  the 
story  of  the  Rising  Wind  and  the  Cloud  done  into  a  dance.  The 
first  time  I  saw  it  was  at  an  Indian  village  on  Lake  Huron,  when 
a  tall,  sturdy  Indian  did  it  with  a  buffalo  robe.  But  it  is  used 
widely  in  the  west,  and  the  weight  of  the  robe,  which  is  the  cloud, 
is  proportional  to  the  strength  of  the  dancer. 

It  is  danced  by  one  boy  using  a  white  drape  for  the 
cloud.  For  a  child  this  should  be  of  canton  flannel  or  muslin  about 
two  yards  long  and  a  yard  wide.  For  a  stronger  person  a  heav- 
ier drape,  even  a  white  blanket  is  sometimes  used.  This  dance 
needs  a  large  circle  and  should  not  be  attempted  in  a  small 
room. 

It  portrays  the  strong  and  rising  wind  playing  with  a  cloud, 
begmning  slowly  but  ending  in  a  cyclone  when  the  dancer 
spms  and  shrieking  falls  flat,  while  the  c  jud  settles  on  his 
face. 

The  music  :s  chiefly  drum,  sometimes  only  drum. 

Trailer  means  the  hands  raised  high  and  wide  apart  holding 
the  cloud  so  that  it  floats  behind. 

The  Dip  consists  in  bending  low  to  one  side  so  that  one  hand 
pomts  straight  up,  and  one  straight  down,  it  is  given  first  on 
one  side  then  the  other,  the  cloud  floating  behind. 

The  Eagle  Swoop  is  given  every  six  beats  and  it  takes  three 
oeats  to  do  it  beginning  with  the  hands  raised  in  the  trailer, 
lower  the  left  hand  to  near  the  chest,  raise  the  right  straight  up 
but  forward,  swing  both  down  to  left,  then  by  swinging  the 
right  hand  round  the  head  and  both  hands  into  trailing 
position  the  cloud  swings  clear.  After  six  more  beats  repeat  at 
other  side. 

The  Flying  Scud  or  Driving  Cloud  thus,  hold  one  end  of  the 
drape  in  left  hand  tight  against  the  right  shoulder,  the  other  end 
in  the  right  hand  with  arm  fully  extended  and  level  the  drape 
tight  between  the  two  hands,  then  running  very  fast  once 
around  wave  the  right  hand  up  and  down  so  that  the  rloud 
undulates. 

The  Double  Swoop  is  much  like  the  Eagle  Swoop,  but  the  dancer 
turns  face  to  the  right  when  the  left  hand  swings  over,  then 


Tribe   Activities 


8i 


turns  and  faces  the  left  as  the  hands  change  so  that  the  right  is 

In  the  Spin  the  cloud  is  held  tight  to  the  shoulder,  as  in  Flvinc 
Scud  once  around  is  enough  for  each  spin  except  the  final. 

In  the  final,  three  or  four  spins  will  do  with  grand  crescendo, 
time,  etc  ,  then  with  a  scream  the  dancer  drops,  jerks  the  cloud 
toward  his  feet,  back  over  his  head,  then  slightly  back  so  it 
settles  over  his  face  and  body. 

While  the  drum  is  sufficient  for  the  dance  the  effect  is  better 
il  a  low  hummmg  chant  in  correct  time  is  kept  up  by  the  drum- 
nier.  This  should  increase  in  volume,  and  in  the  climax  all 
should  give  a  high-pitched,  prolonged  shout  while  the  drum  beats 
a  heavy  tattoo. 

Then  all  is  still. 

Sometimes  when  necessary  to  shorten  it  the  5th  and  7th  f  gures 
are  left  out  but  it  always  begins  with  the  Walking  Trailer  a;  ^ 
ends  with  the  Spin.    The  exact  and  full  scenario  is  as  follows: 
(Each  figure  goes  once  around) 

ist  Walking  Trailer brisk  march  time 

2nd.  with  side  dip 

3rd.  Running  Trailer double  quick  " 

4tn.  with  side  dip.  "         "         " 

5th.  Eagle  Swoop,  6  beats  to  the  trailer  pause  and  z  beats 
to  the  dip.  "^ 

6th.  Flying  Scud. 

7th.    Trailer  and  Double  Eagle  Swoop,  6  beats  trailer  and  :: 
beats  for  each  swoop.  ' 

8th.    Flying  Scud,  with  a  spin  for  each  of  the  four  Winds. 
9th.     Double  Eagle  Swoop  without  trailer, 
loth.    Spin  in  centre,  wind  screams  as  the  dancer  drops  flat 
then  dies. 

Dead  Calm. 

The  Lone  Hunter 

The  Lone  Hunter  is  a  favorite  for  a  single  dancer  The 
dancer  should  be  in  white  for  the  best  effect  and  carry  a  light 
fiiteen-inch  wooden  shield  on  the  left  arm  and  a  light  six-foot 
spear  of  wood  in  the  left  hand.  The  making  of  these  is  suffi- 
ciently shown  in  the  cut. 

It  tells  the  story  of  a  scout  who  went  forth  alone  to  hunt,  but 
carrying  the  shield  as  he  may  venture  into  the  hunting  grounds 
of  another  tribe. 


82 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


First  the  drum  gives  a  long  roll  to  notify  the  audience  the  scout 
is  coming  in,  then  three  thumps  for  the  scout  to  appear. 

He  steps  into  the  Ring,  holding  the  spear  high  in  one  hand, 
and  the  shield  in  the  other.  He  gives  a  loud  shout  then  changes 
the  spear  to  the  left  hand  with  the  shield  (he  pats  his  mouth 
with  the  flat  right  hand  to  make  the  rolling  call);  then  dances 
to  the  two-time  (Zon-zi-mon-de  or  Muje  Mukesin  will  do  to 
accompany  the  drum)  around  the  ring  twice,  showing  off,  as  this 
is  supposed  to  be  in  the  village,  swinging  the  spear  and  buckler 
high  in  the  air  or  clashing  them  together;  making  playful  passes 
at  the  spectators,  tossing  back  his  long  hair  or  feathers  streaming 
behind — doing  all  in  graceful  gesture  to  the  music.  This  is  the 
show  off  in  the  village. 

Next  the  dancer  goes  on  the  real  hunt.  Crouching  somewhat 
now,  shading  his  eyes  with  his  hand  on  the  shield,  listening  for 
every  sound,  peering  here  and  there,  and  sometimes  sticking  the 
spear  into  things  to  pick  them  up  for  examination.  Thus  he 
goes  once  around  to  two-time  music. 

Now,  at  the  beginning  of  the  fourth  round,  he  stops  and 
starts,  he  has  found  a  trail  and  by  his  action  must  show  that 
he  has.     The  music  now  changes  to  slow  inarch  time.     The 

W0od6  n 
ShuLcL 


two-Step  dance  is  ended.  The  dancer  follows  an  imaginary  track 
all  around,  picking  up  leaves  and  trving  the  wind  or  looking 
for  helpful  signs.  When  at  length  back  to  the  starting  point, 
the  next  act  begins. 

Suddenly  he  descries  a  deer  quietly  feeding,  unconscious 
of  enemies,  and  is  all  tense  excitement.  Now  he  crawls  up, 
keeping  step  to  the  march  tir  ,e,  putting  in  all  possible  expres- 
sions to  tell  the  story,  until  nearly  within  throwing  distanc. .  he 
rises,  makes  a  "stodger"  or  feint  with  the  spear,"then  another, 


Tribe    Activities 


83 


and  at  the  third  or  last  (rising  higher  each  time)  finally  is  just 
••ibout  to  let  go  when  a  noise  out  to  one  side  suddenly  "attracts 
his  attention.  He  turns  quickly  to  realize  that  close  at  hand  is 
:i  banc  of  his  tribal  enemies  and  that  he  is  in  a  trap  His  ex- 
pression of  triumph  changes  to  fear.  He  shrinks  to  the  ground 
and  swiftly  runs  away  till  at  the  exit  there  he  turns,  and,  flings 
mg  back  a  defiant  yell,  shakes  his  spear  at  the  foes  and  i-  lost 
to  view. 

A  long  drum  roll  closes  the  scene. 

The  Dog    ance 

This  is  a  Shoshoni  celebration.  A  procession  is  formed 
The  leader  carries  a  bucket,  a  Loc!,  or  a  basket  upside  down' 
for  a  low  stand.  The  next  one  carries  a  dog's  skull,  or  something 
like  one  We  have  used  a  loaf  of  bread,  provided  with  eyes 
and  teeth,  or  a  big  puff  ball.  The  next  has  a  dish  or  a  flat 
Indian  basket  or  tray.  The  next  two  or  three  ha.e  feathers 
and  the  rest  have  crackers  or  candies.  The  last  is  fixed  up  with 
a  (log  s  mask  and  tail,  and  runs  on  all-fours. 

The  procession  comes  in  dancing  and  barking  to  a  two-time 
(lance  tune— goes  once  around. 

Then  the  leader  puts  down  the  stand.  The  skull  is  set 
on  It,  and  the  tray  on  the  ground  before.  The  rest  sit  in  a 
half-circle  m  front. 
The  leader  then  kneels  down  and  addres.^es  the  skull  thus- 
Uog  In  the  days  of  our  fathers  you  were  the  one  who  dragged 
the  lodge  poles  fom  camp  to  camp.  Without  vou,  we  could 
have  had  no  comfortable  place  in  which  to  sleep.  So  I  will 
dance  and  si.ij  in  your  honor  to-night." 

He  puts  a  feather  in  the  dog's  head,  then  dances  his  best 
dance,    ^vhile     ae  rest  sing,    "Yap-yap,   Yap-yap,   Yap-yap, 
\ovv-w-w-o    in  imitation  of  a  dog  barking  on  a  rising  scale 
finishing  with  a  long  howl.  ^  ' 

The  leader  has  now  danced  to  the  r  end  o*^  the  half- 
circle  and  sits  down. 

The  next  comes  and  addresses  the  skull:  "Dog!  In  times 
of  war  you  were  the  one  who  guarded  the  camp  at  night.  No 
one  could  surprise  us  when  you  were  on  watch.  Nothing 
could  make  you  betray  us.  So  I  will  dance  and  sing  in  your 
lionor  to-night!" 

He  adds  a  feather  and  dances  his  best,  while  the  rest  "Yap" 
the  dog  chorus.    Then  he  sits  at  the  opposite  end  of  the  circle 
Ti.e  next  comes  aid  says,  perhaps,  "Dog!    In  the  days 


^1 


84 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


of  our  fathers  you  were  the  one  who  could  follow  the  wounded 
(leer.  You  made  the  hunting  a  success.  So  I  will  dance  and 
sing  in  your  honor  to-night." 

He  adds  a  feather  v  a  candy,  and  dances.  (Yap,  yap,  as 
before.) 

The  next  says:  "Dog!  When  I  was  a  little  pappoose,  1 
wandered  from  the  village  and  fell  in  the  river.  No  one  saw 
me.  I  should  have  been  drowned,  but  you  jumped  in  ard 
pulled  me  out.  So  I  will  dance  and  sing  in  your  honor  to- 
night." 

He  adds  his  contribution  and  dances. 

The  next  says:  "Dog!  You  were  the  one  who  cleaned 
up  the  camp,  so  we  were  not  troubled  with  flies." 

Others  thank  the  dog  for  finding  the  lost  children,  for  giving 
alarm  when  an  enemy  approached,  for  killing  a  rattler,  for 
finding  the  lost  medicine  bag,  etc. 

Then  the  last  one,  the  boy  dog,  comes  up  and  barks  at  the  head. 

Finally,  the  leader  resumes,  saying:  "Yes,  Dog!  You  were 
the  one  that  dragged  the  lodge  poles.  You  were  the  one  that 
found  the  wounded  deer,  etc.  And  best  of  all,  first,  last,  and 
all  the  time,  you  were  our  faithful  friend,  and  all  you  asked  in 
return  was  a  bite  to  eat  and  a  place  to  lie  down.  And  so  long 
as  the  blue  sky  is  above  the  green  grass  you  will  be  the  friend 
of  the  prairie  children.  Then,  when  at  last  we  cross  over  th»i 
great  river,  and  see  behind  the  Divide,  we  hope  we  shall  find 
awaiting  as  our  old  friend,  the  Dog,  that  we  may  take  up  our 
friendship  again,  and  continue  on  and  on  in  the  good  country 
where  no  white  man  or  smallpox  ever  comes." 

Then  they  pass  around  the  dish  and  eat  the  crackers  and 
candies;  offering  things  to  the  dog,  and  honoring  him  as  much  as 
possible  with  a  variety  of  stage  "business."  Finally,  all  go 
off,  carrying  the  various  things  and  barking  as  they  came. 

Ojibwa  Snake  Dance 

Select  a  good  dancer  for  leader.  All  form  line,  holding  hands, 
carefully  graded  so  the  smallest  is  last.  Then,  dancing  in  step 
to  the  music,  they  set  out  in  a  line,  follow-my-leader  style, 
doubling  the  line  on  itself,  and  evoluting  around  the  fire. 
Sometimes  the  dancers  face  alternately— that  is,  all  the  even 
numbers  in  the  line  look  one  way  and  the  odd  another. 

A  good  finish  is  to  curl  in  a  tight  spiral  around  the  head,  when 
the  tail  boy  mounts  on  the  back  of  the  one  before  him  and  shakes 
a  rattle,  like  a  rattler  rattling  on  its  coil. 


I 
I 


I 


Tribe  Activities 
The  Caribou  Dance 


85 


The  easiest  of  our  campfire  dances  to  learn,  and  the  best 
tor  quick  presentation,  is  the  Caribou  Dance.     It  has  been  Du 
on  for  pubuc  perlormance  after  twenty  minutes'  rehea?sin^ 
with  those  who  never  saw  it  before;  and  it  does  equally  SJo^r' 
mdoor  gymnasium  or  for  campfire  in  the  woods  ^ 

In  the  way  of  fixings  for  this,  you  need  four  pairs  of  horns 
and  four  tads.  Real  deer  horns  may  be  used,  but  theva?e 
scarce  and  heavy.  It  is  better  to  go  out  where  vou  can  U  « 
few  crooked  limbs  of  oak,  cedar,  hickory,  o.L^pl  tree-^and 
cut  eight  pair,  as  near  like  a,  b,  c,  in  the  cut  as^possible  each 
about  two  feet  long  and  one  inch  thick  at  the  butt  '  Peel 


palms''  t^htVi^J'  Tn.'  ^""^f  °^  '^'  ^•''^"^^^•^'  ^h^"  J^^h  them  in 

resUngon  t^^^^^^^^^^^^      ''"'  ^"'  ^'^^"  ^^^  ^-^'  -  -  the  hand 
The  tails  are  made  each  out  of  one  third  of  a  flat  barrpi 

a.>s  anS-     i\  T.^  ^".'  °V>^  ''"^^  ^^^^^  fourllS  in 

hat  pass  over    £  '  ^h"^(^^/  ^"  ,^"t)-    These  are  for  cords 

mai  pass  over  .he  wearer's  belt  and  through  the  hooo     The 

hoop  ,s  then  wrapped  with  white  muslin  and  finisheS^with  a 


i 


86 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


tuft  of  white  muslin  strips  on  the  end.  The  tail  finished  looks 
like  (g),  and  is  stuck  inside  the  wearer's  belt,  which  goes  through 
the  two  cord  loops  (//),  shows  a  way  of  fastening  on  the  tail  with 
cord  only. 

The  four  caribou  are  best  in  white.  Three  or  four  hunters 
arc  needed.  They  should  have  bows  but  no  arrows.  The 
Medicine  Man  should  have  a  drum  and  be  able  to  sing  the  Muje 
Mukesin,  as  given,  or  other  Indian  dance  tune.  One  or  two  per- 
sons who  can  howl  like  wolves  should  be  sent  off  to  one  side,  and 
another  that  can  yell  like  a  lynx  or  a  panther  on  the  other  side, 
well  away  from  the  ring.  Otherwise  the  Medicine  Man  or 
leader  can  do  the  imitations.     Now  \vc  arv.  ready  for 


THE    DANCE   OF    TH^    WHITE   CARIBOU 

The  Medicine  Man  begins  by  giving  three  thumps  on  his 
drum  to  call  attention;  then  says  in  a  loud,  singing  voice: 
"The  Caribou  have  not  come  on  our  hunting  grounds  for 
three  snows.  We  need  meat.  Thus  only  can  we  bring  them 
back,  bv  the  big  medicine  of  the  Caribou  Dance,  by  the  power  of 
the  White  Caribou." 

He  rolls  his  drum,  then  in  turn  faces  each  of  the  Winds, 
Ix'ckoning,  remonstrating,  and  calling  them  by  name:  Kitchi- 
nodin  (West);  Keeway-din  (North);  Wabaninodin  (East); 
Shawani-nodin  (South).  Calling  last  to  the  quarter  whence 
the  carilwu  are  to  come,  finishing  the  call  with  a  long  Ko — Kee — 
\a.  Then  as  he  thumps  a  slow  single  beat  the  white  caribou 
come  in  at  a  stately  pace  timed  to  the  drum.  Their  heads  are 
high,  and  they  hold  the  horns  on  their  heads,  with  one  hand,  as 
they  proudly  march  around.  After  going  round  once  in  a  sun 
circle  (same  way  as  the  sun),  they  go  each  to  a  corner.  The 
drum  stops;  all  four  approach  to  salute  the  great  mystery  in 
the  middle,  the  fire.  They  bow  to  it  together,  heads  low,  tails 
high,  uttering  a  long  bellow. 

Then  they  circle  once,  close  to  the  fire;  stop  on  opposite 
siJes  of  't,  facing  oul./ard;  march  each  to  a  corner  or  compass 
point;  and  then  bow  or  honor  that  wind,  bellowing  long. 

Now  the  Medicine  Man  begins  any  good  dance  song  and 
beats  double  time.  The  caribou  dance  around  once  in  a  circle. 
The  mu=iic  stops,  The  first  and  second,  and  third  and  fourth, 
close  in  combat.  They  lower  their  heads,  lock  horns  held  safely 
away  from  the  head,  lash  tails,  snort,  kick  up  the  dust,  and  dance 
around  each  other  two  or  three  times. 

The  music  begins  again,  and  they  circle  once. 


Tribe  Activities 


87 


The  music  stops  Now  the  first  and  fourth  and  second  and 
( hird  lock  horns  and  fight. 

After  a  round  or  so  the  music  begins  again  and  they  circle, 
'lancmg  as  before.  j         ^i 

Now  the  howling  of  wolves  is  heard  in  the  distance,  from  the 
fellows  already  posted. 

The  caribou  rush  toward  that  side  and  face  it  in  a  row.  threat- 
ening, with  horns  low,  as  they  snort,  stamp,  and  kick  up  the 

The  wolf-howling  ceases.  The  caribou  are  victorious.  Thev 
t^urn  away  and  circle  once  to  the  music,  holding  their  heads 

The  woif-howling,  panther -yelling  (or  other  menacing  sounds 
IS  now  heard  m  the  other  direction. 

Again  the  caribou  line  up  and  defy  it.  When  it  ceases,  they 
dance  proudly  around,  heads  up,  chests  out  as  they  step,  for 
they  have  conquered  every  foe. 

But  a  band  of  hunters  appears,  crawling  flat  on  their  breiists 
and  carrying  bows.    They  crawl  half  around  the  ring,  each  tell- 
ing those  behind  by  signs,  "  Here  they  are;  we  have  found  them," 
Four  big  fellows,"  "Come  on,"  etc.     When  they  come  opp^ 
site  the  caribou,  the  first  hunter  lets  off  a  short  "yelp  "    The 
caribou  spring  to  the  opposite  side  of  the  ring,  and  then  line  up 
to  defy  this  new  noise;  but  do  not  understand  it,  so  gaze  in  fear 
1  he  hunters  draw  their  bows  together,  and  make  as  though  each 
let  tty  an  arrow,  then  slap  their  hands  to  make  a  loud  "crack  " 
ihe  first  caribou  drops,  the  others  turn  in  fear  and  run  around 
about  half  of  the  ring,  heads  low,  and  not  dancing;  then  they 
dash  for  the  timber.    The  hunters  run  forward  with  yells.    The 
leader  holds  up  the  horns.     All  dance  and  yell  around  the  fallen 
caribou  and  then  drag  it  off  the  scene. 

The  Medicine  Man  says:  "Behold,  it  never  fails;  the  Caribou 
(lance  brings  the  Caribou.  It  is  great  medicine.  Now  there  is 
meat  in  the  lodge. " 

The  Animal  Dance  of  Nana-bo-jou 

J.^I^'a  ^^  "^^iS  a  Nana-bo-jou;  that  is,  a  grown-up  who  can 
drum  and  sing.    He  has  a  drum  and  drumstick,  and  a  straw  or 
paper  c!ub;  also  two  goblins,  these  are  good-sized  boys  or  eirls 
wearing  ugly  masks,  or  at  least  black  hoods  with  two  eye  holes 
made  as  hideous  as  possible;  and  any  number  of  children,  Irork 

iT  ""k?"^  "P'  ^^^  ^"l"'^''-     ^^  «*^^  ^s  the  attributes  of  some 
hird  or  beast,  so  much  the  better. 


88 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


First,  Nana-bo-jou  is  seen  chasing  the  children  around  the  out- 
side of  the  circle,  trying  to  catch  one  to  eat;  but  failing,  thinks 
he'll  try  a  trick  and  he  says,  "Stop,  stop,  my  brothers.  Why 
should  we  quarrel?  Come,  let's  hold  a  council  together  and  I 
will  teach  you  a  new  dance." 

The  animals  whisper  together  and  the  coyott  comes  forward, 
barks,  then  says: 

"Nana-bo-jou,  I  am  the  Coyote.  The  animals  say  that  they 
will  come  to  council  if  you  will  really  make  peace  and  play  no 
tricks. 

"Tricks! "says  Nana-bo-jou  "I  only  want  to  teach  you  the 
new  songs  from  the  South." 

Then  all  the  animals  troop  in  and  sit  in  a  circle.  Nana-bo-jou 
takes  his  drum  and  begins  to  sing, 

"  New  songs  from  the  South,  my  brothers, 
Dance  to  the  new  songs." 


Turning  to  one,  he  says:  "Who  are  you  and  what  can  you 
dance? " 

The  answer  is,  "  I  am  the  Beaver  (or  whatever  it  is)  and  I  can 
dance  the  Beaver  Dance." 

"Good!   Come  and  show  me  how." 

So  the  Beaver  dances  to  the  music,  slapping  the  back  of  his 
flat  right  hand,  up  and  under  his  left  hand  for  a  tail,  holding  up 
a  stick  in  both  paws  to  gnaw  it,  and  lumbering  along  in  time  to 
the  music  at  the  same  time  imitating  the  beaver's  waddle. 

Nana-bo-jou  shouts:  "Fine!  That  is  the  best  Beaver  Dance 
I  ever  saw.  You  are  wonderful;  all  you  need  to  be  perfect  is 
wings.  Wouldn't  you  like  to  have  wings  so  you  could  fly  over 
the  tree-tops  like  the  eagle?  " 

"  Yes,"  says  the  Beaver. 

"I  can  make  strong  medicine  and  give  you  wings,  if  all  the 
animals  will  help  me."  says  Nana-bo-jou.     "Will  vou?  " 

"Yes,"  they  all  cry. 

"Then  all  close  your  eyes  tight  and  cover  them  with  your 
paws.  Don't  look  until  I  tell  you.  Beaver,  close  your  eyes  and 
dance  very  fast  and  I  will  make  magic  to  give  you  wings." 

All  close  and  cover  their  eyes.  Nana-bo-jou  sings  very  loudly 
and,  rushing  on  the  Beaver,  hits  him  on  the  head  with  the 
straw  club.  The  Beaver  falls  dead.  The  two  goblins  run  in 
from  one  side  and  drag  off  the  body. 

Then  Nana-bo^-jou  shouts:  "Lock,  look,  now.     See  how  he 


Tribe  Activities 


89 


flies  away!    See,  there  goes  the  Beaver  over  the  tree-tops." 
All  look  as  he  points  and  seem  to  see  the  Beaver  going 

Different  animals  and  birds  are  brought  out  to  dance  their 
dances  and  are  killed  as  before.    Then  the  Crow  comes  out 
hopping,  flopping,  cawing.     Nana-bo-jou  looks  at  him  and  says' 
You  are  too  thin.    You  are  no  good.    You  don't  need  any 
more  wings,   and  so  sends  him  to  sit  down. 

Then  th.  Coyote  comes  out  to  do  the  Coyote  Dance,  imitatinir 
t  oyote,  etc. ;  but  he  is  very  suspicious  and,  in  answer  to  the  aues 
fions,  says.     No;  I  don't  want  wings.    The  Great  Spirit  gave 
me  good  legs  so  I  am  satisfied  " ;  then  goes  back  to  his  seat 

Next  the  Deer,  the  Sheep,  etc.,  come  out  and  are  killed;  while 
all  the  rest  are  persuaded  that  the  victims  flew  away.  But  the 
Coyote  and  the  Loon  have  their  doubts.  They  danced  in  their 
turns,  but  said  they  didn't  want  any  change.  They  are  satisfied 
as  the  Great  Spirit  made  them.  They  are  very  slow  about 
hiding  their  eyes.  At  last,  they  peek  and  realize  that  it  is  all  a 
trap  and  the  Loon  shouts:  "Nana-bo-jou  is  killing  us!  It  isaU 
a  trick !    Fly  for  your  lives ! " 

K'^l^l!-^/"-'"u".^'^^y>  Nana-bo-jou  pursues  the  Loon,  hitting 
him  behind  with  the  cluL,  which  is  the  reason  that  the  Loon  has 
no  tail  and  has  been  lame  behind  ever  since. 
•  ^^^^?,"  ^^°"*^  the  Loon  battle-cry,  a  high-pitched  quaver- 
Znlnit  r'"  ^"^  u'^^  Nana-bcvjou;  the  animals  rally 
around  the  Loon  and  the  Coyote  to  attack  the  magician     All 

Ct  S'''-f^^i'  ¥„^"i  ''i""^*"^  "Wakankan  Seecha"  (or 
Black  Magic).  He  falls  dead  in  the  circle.  They  bury  him 
with  branches,  leaves,  or  a  blanket,  and  all  the  animals  do  their 
dances  around  him. 

Before  beginning  the  story  of  the  dance  should  be  told  to  the 
audience. 

Books  Recommended 

chl^d  Kt  B^sS  "'sT.S^'  '^  ''""  ''^'^'"-     ''"'^"■^»'^^  »»•  C-  C.  Bir- 

PLAYS,  PAGEANTS,  AND  MASQUES 

The  Peace  Pipe  Ceremor.y 

The  Medicine  Man,  standing  in  front  of  the  ready  laid  fire 
opens  Council  thus;  "Neetsh  Kola  Nayhoonp  Omnee-chee-yay 


90 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


nee-chopi —  Hear  me,  my  friends,  we  are  aboul  to  hold  a  Coun- 
cil. 

"Now  light  we  the  Council  Fire  after  the  manner  of  the 
Forest  Children,  not  in  the  way  of  the  white  man,  but— even 
as  Wakonda  himself  doth  light  his  fire — by  the  rubbing  together 
of  two  trees  in  the  storm  wind,  so  cometh  forth  the  sacrerl 
fire  from  the  wood  of  the  forest." 

(He  uses  the  drill;  the  smoke  comes,  the  flame  bursts  forth.) 
"Now  know  we  that  Wakonda,  whose  dwelling  is  above  the 
Thunder-bird,  whose  meseenger  is  the  Thunder-bird,  hath  been 
pleased  to  smile  on  his  children,  hath  sent  down  the  sacred  fire. 
By  this  we  know  he  will  be  present  at  our  Council,  that  his 
wisdom  will  be  with  us. 

"This  is  a  Council  of  Peace,  so  light  we  first  the  Pipe  of 
Peace." 

(Kneeling  at  the  fire  he  lights  the  pipe.  As  soon  as  it  is 
going,  he  lifts  the  pipe  grasped  in  both  hands,  with  the  stem 
toward  the  sky,  saying) : 

To  Wakonda;  that  his  wisdom  be  with  us.  Hay-oon-kee-ya. 
Noon-way. 

(All  answer):  Noon-way.    vAmen,  or  this  is  our  prayer.) 

To  Maka  Ina,  Mother  Earth,  that  she  send  us  food,  Hay- 
oon-kee-ya.    Noon-way. 

(All  answer) :  Noon-way. 

To  Weeyo-peata,  the  Sunset  Wind,  that  he  come  not  in  his 
strength  upon  us.  (Then  blows  smoke  and  holds  the  stem  to 
the  west.) 

To  Wazi-yata,  the  Winter  Wind,  that  he  harm  us  not  with  his 
cold.    (Pipe  as  before.) 

To  Wee-yo-hinyan-pata,  the  Sunrise  Wind,  that  he  trouble 
us  not  with  his  rain.     (Pipe  as  before.) 

To  Okaga,  the  Hot  Wwid,  ihat  he  strike  us  not  with  his 
fierce  heat.     (Pipe  as  before.) 

Then  the  Medicine  Man  stand;  holding  the  pipe  in  one  hand 
and  proclaims  aloud:  "N  ■'  with  the  Blessing  of  Wakonda 
and  respite  from  the  Tah-tee-yay  To-pa,  we  may  deal  with  busi- 
ness of  gravest  import,  doubting  nothing,  for  wisdom  from  above 
is  with  us." 


Books  Recommended 

The  following  books  will  be  found  of  great  value  in  the  putting  on  of 
Plays,  Pageants,  and  Masques: 

Plays  of  the  Pioneers,  Constance  D^rcy  Mackay.    Harpers.    %i. 


Tribe  Activities 


91 


Song  or  Hiawatha  words  by  Longfellow,  dramatization  by  Florence 
Holbrook.    Published  by  Houghton,  Mifflin  Co.    $.15 

Hiawatha's  Wedding  Feast  (Cantata),  words  by  Longfellow,  music 
by  J.  Coleridge-Taylor.     Published  bv  Novello  &  Co.    $  75 

Holiday  Plays,  Marguerite  Meriixgton.    Duffield.    $1.25. 


CAMPFIRE  STORIES  AND  POEMS 

Road  to  Fairyland  Gitch-e  0-kok-o-hoo 

The  Fairy  Lamps  The  Corn-smut  Girl 

Origin  of  the  Bluebird  The  First  Gang 

Twin  Stars  The  Seven  Swans 

How  Men  Found  the  Great  Spirit 


1 


I 


CAMPFIRE  STORIES  AND  POEMS 


The  Road  to  Fairyland* 

Do  you  seek  the  road  to  Fairy- 
land? 

I'll  tell  it's  easy,  quite. 
Wait  till  a  yellow  moon  gets  up 

O'er  purple  seas  by  night, 
And  gilds  a  shining  pathway 

That    is   sparkling  diamond 
bright. 
Then,  if  no  evil  power  be  nigh 

To  thwart  you,  out  of  spite. 
And  if  you  know  the  very  words 

To  cast  a  spell  of  might, 
You  get  upon  a  thistledown. 

And,  if  the  breeze  is  right. 
You  sail  away  to  Fairyland 

Along  this  track  of  light. 


i 
4 

f 
I 
< 


fT.S-- 


I) 

The  Fairy  Lamps* 

There  was  once  a  little  bare-legged  brown-limbed  boy  who 
spent  aU  his  time  m  the  woods.  He  loved  the  woods  anH  all  that 
was  m  them.  He  used  to  look,  not  at  the  flowers,  but  deep 
down  into  them,  and  not  at  the  singing  bird,  but  into  its  eyes,  to 
Its  little  heart;  and  so  he  got  an  insight  better  than  most  others, 
and  he  qmte  gave  up  collecting  birds'  eggs. 

But  the  woods  were  full  of  mysteries.  He  used  to  hear  little 
bursts  of  song,  and  when  he  came  to  the  place  he  could  find  no 

*  See  Footnote  p.  98. 

9S 


96 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


bird  there.  Noises  and  movements  would  just  escape  him. 
In  the  woods  he  saw  strange  tracks,  and,  one  day,  at  length,  he 
saw  a  wonderful  bird  making  these  very  tracks.  He  had  never 
seen  the  bird  before,  and  would  have  thought  it  a  great  rarity 
had  he  not  seen  its  tracks  everywhere.  So  he  learned  that  the 
woods  were  full  of  beautiful  creatures  that  were  skilful  and  quick 
to  avoid  him. 

One  day,  as  he  passed  by  a  spot  for  the  hundredth  time,  he 
found  a  bird's  nest.  It  must  have  been  there  for  long,  and  yet 
he  had  not  seen  it;  and  so  he  learned  how  blind  he  was,  and  he 
exclaimed:  "Oh,  if  only  I  could  see,  then  I  might  understand 
these  things!  If  only  every  bird  would  wear  over  its  nest  this 
evening  a  little  lamp  to  show  me ! " 

The  sun  was  down  now;  but  all  at  once  there  was  a  soft  light 
on  the  path,  and  in  the  middle  of  it  the  brown  boy  saw  a  Little 
Brown  Lady  in  a  long  robe,  and  in  her  hand  a  rod. 

She  smiled  pleasantly  and  i  rd:  "Little  boy,  I  am  the  Fairy  of 
the  Woods.  I  have  been  watching  you  for  long.  I  like  you. 
You  seem  to  be  different  from  other  boys.  Your  request  shall  be 
granted." 

Then  she  faded  away.  But  at  once  the  whole  landscape 
twinkled  over  with  wonderful  little  lamps^ — long  lamps,  short 
lamps,  red,  blue,  and  groups;  wherever  he  looked  were  lair;  s — 
twinkle,  twinkle,  twinkle,  here  and  everywhere,  until  the  forest 
shone  like  the  starry  sky.  He  ran  to  the  nearest,  and  there, 
surelv,  was  a  bird's  nest.  He  ran  to  the  next;  yes,  another  nest. 
And  here  and  there  each  different  kind  of  lamp  stood  for  an- 
other kind  of  nest.  A  beautiful  purple  blaze  in  a  low  tangle 
caught  his  c>e.  He  ran  there,  and  found  a  nest  he  had  never 
seen  before.  It  was  full  of  purple  eggs,  and  there  was  the  rare 
bird  he  had  seen  but  once.  It  was  chanting  the  weird  song  he 
had  often  heard  but  never  traced.  But  the  eggs  were  the 
marvelous  things.  His  old  egg-collecting  instinct  broke  out. 
He  reached  forth  to  clutch  the  wonderful  prize,  and — in  an 
instant  all  the  lights  went  out.  There  was  nothing  but  the  black 
woods  about  him.  Then  on  the  pathway  shone  again  the  soft 
light.  It  grew  brighter,  till  in  the  middle  of  it  he  saw  the  Little 
Brown  Lady — the  Fairy  of  the  Woods.  But  she  was  not  smil- 
ing now.  Her  face  was  stern  and  sad  as  she  said:  "I  fear  I  set 
you  o'-er  high,  I  thought  you  better  than  the  rest.  Keep 
this  in  mind: 

"  Who  reverence  not  the  lamp  of 
life  can  never  see  its  light." 

Then  she  faded  from  his  view. 


Tribe    Activities 
The  Origin  of  the  Bluebird* 


97 


Ninna-bo-jou,  the  Sun-god,  was  sleeping  his  winter's  sleep  on 
the  big  island  just  above  the  thunder-dam  that  men  call  Niagara. 
Four  moons  had  waned,  but  still  he  slept.  The  frost  draperies 
of  his  couch  were  gone;  his  white  blanket  was  burned  into  holes; 
he  turned  over  a  little.  Then  the  ice  on  the  river  cracked  like 
near  thunder.  When  he  turned  again  it  began  to  slip  over  the 
big  beaver-dam  of  Niagara,  but  still  he  did  not  awake. 

The  great  Er-Beaver  in  his  pond  fiapped  his  tail,  and  the 
waves  rolled  away  to  the  shore  and  set  the  ice  heaving,  crackin<^, 
and  groaning,  but  Ninna-bo-jou  slept.  "' 

Then  the  Ice-demons  pounded  the  shore  of  the  island  with  their 
clubs.  They  pushed  back  the  whole  river-flood  till  the  channel 
was  dry,  then  let  it  rush  down  like  the  end  of  all  things,  and  they 
shouted  together: 

"Ninna-bo-jou!    Ninna-bo-jou!    Ninna-bo-jou!" 

But  still  he  slept  calmly  on.  Then  came  a  soft,  sweet  voice, 
more  gentle  than  the  mating  turtle  of  Miami.  It  was  in  the  air, 
but  it  was  nowhere,  and  yet  it  was  in  the  trees,  in  the  water, 
and  It  was  in  Ninna-bo-jou,  too.  He  felt  it,  and  it  awoke  him. 
He  sat  up  and  looked  about.  His  white  blanket  was  gone;  only 
a  few  tatters  of  it  were  to  be  seen  in  the  shady  places.  In  the 
snowy  spots  the  shreds  of  the  fringe  with  its  beads  had  taken  root 
and  were  growing  into  little  flowers  with  beady  eyes.  The 
small  voice  kept  crying:  "Awake;  the  Spring  is  coming! " 

Ninna-bo-jou  said:  "Little  voice,  where  are  you?  Come 
here." 

But  the  httle  voice,  being  everywhere,  was  nowhere,  and 
could  not  come  at  the  hero's  call. 

So  he  said:  "Little  voice,  you  are  nowhere  because  you  have 
no  place  to  live  in;  I  will  make  you  a  house. " 

So  Ninna-bo-jou  took  a  curl  of  birch  bark  and  made  a  little 
wigwam  and  because  the  voice  came  from  the  skies  he  painted 
the  wigwam  with  blue  mud,  and  to  show  that  it  came  from  the 
Sunland  he  painted  a  red  sun  on  it.  On  the  floor  he  spread  a 
scrap  of  his  own  white  blanket,  then  for  a  fire  he  breathed  into 
it  a  spark  of '  ie,  and  said:  "Here,  little  voice,  is  your  wigwam." 
The  little  voice  entered  and  took  possession,  but  Ninna-bo-jou 
had  breathed  the  spark  of  'ife  into  it.  The  smoke- vent  wings 
began  to  move  and  to  flap,  and  the  Uttle  wigwam  turned  into°a 
beautiful  Bluebird  with  a  red  sun  on  its  breast  and  shirt  of  whit.-. 
Away  it  flew,  but  every  Spring  it  comes,  the  Bluebird  of  the 

*See  Footnote  p.  98. 


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Spring.  The  voice  still  dwells  in  it,  and  we  feel  that  it  has  lost 
nothing  of  its  earliest  power  when  we  hear  it  cry:  "Awake,  the 
Spring  is  coming!" 

The  Twin  Stars* 

Two-Bright-Eyes  went  wandering  out 

To  chase  the  Whippoorwill; 
Two-Bright-Eyes  got  lost  and  left 

Our  teepee — oh,  so  still! 

Two-Bright-Eyes  was  lifted  up 

To  sparkle  in  the  skies 
And  look  like  stars — but  we  know  well 

That  that's  our  lost  Bright-Eyes. 

She  is  looking  for  the  camp; 

She  would  come  back  if  she  could ; 
She  is  peeping  thro'  the  tree-tops 

For  the  teepee  in  the  wood. 


The  Gitch-e  0-kok-o-hoo* 

After  the  Great  Spirit  had  made  the  world  and  the  creatures 
in  it,  he  made  the  Gitch-e  0-kok-o-hoo.  This  was  like  an  Owl, 
but  bigger  than  anything  else  alive,  and  his  voice  was  like  a 
river  plunging  over  a  rocky  ledge.  He  was  so  big  that  he  thought 
he  did  it  all  himself,  and  was  puffed  up. 

The  Blue  Jay  is  the  mischief-maker  of  the  woods.  He  is  very 
smart  and  impudent;  so  one  day  when  the  Gitch-e  0-kok-o-hoo 
was  making  thunder  in  his  throat,  the  Blue  Jay  said:  "Pooh, 
Gitch-e  O-kok-o-hoo,  you  don't  call  that  a  big  noise!  You 
should  hear  Niagara;  then  you  would  never  twitter  again." 

Now  Niagara  was  the  last  thing  the  Manitou  had  made;  it 
never  ceases  to  utter  the  last  word  of  the  Great  Spirit  in  creating 
it:  "Forevt-r!     Forever'     Forever!" 

But  Gitrh-e  0-kok-o-hoo  was  nettled  at  hearing  his  song 
called  a  "twitter,"  and  he  said:  "Niagara,  Niagara!  I'm  sick 
of  hearing  about  Niagara.  I  will  go  and  silence  Niagara  for 
always."  So  he  flew  to  Niagara  and  the  Blue  Jay  snickered  and 
followed  to  see  the  fun. 

*  This  and  the  [ireteding  four  stoiies  and  poems  are  from  "Woodmyth 
and  Fable,"  Ernest  Thompson  Seton.    Acknowledgment  to  Century  Co. 


Tribe    Activities 


99 


When  ihey  came  to  Niagara  where  it  thundered  down,  the 
(iitch-e  0-kok-o-hoo  began  bawling  to  drown  the  noises  of  it, 
but  could  not  make  himself  heard. 

"  Wa-wa-wa,"  said  the  Gitch-e  0-kok-o-hoo,  with  great  effort 
and  only  for  a  minute. 

"WA-WA-WA-WA,"  said  the  river,  steadily,  easily,  and  for- 
ever. 

"Wa-wa-wal"  shrieked  Gitch-e  0-kok-o-hoo;  but  it  was  so 
utterly  lost  that  he  could  not  hear  it  himself,  and  he  began  to 
feel  small;  and  he  felt  smaller  and  smal'c-r,  until  he  was  no  bigger 
than  a  sparrow,  and  his  voice,  instead  of  being  like  a  great  cata- 
ract, became  like  the  dropping  of  water,  just  a  little 

Tink-tank-tink, 
Tink-tank-tink. 

And  this  is  why  the  Indians  give  to  this  smallest  of  the  Owls 
the  name  of  "  the  water-dropping  bivd." 

When  the  top  is  wider  than  the  root,  the  tree  goes  down. 

The  Story  of  Corn-smut  Girl 

Uy  permission  from  "  Indian  Tales  of  Long  Ago,"  by  Edward  S.  Curtis. 
Pub.  World  Book  Co.,  Yonkers,  N.  Y.    $i.oo 

In  one  of  the  Hopi  villages  was  a  handsome  young  man 
named  Rainbow  Youth.  Every  day  before  sunrise  he  practised 
running,  and  made  offerings  to  the  Sun  and  to  the  other  gods, 
that  he  might  become  strong  and  swift.  During  the  day  and 
the  night  he  remained  in  the  house. 

One  day  he  announced  that  he  would  marry  the  girl  whose 
corn  meal  was  ground  so  fine  that  it  would  stick  to  a  large  shell 
hanging  on  his  wall.  Then  all  the  girls  began  to  grind  meal, 
aiid  to  make  it  just  as  fine  as  they  could.  For  all  the  maidens 
wished  greatly  to  marry  this  handsome  young  man. 

One  after  another  they  came  to  the  home  of  Rainbow  Youth 
and  threw  their  meal  against  the  shell.  But  it  always  fell  to 
the  floor,  and  the  maidens,  one  by  one,  would  go  away  ashamed. 

Now  in  this  village  hved  Corn-smut  Girl,  and  she  was  dark- 
skinned  and  dirty.  Her  brothers  teased  her,  asking  why  she 
did  not  marry  Rainbow  Youth,  and  she  said  she  would  tr>'. 
But  they  laughed  and  said  they  did  not  think  Rainbow  Youth 
would  keep  his  prom.ise  if  her  meal  should  stick  to  the  shell. 

When  Corn-smut  Girl  had  her  meal  ready,  she  took  it  in  a 
basket  to  the  young  man's  house.  He  spoke  kindly,  and  ^ked 
her  to  enter  and  sit  down. 

Then  he  said,  "What  is  it  you  wish? " 


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"I  have  come  for  you,"  she  answered. 

"Very  well,"  said  Rainbow  Youth. 

He  took  a  handful  of  her  meal  and  threw  it  against  the  large 
shell,  and  it  stuck  fast. 

"Good!"  said  he.  "It  is  my  own  word.  I  have  agreed  to 
marry  the  girl  whose  me  stuck  to  my  shell.  Your  meal  has 
done  so.    Therefore  I  go  with  you." 

So  the  two  started  to  the  home  of  Corn-smut  Girl.  For 
when  a  Hopi  man  takes  a  wife,  he  lives  with  her  family. 

The  brothers  and  the  mother  of  Corn-smut  Girl  were  sur- 
prised that  the  handsome  youth  had  married  such  an  ugly  ', 
but  they  were  glad  to  welcome  him  into  the  family, 
the  evening  mealtime  drew  near,  Corn-smut  Girl  wen\ 
another  room.  Soon  a  beautiful  young  woman  came  out  and 
sat  with  the  others  to  eat.  Rainbow  Youth  wondered  why 
his  wife  did  not  join  them,  but  he  asked  no  questions. 

As  bedtime  came  on,  his  brothers-in-law  explained  to  him 
that  this  beautiful  young  woman  was  his  bride.  Corn-smut  Girl. 
Her  dark,  smutty  skin  was  really  only  a  mask  which  she  wore 
during  the  day.  Every  day  she  wore  this  mask,  but  at  night 
she  removed  it  and  showed  her  true  self  to  her  family.  For  in 
truth  she  was  not  an  ordinary  person,  but  a  goddess! 

Now  the  girls  who  had  wished  to  marry  Rainbow  Youth 
were  angry  and  jealous,  and  they  made  fun  of  the  young  man 
and  his  dirty  bride.  But  he  did  not  care,  for  he  knew  that  his 
wife  was  really  more  beautiful  than  any  of  them. 

After  several  years  had  passed.  Corn-smut  Girl  said  that 
since  she  was  a  goddess,  it  was  not  right  for  her  to  hv^e  among 
mortal  people.  So  with  all  her  family  she  one  day  disappeared 
into  the  ground.  And  in  the  place  where  she  went  into  the 
earth  the  Hopi  now  pray  to  Corn-smut  Girl  as  a  goddess, 
begging  her  to  send  them  good  crops  of  corn. 


The  First  Gang 

From  "Around  the  Fire,"  by  H.  M.  Burr,  Association  Press. 

The  years  went  by  and  Om  and  Sut  were  almost  men.  They 
had  trapped  the  smaller  animals,  now  and  then  shooting  a  deer 
with  their  arrows  or  driving  one  into  a  pitfall.  But  now  they 
aspired  to  bigger  game.  They  wanted  to  sit  with  the  men 
about  the  campfire,  to  be  treated  by  the  women,  and  especially 
by  the  girls  of  their  own  age,  as  if  they  were  grown  up.  And 
there  was  just  one  way  to  demonstrate  to  the  satisfaction  of 


Tribe    Activities  lox 

all  that  they  had  arrived  at  man's  estate,  and  that  was  to  prove 
themselves  hunters  strong  enough  and  cunning  enough  to 
match  their  wits  and  weapons  against  the  strength  an(l  furv 
of  the  bear  and  the  wild  ouffalo.  *  '  •  iur\ 

They  spent  long  days  in  the  woods  together  planning  an.l 
contriving.    They  provided  themselves  with  bows  of  the  sfronL ' 
est  and  arrows  of  the  sharpest,  with  saw-edged  knives,  lances 
and  stone  axes,     ^or  hours  they  shot  at  a  mark,  taking  turns 
and  criticising  each  other's  shooting  and  handling  of  the  bow 
Sometimes  the  men  found  them  and  smiled  at  them  indulgentiv' 
Bu    thewom      and  girls  laughed  and  jibed  at  the  boys  and 
pretended  to  be  very  much  alarmed  at  the  idea  of  two  smooth- 
faced boys  going  hunting  alone  in  the  woods.    That  made  the 
boys  work  all  the  harder  and  keep  more  and  more  by  themselves 
wJwTff".^      }uy'  ^o"^e  distance  away,  there  was  a  herd  of 
wild  buffaloes,  the  most  dreaded  of  aU  the  wild  beasts     The 
b^r  was  ugly  only  when  hungry  or  wounded.    The  leopards 
arely  attacked  rnen  in  the  daylight  and  in  the  open.     Even 
the  wolves  did  not  like  to  fight  men  unless  they  could  take  them 
at  a  disadvantage.    But  the  buffalo  bulls  seemed  to  have  in 
their  breasts  the  concentrated  fury  of  all  the  savage  creatures 
of  the  wild.    They  feared  nothing.    Their   thick  hide  and 
powerful  muscles  defended  their  vital  parts  from  the  arrows 
and  spears  of  men     They  would  charge  at  sight,  and  when 

no's'trils'd^d'^Tl^'^  r'  '^l^?  ^^t  -e-ies'tneir  sen^tive 
n^rlcf  ?  ^5^  only  possibihty  of  escape  was  to  climb  the 
^^f  \  7k  ^"'^  ^.??«t>"^^  the  mad  bull  would  lie  in  wait  at 
the  foot  of  the  tree  till  the  man  dropped  from  cold  or  exhaustion 
Many  men  had  been  already  killed.  Even  the  boldest  and  X 
hardiest  rarely  ventured  near  the  buffalo  valley.  The  boys 
were  warned  from  it  as  from  sure  death  ^ 

and^.^^'Tf'^l'  r'5^Pu '  '^  ^^^  ^  P^""^^  fascination  for  Om 

y    u  }-uJ.y  ^^^^^  ^^""^  't  and  dreamed  about  it.    Thev 

climbed  hills  from  which  they  could  look  down  into  it     Thev 

TZ  ^vf^K  f^^^'T  ^^^-^  they  first  saw  the  herd  in  "the  dis- 
ZL^^  M  ^^^!,"g  «"  the  outside,  the  cows  and  calves  on 
and  rn„=!'  .1,  "^  ^""^  J^^"  ^I^^  ^^""8  '^"^  ^O"!^  g^t  too  bold 
wnnlH  i  !  ^"If  °/  "'l^  °^  '^^  ^^^'  °f  the  herd  and  there 
^^"'l''^.  ^  terrible  battle.  When  the  dust  hid  the  fiehters 
trum  the  boys  sight,  they  could  hear  the  terrible  bellowings 

«tf'rJ.J-"'%'^^"V°\^"^^^''  ^^"^y  ^*d  a  gJ-eater  and  greater 
attrac  ion  for  the  boys.     They  ventured  nearer  and  nearer 

t.X^,!2  °{!  ^\b'"^    overlooking  the  valley  and  boasted  to 
each  other  how  they  w    .!d  kill  a  bullock  and  carry  it  back  to 


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their  cave  homes;  and  they  imagined  how  envious  the  men  and 
boys  who  had  been  afraid  would  be  and  how  humble  the  girls. 
But  one  day  they  ventured  a  Utile  too  near,  and  a  stray  bullock 
caught  sight  of  the  boys  and  immediately  charged.  Each  boy 
climbed  a  tree  with  a  swiftness  which  did  credit  to  his  bringing 
up,  and  there  they  stayed  hour  after  hour  during  the  long  day, 
the  bull  watching  them  from  bloo<l-red  eyes.  Now  and  then 
he  would  stroll  away  to  browse  and  drink,  but  at  the  slightest 
movement  would  dash  back  to  the  foot  of  the  trees  where  the 
boys  roosted.  As  night  came  on  the  boys  grew  colder  and 
colder  and  hungrier  and  hungrier.  They  remembered  the 
men  who  had  gone  into  the  buffalo  valley  and  never  came  back, 
and  they  wished  they  were  at  home,  even  though  the  girls 
did  laugh  at  them  and  they  had  to  sit  back  of  the  men  at  the 
fire. 

Finally  they  escaped,  but  by  good  fortune,  not  by  any  prowess 
of  their  own.  A  great  bear  came  out  of  the  wood,  looking  for 
something  to  fill  his  empty  stomach.  He  had  missed  a  deer 
j»s  it  came  to  drink.  He  was  tired  of  the  roots  and  ants'  nests. 
He  wanted  meat — good  red  meat  and  plenty  of  it.  When  he 
saw  the  bullock,  he  hesitated  for  a  moment,  for  big  as  he  was 
he  usually  passed  bulls  by;  a  fight  with  one  was  such  uncertain 
business,  and  even  if  he  killed  the  bull  the  appetite  was  likely 
to  be  killed,  too.  But  the  bear  was  very  big  and  the  bull  not  very 
large,  and  he  was  out  of  sorts  and  he  hesitated  too  long.  The 
bull  spied  him  and  charged  instantly.  The  bear  stood  up  on 
his  hind  feet.  As  the  bull  struck  him.  Bruin  'gave  him  a  blow 
with  his  great  paw  which  would  have  broken  the  neck  of  any 
other  animal,  and  buried  his  great  fangs  in  his  shoulder.  But 
the  bull's  sharp  horns  pierced  the  chest  of  the  bear  and  bore 
him  back  to  the  ground.  Deeper  and  deeper  the  cruel  horns 
reached,  while  the  claws  of  the  bear  tore  great  strips  from  the 
bull's  flanks.  It  was  a  terriLIe  spectacle,  but  the  boys  were  too 
near  to  enjoy  it.  Quick  as  a  flash  they  slid  down  and  ran  up 
the  cliffs  above  them  like  two  monkeys.  At  the  top  they 
stopped,  panting  for  breath,  and  looked  down  into  the  valley. 
The  air  was  filled  with  terrible  roarings  and  bellowings.  In  the 
dim  light  they  could  see  "  huge  brown  mass  rolling  back  and 
forth  below  them.  Now  they  thought  the  bear  had  won  and 
now  the  bull. 

By  and  by  the  dark  settled  down,  and  othing  could  be  seen, 
the  sounds  grew  fainter,  and  finally  all  was  still.  The  boys  did 
not  dare  "to  go  through  the  woods  in  the  dark,  so  they  found  a 
bed  of  leaves  and  lay  down  where  they  were.    But  there  was 


Tribe   Activities 


103 


not  much  sleeping  that  night.  A  leopard'<  shrill  crv  woke  t  hem 
from  their  first  doze;  the  baying  of  wolves  awakened  them  from 
the  next;  and  when  a  great  owl  gave  his  weird  wail  just  above 
their  heads,  they  gave  it  up. 

The  crackling  of  twigs  told  them  that  they  were  being  hunted 
by  some  night  prowler.    In  the  dark  and  with  no  weapons— 
for  they  had  dropped  everything  but  their  knives— they  were 
at  the  mercy  of  any  wild  beast  which  discovered  their  hiding 
place.    Then  Om  remembered  the  fire  which  had  saved  his 
life  when  a  child,  the  fire  which  no  animal  was  bold  enough  to 
come  near.    Could  he  make  a  fire.    The  moss  upon  which  they 
lay  was  dry.    A  rough  flake  of  flint  which  had  not  been  shaped 
was  m  his  skin  pouch  and  his  flint  knife  was  in  his  belt.     He 
had  seen  his  father  call  the  Red  Spirit  from  the  moss  by  strik- 
ing flints  together.    Once  or  twice  he  had  succeeded  in  doing  it 
himself,  but  it  was  no  easy  task.     Still  there  was  nothing  for  it 
but  to  try.     With  trembling  hands  he  gathered  the  driest  of 
the  moss  into  a  Httle  pile  and  pulled  together  some  dry  twigs. 
Sut  got  on  his  knees  ready  to  blow  the  smallest  spark  into  flame 
Om  took  the  flint  flake  in  his  left  hand  and  struck  it  a  glancing 
I        blow  with  his  knife.    A  dull  spark  flew,  but  did  not  light  the 
1        moss.    Again  and  again  he  tried,  but  in  vain.    Meanwhile, 
soft  but  ominously  heavy  footfalls  came  nearer  and  nearer. 
It  was  now  or  never.     In  desperation  he  struck  a  terrific  blow 
which  shattered  the  knife  and  brought  the  bloo    to  his  battered 
hand.    He  saw  nothing,  but  Sut  suddenly  stooped  lower  and 
blew  gently,  and  then  more  strongly.    A  tiny  glow  appeared, 
a  wisp  of  smoke  and  then  a  red  flame.    Om  crouched  by  the 
hre,  exhausted,  speechless,  and  helpless;  but  Sut  skilfully  fed 
the  growing  flames  till  they  leaped  high,  and  the  hunter  in  the 
dark  leaped  away  with  great  bounds  into  the  deep  woods. 

All  night  the  boys  sat  by  the  fire,  hungry  and  exhausted, 
but  happy  and  safe.  In  the  morning  they  looked  down  on  the 
open  spot  below  them  which  had  been  the  scene  of  the  terrible 
fight  of  the  night  before;  and  there,  still  locked  together  by  horn 
and  claw  and  jaw,  were  the  bear  and  the  bull,  both  dead  and 
both  victorious.  A  fox  came  out  of  the  brush  and  sniffed  at 
the  pool  of  blood  in  which  they  lay;  a  flock  of  red-eyed  buzzards 
hovered  m  the  air  above  and  finally  alighted  on  a  dead  tree  near 
by. 

The  boys  were  looking  with  mingled  awe  and  delight  at  the 
bodies  of  their  savage  foes  of  the  day  before,  when  a  brilliant 
thought  came  to  Sut.  "Om!  The  horns  and  claws!  We  will 
take  them  to  the  camp,  and  who  will  laugh  at  us  then?"    No 


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sooner  thought  than  done.  Down  the  cliff  they  clambered, 
forgetful  of  everyth  ig  but  the  coveted  trophies.  At  the  foot 
they  found  their  weapons  where  they  had  dropped  them.  The 
fo.x  skulked  away,  the  buzzards  screamed  and  flapped  to  a  little 
more  distant  tree,  while  the  boys  hacked  off  with  rude  knife 
and  stone  bludgeon  one  of  the  bear's  claws  and  the  horns  of 
the  bull.  Then  they  fled  up  the  cliff  again  and  started  hot  foot 
for  home. 

As  they  approached  the  stream  by  which  they  lived,  Sut 
began  to  hasten,  but  Om  went  slower  and  slower.  "Hurry, 
yo;i  snail,"  said  Sut,  "the  women  and  girls  will  be  pounding 
the  meal  and  making  ready  for  the  men  to  eat  and  they  will  see 
by  these  that  we  are  not  boys  to  be  laughed  at."  "But,"  said 
Om,  "we  di-^  not  kill  them;  we  ran  away."  "Oh!  but  we  don't 
need  to  tell  all  that,"  said  Sut;  "hurry  up,  hurry  up!"  But  Om 
would  not  hurry.  He  went  more  and  more  slowly  and  finally 
sat  down  to  think  it  out.  The  temptation  was  a  very  strong 
one.  Perhaps  all  they  would  need  to  do  would  be  to  be  silent, 
and  it  would  be  very  pleasant  to  be  treated  like  mighty  hunters 
and  men.  But  the  trouble  was  that  deep  down  in  their  hearts 
they  would  know  that  they  had  not  proved  it. 

Then  a  thought  came  to  Om  which  settled  his  uncertainty. 
If  it  had  not  been  for  Odin  who  sent  the  bear  to  fight  the  bull, 
and  sent  the  Red  Une  at  the  prayer  of  the  flints  to  drive  away 
the  leopani,  Vuy  wouii  not  be  here  and  there  would  be  no  story 
to  tell.  Then  he  remembered  that  his  father  had  said  that  the 
Ca'at  One  loved  truth  as  he  loved  light.  He  turned  to  Sut 
with  all  his  indecision  gone.  "  We  will  tell  the  truth !  We  will 
not  win  the  man-right  by  telling  a  lie."  Sut  grumbled  a  little, 
but  yielded,  as  he  always  did  to  the  stronger  will  of  Om. 

When  the  boys  came  to  the  river  bank  there  was  a  great  shout, 
and  all  went  out  to  meet  them,  for  the  villagers  had  grown 
anxious  at  their  long  absence.  And  they  were  pleased  that  no 
one  laughed  at  them,  not  even  the  girls.  As  the  boys  were 
being  fed,  they  told  the  story  of  their  adventures  amid  the  eager 
questionings  of  the  home  group.  The  horns  of  the  bull  and 
the  paws  of  the  bear  were  passed  about,  and  the  older  men 
told  how  large  the  bear  must  have  been  from  the  size  of  the  paw. 
They  then  told  stories  of  bears  which  they  had  seen  and  fights 
of  many  kinds  in  the  forest  till  Om  and  Sut  were  lorgollen. 
But  Om  was  pleased  to  notice  that  his  father  looked  at  him  with 
quiet  approval  in  his  eyes,  and  he  heard  him  say  to  Oma:  "Our 
son  will  be  a  great  hunter,  for  his  feet  are  swift  and  his  hands 
are  strong,  and  his  head  is  chief  over  them  all,  and,  more 


Tribe    Activities  105 

thai  J  thai,  he  is  beloved  by  the  Great  One."    And  Om  was 
.1,'lad. 

For  a  while  the  lx>ys  brooded  over  their  adventure  and  kept 
away  from  the  buffalo  valley.     But  .he  horns  anrl  the  great 
(laws  kept  reminding  them,  and  agiin  all  their  hunting  trips 
seemed  to  lead  toward  the  dangerous  valley.     Oma  had  tried 
to  make  Om  promise  that  he  would  not  go  there  again,  but 
Ang  had  said:  "Do  not  make  him  promise.     He  must  prove 
his  man-right  as  we  all  have  done,  and  the  Great  One  loves  him." 
Finally  Om  said  to  Sut:  "We  cannot  escape  the  call  of  the 
death  valley.     Something  tells  me  that  we  will  either  leave  our 
l)ones  there  or  win  our  man-right.     I  have  been  thinking  it  over, 
and  it  seems  to  me  that  one  of  the  reasons  why  so  many  men 
have  lost  their  lives  there  is  that  they  have  not  used  their  brains 
and  they  have  not  worked  together.     Why  shouldn't  we  be  the 
first  to  do  it?     A  y  idea  is  this.     We  will  get  together  ten  boys 
of  our  own  age  and  we  will  have  only  those  who  will  promise 
under  the  sacred  oak  tree  to  hunt  together  and  not  each  for  him- 
self.    Then  we  will  choose  one  who  shall  be  to  the  others  as  the 
head  is  to  the  hands  and  feet.     All  shall  obey  him.     When  we 
have  learned  to  work  together,  we  will  go  where  the  cliffs  which 
overlook  the  buffalo  valley  draw  together,  and  we  will  pile  great 
stones  where  a  push  will  send  them  crashing  down.     Then  we 
will  keep  watch,  and  some  time  when  the  wind  blows  up  the 
valley  and  the  herd  is  well  up  to  where  the  cliffs  are  too  steep  to 
climb,  where  they  come  together  like  two  streams,  we  will  pray 
to  the  Fire  Spirit  and  take  burning  brands  from  the  fire  and  light 
th^"  tall  dead  grass  at  the  opening  of  the  valley.     Six  will  start 
fr(,  n  one  side  and  six  from  the  other,  and  we  must  outrun  the 
deer.     The  buffalo  will  run  from  the  wall  of  fire  farther  and 
farther  up  into  the  narrow  part  of  the  valley,  and  when  they  are 
bunched  together  like  fish  in  a  trap  we  will  hurl  down  great  stones 
and  shoot  our  arrows,  and  there  will  be  meat  enough  for  all  the 
men  of  the  north  country,  and  every  cave  shall  have  its  buffalo 
skin  at  the  going  in." 

So  Om  and  Sut  got  the  other  boys  together  with  great  secrecv, 
and  every  one  was  made  to  take  the  oath  of  loyalty  to  the  gatig 
under  the  sacred  oak.  And  Sut  was  chosen  chief,  because  he 
was  the  best  talker.  Om  could  make  the  plans  and  earn,-  them 
out.  In  the  working  of  the  thing  Sut  did  most  of  the  talking, 
but  he  always  kept  his  eye  on  Om  and  did  what  Om  wanted, 
and  when  it  came  to  doing  things  Om  was  leader. 

For  weeks  the  clan  scouted  the  valley,  often  having  hair- 
breadth escapes  when  they  ventured  too  near.    It  seemed  as  if 


"'i^'ii--'''"^.'^  .'.Tiisj 


1 06 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


the  wind  would  never  be  in  the  right  direction  when  the  herd  was 
at  the  small  end  of  the  runway.  But  the  delay  was  a  gpod  thing. 
The  boys  learned  to  hang  together  and  obey  the  commands  of 
their  chief.  One  boy  nearly  lost  his  life  by  disobeying,  but  the 
lesson  was  learned,  and  the  gang  hung  together  as  no  boys  had 
ever  done  since  the  man-story  began. 

At  last  the  day  came  when  the  lookout  reported  the  herd  \  ^'I 
up  in  the  narrow  end  of  the  valley  and  the  wind  blowing  n. 
Nothing  was  said,  but  by  common  consent  Om  was  leader  -- 
the  day.  He  sent  Sut  and  live  other  boys  to  the  south,  while  he 
and  five  more  went  to  the  north.  Each  gang  was  to  build  a 
fire  where  the  smoke  would  not  blow  up  the  valley,  and  dry 
torch  sticks  were  made  ready  to  light.  At  midday^  when  a  spear 
driven  into  the  ground  cast  no  shadow,  Om  shot  an  arrow  high 
into  the  air.  Each  boy  seized  a  torch  from  the  fire  and  dashed 
across  the  mouth  of  the  valley,  lighting  the  dry  grass  as  he  ran. 

It  was  a  wild  rush.  Never  had  the  boys  run  as  they  ran  that 
day.  In  the  years  after,  they  told  the  tale  to  their  children  and 
grandchildren  and  they  set  the  pace  faster  with  each  telling. 
In  less  time  than  it  takes  to  tell,  the  boys  had  spread  their  net  of 
fire  and  the  wind  was  drawing  it  for  them. 

When  the  boys  reached  the  cliffs,  the  frightened  herd  was  al- 
ready crowding  up  into  the  narrow  end  of  the  wedge-shaped 
valley,  fleeing  in  terror  from  the  pursuing  wall  of  fire.  Then  the 
boys  rolled  the  great  stones  down  upon  the  seething  mass  below 
them,  shooting  their  arrows  till  the  supply  was  exhausted.  The 
maddened  buffaloes  trampled  on  and  gored  each  other  until 
scarcely  more  than  half  the  herd  escaped  alive. 

The  young  hunters,  exhausted  but  triumphant,  danced  along 
the  ledges,  filling  the  air  with  savage  yells. 

The  next  thing  was  to  send  word  to  the  scattered  homes. 
Three  boys  were  left  to  keep  watch,  and  the  rest  ran  as  if  running 
a  race  to  carry  the  news  of  the  feast  that  was  waiting  for  all  who 
wo  lid  come. 

Before  night  every  man,  woman,  and  child  within  a  distance 
of  twenty  miles  was  on  the  spot.  Old  suspicions  were  forgotten 
and  old  grudges  ignored,  for  the  time  being,  at  least.  A  great 
fire  was  built,  and  the  men  stripped  the  hide?  from  the  dead 
buffaloes  and  the  women  rolled  them  up  to  carry  away  for  tan- 
ning. One  of  the  largest  of  the  bulls  was  dragged  to  the  fire 
and  roasted  whole.  Far  into  the  night  they  worked  and  feasted. 
Finally,  as  they  stretched  themselves  about  the  fire,  exhausted 
but  satisfied,  Ang  spoke: 

"I  have  seen  the  Cold  Spirits  c?me  and  go  many  times,  but 


\ 


Tribe    Activities 


107 


I  have  never  seen  so  many  men  together  as  now.  Men  have  not 
been  like  the  wolves,  which  hunt  in  packs,  or  like  the  bufifaloes, 
which  feed  in  droves,  or  like  the  ducks  and  geese,  which  come  and 
go  in  flocks.  Each  man,  with  his  mate,  has  lived  apart  like  the 
bear  or  the  lion.  There  have  been  fear  and  hatred  between  us 
because  each  man  feared  that  some  other  man  would  spoil  his 
'  jnt  or  rob  his  traps.  And  we  have  lived  far  apart.  To-night 
we  sit  about  the  same  fire  as  some  of  us  have  sat  before  at  the 
feasts  of  the  Great  One.  As  I  look  into  the  fire,  into  the  cave  of 
the  Red  One  within  it,  I  see  that  whenever  men  come  together  to 
hunt,  to  feast,  and  there  is  no  hatred  in  their  hearts,  it  is  a  feast 
of  Odin.  I  have  told  you  many  times  before  of  the  will  of  Him 
whose  voice  I  am  as  I  watch  the  tongues  of  flame.  It  is  His  will 
that  men  learn  to  live  together.  These  boys  have  heard  the 
whisper  in  the  heart  which  we  have  not  heard.  They  have  killed 
more  buffaloes  since  the  sun  rose  this  morning  than  we  have  done 
in  all  our  lives  and  our  fathers  before  us.  They  have  not  come 
to  their  full  strength;  they  have  not  learned  to  shoot  as  far  or  as 
straight  as  we  have  done,  but  together  they  have  done  what  no 
one  of  us  could  do." 

Then  Ang  picked  some  long  grasses  from  a  tuft  beside  him 
and  took  out  a  single  one.  Holding  it  where  all  could  see,  he 
snapped  it  as  if  it  were  a  spider's  web;  then  he  put  two  together 
and  snapped  them;  afterward  more  and  more  until  he  had  twisted 
a  rope  of  grass  which  the  strongest  man  could  not  break.  He 
passed  it  about  the  circle,  and  each  tried  in  vain  to  break  it. 
Then  Ang  took  it  and  held  it  high  above  his  head  where  all 
could  see,  the  women  and  boys  as  well  as  the  men.  "The  single 
grass  which  the  child  can  break  is  man  alone;  this  rope  of  twisted 
grass  is  man  united." 

A  shout  of  assent  broke  from  the  group:  "It  is  the  will  ol  the 
Great  Spirit."  The..  Wang,  who  had  been  restless  in  his  place, 
leaped  to  his  feet:  "If  we  are  to  hunt  together  like  the  wolf,  we 
must  learn  from  him.  Each  pack  has  its  head  which  all  the 
others  obey.  When  the  geese  fly  to  the  south,  a  great  bird  who 
IS  wise  always  leads  the  flock.  Let  us  learn  from  the  beasts  and 
the  birds.     Who  shall  be  our  chief  ?  " 

They  all  looked  at  Ang,  and  some  one  said,  "Let  Ang  be  our 
chief."  But  Ang  shook  his  head:  "I  have  told  you  for  many 
years  the  will  of  Odin.  I  will  do  so  still  as  I  see  it  in  the  fire 
or  hear  it  in  the  whisper  to  the  heart,  but  n^y  eyes  do  not  see  as 
they  did,  my  feet  are  not  so  swift  in  the  chase,  or  my  hands  so 
strong  at  the  kill.  The  head  of  the  wolf  pack  is  the  strongest  and 
the  most  cunning,  not  the  oldest.    The  whisper  within  tells  me 


i 

i 

i 

'•% 

I 

( 


^■_„#¥iiM'  .. 


io8 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


that  it  is  not  time  to  choose  a  chief  to-night.     He  mus'  be  proven 
first." 

The  men  looked  about  on  each  other  and  knew  that  the  words 
of  Ang  were  wise.  There  was  no  one  that  .hey  could  all  follow 
without  question.  The  time  to  choose  had  not  come  yet.  It 
came  when But  that  lo  a  tale  for  another  telling. 

Then  Om  and  Sut  and  the  boys  who  had  followed  them  wert 
brought  into  the  men's  circle  by  the  fire,  and  they  told  the  stor}- 
of  how  they  had  trapped  the  buffaloes.  It  was  Sut  who  told  the 
story,  and  his  eyes  shone  like  stars  and  his  voice  bubbled  like  the 
brook.  As  he  talked  on,  Wang  would  wag  his  head  now  and 
then,  as  much  as  to  say:  "Seel  Like  father,  like  son."  The 
girls  listened  eagerly  to  Sut,  but  the  older  ones  looked  at  Om, 
who  sat  a  little  back  where  the  light  did  not  shine  so  bright  on  his 
face,  and  nodded  their  heads  and  said  to  each  other:  "Some  day, 
perhaps,  if  the  Great  One  wills." 

From  that  time  on  men  began  to  do  things  together  as  they 
had  never  done  before.  They  hunted  together  and  fished  to- 
gether. Groups  of  related  and  friendly  families  lived  near,  as 
Ang  and  Wang  had  done.  And  they  had  more  to  eat  and  more 
to  wear.  Fewer  lost  their  lives  in  hunting  the  more  dangerous 
animals.  The  women  and  children  were  safer  in  the  little  vil- 
lages than  they  had  been  in  their  lonely  caves  and  huts. 

And  Om  and  Sut  were  remembered  in  the  sagas  of  the  tribe 
as  tlio^^e  who  taught  men  how  to  live  together. 


The  Seven  Swans 

"  The  Legends  of  Vancouver,"  by  Pauline  Johnson,  by  permission  of  pub- 
lishers, McClelland,  Goodchild  &  Stewart,  Ltd.,  Canada. 

"Did  you  ever  know  a  mother  who  did  not  love  her  crippled 
baby  more  than  all  her  other  children?"  asked  the  old  klootch- 
man,*  glancing  up  from  her  basket- weaving,  and  for  a  moment 
allowing  her  slender  hands  to  lie  idly  in  her  lap. 

"One  always  loves  the  weak  ones,"  I  commented.  "We  ad- 
mire the  strong,  we  are  proud  of  the  deft,  the  agile;  we  applaud 
the  skilful,  the  clever,  but  we  love  the  weak." 

"  It  is  always  so,"  she  agreed.  "Always  so  when  the  one  who 
loves  is  a  mother-woman,  and  when  the  weak  one  is  a  baby." 
As  she  spoke  the  old  klootchman  looked  away  across  the  canyon; 
her  eyes  were  verj'  dreamy,  and  I  knew  her  thoughts  were  wing- 

*  Woman. 


.<£..k 


Tribe    Activities 


Z09 


ing  their  pathless  way  back  to  the  olden  years  and  the  earlier  his- 
tory of  her  tribe. 

I  crouched  down  beside  her,  settling  comfortably  in  a  natural 
shelf  of  rock,  and  for  a  time  watched  in  silence  the  mad  tumble 
of  the  sleepless  Capilano  River,  as  it  crowded  through  the  throat 
of  the  canyon  three  hundred  feet  below  us. 

A  swirl  of  melodies  arose  from  its  myriad  waterfalls,  its  count- 
less rapids— melodies  soft  and  fresh  as  a  robin's  whistle,  and  their 
smgmg  mtensified  the  fragrance  of  damp  mosses  and  pungent 
firs  and  cedars  that  frame  this  most  exquisite  beauty-spot  in 
British  Columbia. 

"There  are  not  many  song  birds  here,"  I  remarked  "I 
sometimes  think  that  Nature  so  richly  favored  this  wonderful 
province  that  she  kept  the  birds  for  some  less  beautiful  country 
Here  the  forests  and  the  rivers  sing  to  us.  Their  voices  are  more 
like  a  heavenly  orchestra,  like  unseen  hands  playing  on  a  tho. 
sand  strings.  The  winds,  the  firs,  the  whispering  rivers,  are  like 
Chopin  Prelude  sobbed  from  the  throat  of  a  violin." 

The  klootchman  looked  at  me  longingly,  and  I  caught  myself 
back— I  had  been  voicing  my  thoughts  unmindful  of  her  dear 
uncomprehending  mind.     I  smiled.  ' 

^''  You  no  savvy  what  I  talk  of,  eh,  klootchman?  "  I  said. 

"Some  savvy,"  she  answered,  using  the  native  phrase  with 
quaint  delight. 

"What  I  mean  is  that  here  we  cannot  hope  to  have  every- 
thing," I  hastened.  "The  less  lovely  country  east  of  the  Rockies 
must  be  given  some  things  that  are  denied  to  us.  VVe  have  so 
much  beauty  that  Nature  balanced  things  a  little  bv  giving  the 
East  Its  song  birds."  ' 

c  T^^C  ^'^^ .agreed;  "but  we  have  many  other  birds.  The 
bagahe  Tyee  (God)  gave  us  birds  for  food  here,  not  for  song. 
I  '^^.^'"^^  ^^"g'  ^^^  cannot  feed  the  Indian  people.  The  waters 
laugh  but  cannot  keep  us  from  starving  by  their  pretty  voices, 
bo,  the  Sagahe  Tyee  gave  us  the  fish  and  the  birds  for  food- 
many  gray  geese,  russet  pheasants,  wild  ducks,  whistling 
swans "  * 

"Oh,  klootchman!"  I  interrupted,  "yesterday  I  saw  a  band 
ot  magnificent  white  swans  fly  directly  over  the  city— seven  of 
them.    They  were  heading  for  the  southeast." 

She  turned  abruptly  and  looked  at  me  with  a  half -curious, 
haii-affectionate  expression  ill-minating  her  rugged  old  face. 

^'' You  see  seven  swans?  "  she  asked  with  intense  intere-^t. 
Yes,"    I   assured   h..-.    "Seven    wonderful   white   swans. 
Ihey  were  the  most  graceful  things  I  ever  saw.    They  sailed 


#i 


I 


no 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


overhead  like  delicate  white-winged  yachts  drifting  on  the  blue 
sea — the  far  waterless  sea  of  the  skies." 

"Very  good  sign,"  she  said  emphatically.  "Very  good  luck 
for  you — for  sure  you  count  seven  of  them?  " 

"Yes,"  I  assured  her.  Then  I  told  her  how  I  happened  to  be 
at  the  door  of  my  "wigwam"  when  I  heard  a  faint  whistle  sky- 
ward, and  looking  aloft  I  saw  them — seven  white-feathered 
beauties  sailing  sorhward  into  the  lands  of  sun  and  warmth. 
I  could  picture  them  idling  away  the  winter  in  some  far  southern 
lagoon,  while  the  lazy  tropic  weeks  drifted  by  as  they  waited  for 
the  call  of  the  Ncrth  that  would  come  with  the  early  days  of 
April — the  sweet  clear  call  of  the  North  that  would  mean  mating 
time — thatwouldmean  daysof  nestingamong  the  reeds  and  rocks 
of  cooler  climes,  and  a  long,  joyous  summer  in  the  far  reaches  of 
the  upper  Pacific  Coast. 

I  watched  them  for  many  moments;  their  slender  white  throats 
were  outstretched  with  the  same  keen  eagerness  to  reach  the 
southern  suns  as  a  finely  bred  horse  displays  near  the  finish  of  a 
race.  Their  shining  pinions  were  like  silken  sails  swelling  to  the 
breeze,  and  lofty  as  their  flight  was,  I  could  distinguish  a  hint  of 
orange  from  the  web  of  their  trailing  feet.  Their  indifference  to 
the  city  beneath  them,  their  direct  though  deliberate  course, 
their  unblemished  whiteness  were  like  a  glimpse  of  some  far 
perfect  thing  that  human  hands  may  not  defile.  Farther  and 
farther  they  winged  their  way,  fainter  and  fainter  drifted  back- 
ward their  clear  whistling,  until  they  were  but  a  blur  against 
the  blue;  like  an  echo  of  a  whisper  their  voices  still  floated  be- 
hind them,  then  a  pearl-gray  scarf  of  cloud  enveloped  them — 
they  were  gone. 

The  klootchman  listened  like  one  absorbed.  "Very  good 
sign,"  she  repeated,  as  I  concluded  my  story. 

"  In  what  way?  "  I  asked. 

"What  is  it  the  palefaces  call  the  one  who  loves  you?"  she 
questioned.  Then  answering  her  own  query  with:  "Sweetheart 
— is  that  not  it?  Yes?  Well,  sign  is,  your  sweetheart  very 
true  to  you.  He  not  got  two  faces,  one  for  you,  another  for 
v;hen  he  is  awaj'  from  you.    He's  very  true." 

I  laughed  sceptically.  "A  woman's  sweetheart  is  never  true 
to  her,  but  a  man's  always  is,"  I  remarked,  with  a  cynicism  bom 
of  much  observation  and  some  little  experience. 

"You  know  the  big  world  too  well  for  be  happy,"  she  began. 

"Oh,  I  am  the  happiest-hearted  woman  alive,"  I  hurried  to 
explain.  Then,  teasingly,  "and  I'll  be  happier  still  if  what  you 
say  of  the  seven  swans  is  really  true." 


Tribe    Activities 


III 


"  It's  true,"  she  replied  in  a  tone  that  compelled  belief.  "  It 
is  strange  thing  that  you  see  and  talk  of  seven  swans,  when  an 
hour  ago  I  speak  to  you  of  crippled  baby  and  how  the  mother- 
women  love  them,  care  for  them,  protect  them.  You  see, 
tillicum  (friend),  there  is  a  Squamish  story — what  you  call  it? 
Legend?  Yes,  legend  about  a  crippled  child  and  a  band  of 
seven  swans." 

I  edged  nearer  to  her.  Then  she  told  me  the  whimsical  tale, 
while  the  restless  Capilano  murmured  and  chanted,  laughed 
and  rollicked,  sang  and  sobbed  out  its  music  far,  far  below  us 

"The  little  girl  was  born  a  cripple.  There  was  not  ugliness, 
nothing  crooked  in  her  form,  just  one  little  foot  that  was  weak 
Fnd  limp  and  nerveless,  and  when  she  learned  to  walk,  this  foot 
trailed  slightly  behind  the  other.  But,  oh!  the  love  of  her 
Squamish  mother  that  hovered  over  her,  protected  her,  petted 
her,  nursed  her,  waited  on  her;  it  was  the  all-powerful  love  of  a 
mother-woman  for  a  weak  child,  and  the  baby  grew  into  girl- 
hood, then  to  womanhood,  wrapped  around  with  this  wonderful 
garment  of  love,  as  the  clinging  fragrant  moss  wraps  the  foot 
of  a  tree. 

"Her  mother  called  her  'Kah-lo-ka'  (accent  on  lo),  which  in 
the  Chinook  means  'The  Swan,'  for  the  girl  was  very  beautiful. 
Her  face  was  as  a  flower,  her  form  slender  and  filled  with  grace, 
only  the  trailing  foot  stood  between  her  and  the  perfection  of 
young  womanhood.  But  her  soul  was  yet  more  beautiful  than 
her  face.  She  vvas  kind,  joyous,  laughter-loving.  She  never 
said  a  bitter  word,  never  gave  a  sneering  smile.  Her  heart 
was  light,  her  hands  skilful,  her  voice  gentle.  Her  fingers  were 
swift  to  weave  baskets  and  blankets,  her  eyes  keen  and  lustrous 
in  selecting  the  dyes  for  the  quills  and  fibres  and  furs,  for  her 
home-making  and  her  garments,  and  she  loved  little  children 
as  her  mother  had  done  before  her. 

"And  many  a  brave  wanted  her  for  his  wife — many  a  young 
fisherman,  many  a  warrior,  many  a  trapper,  but  her  heart  loved 
none,  until  a  young  hunter  came  from  the  North,  and  said, 
'I  will  be  strong  for  both  of  us:  I  will  be  fleet  of  foot  for  both. 
My  arrows  are  true  and  never  fail ;  my  lodge  is  filled  with  soft, 
warm  furs,  your  frail  little  feet  will  rest  upon  them,  and  your 
heart  will  rest  in  my  heart — will  you  come? ' 

"The  shadnwi  rrossed  her  face  as  she  looked  at  her  trailing 
foot.  'But  I  can  never  run  to  meet  you  when  you  return  from 
the  forest  with  the  deer  across  your  shoulders  or  the  beaver 
across  your  arm,'  she  regretted.  'My  step  is  slow  and  halting, 
not  swift  like  the  other  maidens  of  my  tribe.     I  can  never  dance 


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for  you  at  the  great  potlatches  for  hours  and  hours,  while  the 
old  people  sing  and  the  young  people  admire.  I  must  sit  with 
the  old  women — alone  with  the  old  ones  and  the  ugly  ones — 
alone  I ' 

"  '  Vou  will  never  be  old,  never  be  ugly,'  he  assured  her.  '  Your 
face  and  your  soul  are  things  of  beauty.  They,  with  your  laugh- 
ing heart,  will  always  be  young.  Your  mother  named  you 
Kah-lo-ka,  The  Swan,  and  you  are  always  that — shall  ever  be 
that  to  me.  Come,  will  you  come  with  me — will  you  come 
from  your  mother's  love — to  mine? ' 

".^nd,  womanlike,  she  went  with  him,  and  her  father's  lodge 
knew  her  no  more. 

"But  daily  her  mother  would  come  to  see  her,  to  rejoice  in 
the  happiness  of  the  young  wife — the  happiness  that  made  her 
forget  her  trailing  foot,  that  made  her  ever-lovely  face  still  more 
beautiful,  and  she  would  call  the  little  bride-wife,  'Be-be,  Be-be,' 
as  though  she  were  still  her  frail  baby  girl.  It  is  the  way  with 
mothers  and  a  crippled  child. 

"The  years  drifted  on,  and  Kah-lo-ka  bore  her  hunter-husband 
si.K  beautiful  children,  but  none  of  them  had  the  trailing  foot, 
nor  yet  the  lovely  face  of  their  laughter-loving  mother.  She 
had  not  yet  grown  old  to  look  upon  as  the  Squamish  women 
are  apt  to  do  while  even  yet  young,  and  her  face  was  like  a 
flower  as  she  sat  among  the  old  and  ugly  at  the  great  potlatches, 
while  the  maidens  and  the  young  men  danced  and  chanted, 
and  danced  again.  How  often  she  longed  to  join  them  none 
ever  knew,  but  no  shadow  ever  blurred  her  eyes,  no  ache  ever 
entered  her  always  young  heart  until  the  day  her  husband's 
cousin  came,  a  maiden  strong,  lithe,  tall  as  the  hunter  himself, 
and  who  danced  like  the  sunlight  on  the  blue  waters  of  the 
Pacific. 

"For  hours  and  hours  this  cousin  would  dance  tirelessly,  and 
through  all  the  hours  he  watched  her,  watched  her  sway  like 
the  branches  of  the  Douglas  fir  when  storm  beaten,  watched 
her  agile  feet,  her  swift,  light  steps,  her  glorious  strength,  and 
when  she  ceased,  Kah-lo-ka's  husband  and  the  young  braves 
and  warriors  gathered  about  her  with  gifts  of  shell  necklaces 
and  fair  speeches. 

"And  Kah-lo-ka  looked  down  at  her  own  poor  trailing  foot — 
and  the  laughter  died  in  her  eyes.  In  the  lodge  with  her  six 
little  children  about  her  she  waited  for  him  many  days,  many 
weeks,  but  the  hunter-husband  had  left  her  for  one  who  had  nc 
trailing  foot  to  keep  her  sitting  among  the  old  and  the  ugly. 

"So  Kah-lo-ka  waited,  and  waited,  long,  long  years  through, 


Tribe    Activities 


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and  the  tnends  of  her  youth  grew  old  and  wrinkled,  her  tribes- 
people  grew  infirm  and  feeble  with  age,  but  the  face  of  the  woman 
with  the  trailing  foot  remained  as  beautiful,  as  young,  as  unlined 
as  when  she  first  met  and  loved  the  young  hunter  who  had  gone 
out  of  her  life  many  scores  of  moons  ago. 

"And  far  away  in  his  distrnt  lodge  the  hunter-husband  grew 
old  and  weakened  m  body  and  mind;  his  aim  was  no  longer  sure 
his  eye  no  longer  keen,  and  at  his  side  sat  his  cousin,  she  who 
was  once  so  light  of  foot,  so  joyous  in  the  dance,  so  strong  and 
straight  and  agile  but  the  years  had  weighted  her  once  swift 
teet,  had  aged  her  face,  had  stooped  her  shoulders,  had  stiffened 
her  muscles,  her  ankles,  her  hands.  Old  and  wrinkled  she 
crouched  m  her  blanket,  for  her  blood  ran  slowly,  her  vcuth 
was  gone— she  danced  no  more. 

"And  one  day  he  returned  to  look  upon  her  whom  he  had 
left  to  hear  her  laugh,  and  to  learn  that  a  true  woman's  love 
wil  keep  her  young  and  flowerlike  forever.  With  a  great  crv 
he  bowed  himself  before  her,  and  though  he  was  old  and  feeble 
and  ugly,  although  he  was  false  and  had  failed  her,  and  had 
torgotten  her— womanlike  she  outstretched  her  arms  toward 
mm,  for  was  he  not  the  father  of  her  children? 

"But  the  Sag;alie  Tyee  (the  Almighty)  spoke  out  of  the  skv, 
and  His  word  is  law  to  all  races,  to  all  people:  'You  shall 
not  have  her  again,  O  Hunter!'  spoke  the  voice.  'You  have 
been  untrue.  She  has  been  true.  Untruth  cannot  mate  with 
^'•"u '^!.  ,•  '.'^'^""''^  "'^t^  ^'th  honor,  falsity  cannot  mate 
with  fidelity  I,  the  Sagalie  Tyee,  chief  of  the  skies  and  of 
earth  and  of  the  seas,  shall  place  her  and  her  children  where 
their  youth  and  their  beauty  and  their  laughter  shall  forever 
taunt  and  repioach  your  crooked,  misshapen  heart.  They  shall 
never  grow  old  or  ugly,  and  she  with  her  trailing  foot  shall  be- 
come that  most  beautiful  and  graceful  thing  that  I  have  ever 
created.  Watch  tlie  mornin-  skies,  O  Hunter  of  the  double 
tace,  the  double  heart,  and  on  the  first  light  of  the  rising  sun  vou 
will  see  seven  perfect  things,  Beauty,  Grace,  Laughter,  Youth 
Fidelity,  Love,  and  Truth-seven  glorious  things  that  you  have 
forfeited,  have  cast  aside."  ^ 

"In  the  morning  the  aged  hunter  sought  Kah-lo-ka's  lodge 
It  was  empty,  but  against  the  gold  of  the  rising  sun  there  arJse 
a  group  of  seven  pearl-wliite  swans.  Thev  poised  above  him 
lor  a  Mioment,  then  winged  their  wav  southward.  He  watched 
TJL^Tu  ""^  '"f ''"^^\their  graceful  flight;  he  listened  in  an 
f^n^Au  ^'^'■^'i^'i^"  to  their  clear,  wild  piping  laughter  that 
<lnfted  backward  like  the  notes  of  a  distant  flute;  his  aged  eyes 


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watched  and  watched  as  those  seven  beautiful  birds  sailed  away 
on  wings  like  silken  webs,  and  whose  feet  trailed  a  blur  of 
orange  against  the  blue  of  the  morning  sky.  He  bowed  his 
head  then — for  he  knew  tha  those  trailing,  graceful  feet  were 
his  Kah-lo-ka's  one  defected — glorined." 

"Do  they  always  travel  in  flocks  of  seven?"  I  asked. 

"  Not  always,  but  often  so,"  she  repUed.  "So  when  you  count 
seven  white  ones,  it  will  be  sure  to  be  Kah-lo-ka  and  her 
children;  that  is  why  I  say  you  have  good  luck,  and  a  true 
sweetheart.  It  is  only  an  old  Indian  story,  but  L  n^eaiis 
much." 

"I  suppose,  klootchman,  it  means  that  like  begets  like?"  I 
half  questioned.  "That  truth  bears  truth.  That  fidelity 
bears  fidelity — is  that  it?  " 

"  Yes,  did  not  the  Sagalie  Tyee  say  that  truth  could  not  mate 
with  untruth?"  she  said  very  reverently. 


How  Men  Found  the  Great  Spirit 

From  "Around  the  Fire,"  by  H.  M.  Burr.    Permission  Association  Press. 

In  the  olden  time  when  woods  covered  all  the  earth  except 
the  deserts  and  the  river  bottoms,  and  men  lived  on  the  fruits 
and  berries  they  found  and  the  wild  animals  which  they  could 
shoot  or  snare,  when  they  dressed  in  skins  and  lived  in  caves, 
there  was  Uttle  time  for  thought.  But  as  men  grew  stronger 
and  more  cunning  and  learned  how  to  live  together,  they  had 
more  time  to  think  and  more  mind  to  think  with. 

Men  had  learned  many  things.  They  had  learned  tha  cold 
weather  followed  hot,  and  spring,  winter;  and  that  the  sun  got 
up  in  the  morning  and  went  to  bed  at  night.  They  saw  that  the 
great  water  was  kindly  when  the  sun  shone,  but  when  the  sun 
hid  its  face  and  the  wind  blew  upon  it,  it  grew  black  and  angry 
and  upset  their  canoes.  They  had  found  that  knocking  flints 
together  or  rubbing  dry  sticks  would  light  the  dry  moss,  and 
that  the  flames  wh'ch  would  bring  back  summer  in  the  midst  of 
winter  and  day  in  the  midst  of  night  were  hungry  and  must  be 
fed,  and  when  they  escaoed  devoured  the  woods  and  only  the 
water  could  stop  them. 

These  and  many  other  things  men  learned,  but  no  one  knew 
why  it  all  was  or  how  it  came  to  be.  Men  began  to  wonder, 
and  that  was  the  beginning  of  the  path  which  led  to  the  Great 
Spirit. 

In  the  ages  when  men  began  to  wonder  there  was  born  a  boy 


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Tribe    Activities 

Wo.*    As  he  lay 


"5 


name  was  Wo.*  As  he  lay  in  his  mother's  arms,  ^..c 
loved  him,  but  wondered:  "His  body  is  of  my  body,  but 
whence  comes  the  life— the  spirit  which  is  like  mine  and  yet 
not  like  It?  "  And  his  father,  seeing  the  wonder  in  the  mother's 
eyes,  said,  "Whence  came  he?"  And  there  was  no  one  to 
answer,  and  so  they  called  him  Wo,  to  remind  them  that  they 
knew  not  whence  he  came. 

As  Wo  grew  up,  he  was  stronger  and  swifter  of  foot  than  any 
of  his  tribe.  He  became  a  mighty  hunter.  He  knew  the  ways 
of  all  the  wild  things  and  could  read  the  signs  of  the  season. 
As  he  grew  older,  they  made  him  a  chief  and  listened  while  he 
spoke  at  the  council  board,  but  Wo  was  not  satisfied.  His 
name  was  a  question,  and  questioning  filled  his  mind. 

Whence  did  he  come?  Whither  was  he  going?  Why  did 
the  sun  rise  and  set?  Why  did  life  bursf  into  leaf  and  flower 
with  the  coming  of  the  spring?  Why  dia  the  child  become  a 
man  and  the  man  grow  old  and  die? 

The  mystery  grew  upon  him  as  he  pondered.  In  the  morning 
he  stood  on  a  mountain  top  and,  stretching  out  his  hands,  cried, 
Whence?  At  night  he  cried  to  the  moon,  "Whither?"  He 
listened  to  the  soughing  of  the  wind  in  the  trees  and  to  the  song 
of  the  brook  and  tried  to  learn  their  language.  He  peered 
eagerly  into  the  eyes  of  little  children  and  tried  to  read  the 
mystery  of  life.  He  listened  at  the  still  lips  of  the  dead,  wait- 
ing for  them  to  tell  him  whither  they  had  gone.  He  went  about 
among  his  fellows  silent  and  absorbed,  always  looking  for  the 
unseen  and  listening  for  the  unspoken.  He  sat  so  long  silent 
at  the  council  board  that  the  elders  questioned  him.  To  their 
questioning  he  replied  like  one  awakening  from  a  dream: 

"Our  fathers  since  the  beginning  have  trailed  the  beasts  of 
the  wood.  There  is  none  so  cunnmg  as  the  fox,  but  we  can 
trail  him  to  his  lair.  Though  we  are  weaker  than  the  great 
bear  and  buffalo,  yet  by  our  wisdom  we  overcome  them.  The 
deer  is  more  swift  of  foot,  but  by  craft  we  overtake  him.  We 
cannot  fly  like  a  bird,  but  we  snare  the  winged  one  with  a  hair. 
We  have  made  ourselves  many  cunning  inventions  by  which 
the  beasts,  the  trees,  the  wind,  the  water,  and  the  fire  become  our 
servants. 

"Then  we  speak  great  swelling  words:  'How  great  and  wise 
we  are!  There  is  none  like  us  in  the  air,  in  the  wood,  or  in  the 
water!  But  the  words  are  false.  Our  pride  is  like  that  of  a 
partndge  drumming  on  his  log  in  the  wood  before  the  fox  leaps 


*W9  rownt,  in  the  language  of  the  time,  "whence." 


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upon  him.  Our  sight  is  like  that  of  the  mole  burrowing  under 
the  ground.  Our  wisdom  is  like  a  drop  of  dew  upon  the 
grass.  Our  ignorance  is  like  the  great  water  which  no  eye  can 
measure. 

"Our  life  is  like  a  bird  coming  out  of  the  dark,  flittering  for 
a  heartbeat  in  the  hut  and  then  going  forth  into  the  dark  again. 
No  one  can  tell  us  whence  it  comes  or  whither  it  goes.  I  have 
asked  the  wise  men,  and  they  cannot  answer;  I  have  listened 
to  the  voice  of  the  trees  and  wind  and  water,  but  I  do  not  know 
their  tongue;  I  have  questioned  the  sun  and  the  moon  and  the 
stars,  but  they  are  silent. 

"But  to-day  in  the  silence  before  the  darkness  gives  place  to 
light  I  seemed  to  hear  a  still  small  voice  within  my  breast  saying 
to  me:  'Wo,  the  questioner,  rise  up  like  the  stag  from  his  lair; 
away,  alone  to  the  mountain  of  the  sun.  There  thou  shalt 
find  that  which  thou  seekest.' 

"I  go,  but  if  I  fall  by  the  trail  another  will  take  it  up.  If  I 
find  the  answer,  I  will  return. " 

Waiting  for  none,  Wo  left  the  council  of  his  tribe  and  went  his 
way  toward  the  mountain  of  the  sun.  For  six  days  he  made  his 
way  through  the  trackless  woods,  guided  by  the  sun  by  day  and 
the  stars  by  night.  On  the  seventh  day  he  came  to  the  great 
mountain — the  mountain  of  the  sun,  on  whose  top,  according  to 
the  tradition  of  his  tribe,  the  sun  rested  each  night.  All  day 
long  he  climbed,  saying  to  himself:  "I  will  sleep  to-night  in  the 
hut  of  the  sun,  and  he  will  tell  me  whence  I  came  and  whither 
I  go." 

But  as  he  climbed,  the  sun  seemed  to  climb  higher  and  higher. 
As  he  neared  the  top,  a  cold  cloud  settled  like  a  night  bird  on  the 
mountain.  Chilled  and  faint  with  hu'>ger  and  fatigue,  Wo  strug- 
gled on.  Just  at  sunset  he  reached  the  top  of  the  mountain, 
but  it  was  not  the  mountain  of  the  sun,  for  many  days'  journey 
to  the  west  the  sun  was  sinking  in  the  Great  Water. 

A  bitter  cry  broke  from  Wo's  parched  lips.  His  long  trail  was 
useless.  There  was  no  answer  to  his  questions.  The  sun  jour- 
neyed farther  and  faster  than  men  dreamed,  and  of  wood  and 
waste  and  water  there  was  no  end.  Overcome  with  misery- 
and  weakness,  he  fell  upon  a  bed  of  moss  with  his  back  toward 
the  sunset  and  the  unknown. 

And  Wo  slept,  although  it  was  unlike  any  sleep  he  had  ever 
known  before,  and  as  he  slept  he  dreamed.  He  was  alone  upon 
the  mountain  waiting  for  the  answer.  A  cloud  covered  the 
mountain,  but  all  was  silent.  A  mighty  wind  rent  the  cloud 
and  rushed  roaring  through  the  crags,  but  there  was  no  voice  in 


Tribe    Activities 


X17 


In  the  hush  that  followed  the  storm  Wo  heard  a  voice  low 
and  quie  but  in  it  all  the  sounds  of  earth  and  sky  seemed  to 
rningle-the  song  of  the  bird,  the  whispering  of  the  trees  and 
the  murmunng  of  the  brook:  i  ic  irees,,  ana 

nm  S'a^ii^?  .?'  "^^r  ^^°"  ^^^^^'^'  ^  ^"^  the  Great  Spirit;  I 
am  the  All-Father.     Ever  since  I  made  man  of  the  dust  of  the 
ear  h  and  so  child  of  the  earth  and  brother  to  all  living  things 
and  breathed  into  h.s  nostrils  the  breath  of  life,  thus  making  hfm 
my  son,  I  have  waited  for  a  seeker  who  should  f.ud  me.     In  th^ 

.Answerer  '      °"  ^^''  '''^''  ^^°'  '^'  ^"^^^i°"^^'  '^  ^^e 

"Thy  body  is  of  the  earth  and  to  earth  returns;  thy  spirit 
IS  mine;  it  is  given  thee  or  a  space  to  make  according  to  thy  will- 
then  it  returns  to  me  better  or  worse  for  thy  making,  mu 
has  found  me  because  thy  heart  was  pure  and  thy  search  for  me 
hreless^  Go  back  to  thy  tribe  and  be  to  them  the  Voice  of  the 
Great  Spirit.    From  henceforth  I  will  speak  to  thee  and  to   he 

"XtZ"  'M'^"""  ^^T^''  S"'  ^"  ^  thousand  voices  and  appear  in  a 
housand  shapes  I  will  speak  in  the  voices  of  the  wood  and 
streams  and  of  those  you  love.  I  will  appear  to  you  in  the  sun 
by  day  and  m  the  stars  by  night.  When  thy  people  and  mine 
a-e  m  need  and  wish  for  the  will  of  the  Great  Spir  t.  then  Si 

SRy'rofdl'' ^  ''^'^^  ^"'  ^'^  '''''''  ^^^^  ^^-  ^^^ "^p-" 

And  Wo  awoke,  facing  the  east  and  the  rising  sun.  His  bodv 
was  warmed  by  its  rays.  A  great  gladness  filled  his  soul  He 
had  sought  and  found,  and  prayer  came  to  him  like  song  to  the 

l.n't  ^S!"^^^  S'-^'u^^t^f  ""^  "^y  'P^"t'  the  sun  is  Thy  messenger, 

efo^e  ine      n/¥^''\l^^^ i^^'"'''-     ^"^^  ^hou  the  darknes 
tjelore  me.     Be  Thou  the  light  of  mv  spirit  " 

to  fL  h  "^^"t  down  the  mountain  and  took  the  journey  back 
to  the  home  of  his  people,  his  face  shone,  and  the  light  never 
seemed  to  leave  it,  so  that  men  called  hirli  "He  of  thf  ShSg 

fh.Y!;fw°f  came  back  to  his  tribe,  all  who  saw  his  face  knew 

Cc-n^}-^  ?f  ^^'  ^^^^f '  ^"^  th^y  gathered  again  about  the 
Counal  r  ire  to  hear.    As  Wo  stood  up  and  looked  into  the  eager 

SoTritl^nH^-  "'t  °^  '^'  ^'''  ^'  ^^"^embered  that  theGrfa 
Thoi  fif   ^'T  him  no  message  and  for  a  moment  he  was  dumb. 
Then  the  words  of  the  Great  Spirit  came  to  him  again:  "When 
thy  people  and  mme  shall  need  to  know  my  will,  my  spirk 


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shall  brood  over  thine  and  the  words  that  thou  shalt  speak  shall 
he  my  words."  Looking  into  the  eager  faces  full  of  longing  and 
questioning,  his  spirit  moved  within  him  and  he  spoke. 

"I  went,  I  sought,  I  found  the  Great  Spirit,  who  dwells  in 
the  earth  as  your  spirits  dwell  in  your  bodies.  It  is  from  Him 
the  spirit  comes.  We  are  His  children.  He  cares  for  us  more 
than  a  mother  for  the  child  at  her  breast,  or  the  father  for  the 
son  that  is  his  pride.  His  love  is  like  the  air  we  breathe;  it  is 
about  us;  it  is  within  us. 

"The  sun  is  the  sign  of  His  brightness,  the  sky  of  His  great- 
ness, and  mother-love  and  father-love  and  the  love  of  man  atul 
woman  are  the  signs  of  His  love.  We  are  but  children;  we  can- 
not enter  into  the  council  of  the  Great  Chief  until  we  have  been 
proved,  but  this  is  His  will,  that  we  love  one  another  as  He  loves 
us;  that  we  bury  forever  the  hatchet  of  hate;  that  no  man  shall 
take  what  is  not  his  own,  and  the  strong  shall  help  the  weak." 

The  chiefs  did  not  wholly  understand  the  words  f:'  Wo,  but 
they  took  a  hatchet  and  buried  it  by  the  fire,  saying,  "Thus 
bury  we  hate  between  man  and  his  brother,"  and  they  took  an 
acorn  and  put  it  in  the  earth,  saying,  "Thus  plant  we  the  love  of 
the  strong  for  the  weak."  And  it  became  the  custom  of  the 
tribe  that  the  great  council  in  the  spring  should  bury  an  axe 
and  plant  an  acorn. 

Every  morning  the  tribe  gathered  to  greet  the  rising  sun,  and 
with  right  hands  raised  and  left  upon  their  hearts  prayed, "  Great 
Spirit,  hear  us;  guide  us  to-day;  make  our  wills  Thy  will,  our  ways 
Thv  ways." 

And  the  tribe  grew  stronger  and  wiser  than  all  the  other 
tribes  of  men. 

Books  Recommended 

Around  the  Fire,  H.  M.  Burr.    Association  Press.    $.75 

Legends  of  Vancouver,  E.  Pauline  Johnson.    McClelland,  Goodchild 

&  Stewart. 
The  Gaunt  Gray  Wolf,  Dillon  Wallace.     Fleming  Revelle.    $1.25 
Wild  Animals  I  Have  Known,  Ernest  Thompson  Seton.    ::cnbners. 

Wild' Animal  Ways,  Ernest  Thompson  Seton.     Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 

$1.50 
Indian  Tales  01  Long  Ago,  Edward  S.  Curtis.    $1 .00 


.t.-*: 


SECTION  III 
THINGS  TO  KNOW  AND  DO 


CHAPTER  I-CITY  WOODCRAFT 

CHAPTER  II— CAMPERCRAFT 

CHAPTER  m— WOODLORE  AND  HANDICRAFT 

CKAPT'i    IV— FRIENDS  IN  THE  OUT  OF  DOORS 


Chapter  I 


City  Woodcraft 
Woodcraft  in  Town 
Wireless  for  Woodcrafters 
Totems   in    Town 
Fire — Servant  or  Master? 
Sleep  Outdoors 
Health 

A  Good  Body 

The  Life  Force 

Health  Hints 


Ready  Help 
Patriotism  and  Citizenship 
Hiking 

Sign  Language 
Picture  Writing 
Weather  Signals 
Railroad  Signals 
Roof  Camping 
Individual  Tally  Books 
Names  for  Months 


t       . 

$ 

4 

V    » 

t 
f 


>0 


CHAPTER  I 
CITY  WOODCRAFT 


Woodcraft  in  Town 

Woodcraft  in  the  beginning  was  the  only  science  of  man.  It 
meant  masterful  touch  with  the  things  of  his  daily  life,  indoors 
and  outdoors,  near  or  far.  So,  also,  by  growth  and  transference 
we  define  Woodcraft  in  our  city  to-day  as  seeing,  comprehending, 
and  mastering  the  ordinary  things  of  our  daily  Ufe. 

The  boy  or  girl  who  looks  both  ways  before  crossing  the 
street,  who  knows  what  all  the  signs  on  the  lamp-post  mean,  who 
avoids  breathing  through  the  mouth,  especially  when  there  is 
dust  flying,  who  knows  the  warnings  of  the  different  colored 
lights,  who  knows  the  number  on  the  motor  car  that  rushed  by  so 
recklessly,  who  keeps  the  chest  expanded  and  the  toes  nearly 
straight  m  walking,  who  can  tell  a  man's  track  from  a  woman's  or 
a  young  man's  from  that  of  an  old  man  on  the  wet  pavfiment,  who 
realizes  that  the  telephone  book  is  the  key  to  the  business  life  of  a 
city,  who  recognizes  and  acts  on  all  the  hand  signals  given  by 
the  traffic  policeman— he  is  practising  good  Woodcraft  and  culti- 
vating something  that  in  the  life-game  spells  "SUCCESS." 

There  are  three  separate  fields  for  Woodcraft  in  the  city. 

The  first  is  that  of  the  incidental  things  of  wild  life  that  are 
found  in  our  parks,  suburbs,  and  water  front.  No  less  than  one 
hundred  forest  trees,  one  hundred  wild  flowers,  sixty  different 
wild  birds,  twenty  different  furry  four-foots,  a  dozen  turtles, 
snakes,  etc.,  are  found  in  New  York  City,  while  ever  the  same, 
overhead,  are  the  stars. 

The  second  field  is  in  the  museums  and  libraries.  Every  one 
of  our  great  cities  is  rich  in  material  of  priceless  value,  gathered 
here  from  the  wilderness,  stuff  really  relating  to  Woodcraft. 
The  material  is  composed  not  only  of  collections  of  birds,  animals, 
trees,  etc.,  but  of  robes,  boats,  songs,  dances,  ceremonies, 
egends,  pictures,  carvings,  and  a  myriad  of  things  that  siir  tlie 
loving  imagination  of  the  red-blooded,  blue-sky  boy  or  girl. 

But  the  last  is  the  largest  and  most  important  department,  for 

121 


:« 


i 

4 

♦ 


I 

I 


122 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


it  offers  the  newest  field  of  purely  city  work-    These  are  some  of 
its  headings: 

Signs  and  blazes  on  the  main  street  (a  blaze  or  Indian  sign  is 
understood  to  be  a  simple  mark  conveying  information  without 
using  words  or  letters).  There  are  on  Broadway  at  least  fifty 
signs  and  blazes  descended  from  those  used  in  the  wilderness  by 
savages;  in  some  cases  the  very  same  mark  is  used.  A  totem  is  a 
simple  form,  usually  a  natural  form  used  as  the  symbol  of  a  man, 
a  group  of  men,  or  an  idea.  It  has  no  reference  to  words,  letters, 
or  language.  In  this  light,  {Jnere.  are  200  or  300  totems  of  daily 
use  in  every  big  city.  Some  trademarks  and  all  armorial  bear- 
ings are  of  the  nature  of  totems.  Every  great  railway  company 
has  a  totem,  though  it  was  not  so  fifty  years  ago.  The  change 
has  come  because  a  totem  is  copyrightable,  rememberable,  ad- 
vertisable,  visible  afar  and  comprehensible  by  all,  no  matter 
what  the  language  or  lack  of  learning  may  be. 

The  old  sign  language  of  the  plains  exists  among  us  to  the 
extent  that  over  one  hundred  of  the  gesture  signs  are  in  daily  use 
among  the  school  children  and  the  folk  from  Southern  Europe. 
The  policeman  regulating  the  traffic  uses  at  least  "ifteen  of  these 
signs  daily  and  hardly  realizes  it,  yet  every  one  understands  them 
and  obeys.  Here  they  serve  the  same  purpose  as  in  the  wilds; 
they  convey  information  when  it  is  impossible  to  be  heard  and 
they  do  it  in  the  universal  language  of  ideas  which  all  can  com- 
prehend no  matter  what  his  speech  may  be. 

The  tracks  of  different  human  beings  as  w6\\  as  of  dogs,  cats, 
rats,  mice,  horses,  sparrows,  etc.,  are  seen  after  every  shower, 
when  the  gutter  is  wet  and  the  pavements  dry,  as  well  as  after  a 
snowstorm;  and  they  all  have  a  story  to  tell  to  the  eyes  of  wood- 
craft wisdom. 

City  craft — the  knowledge  of  the  things  which  are  particularly 
a  development  of  the  city:  how  the  streets  are  paved,  how  the 
garbage  is  disposed  of,  where  the  city  water  is  oI)tained  and  its 
quality,  these  and  many  other  things  relating  to  making  life 
in  the  city  produce  the  best  results,  are  an  open  field. 

All  of  these  and  a  thousand  more  are  to  be  found  in  the  city. 
.\nd  the  value  of  city  Woodcraft  is  not  merely  in  the  things 
themselves  but  in  being  able  to  see  the  things  about  you.  Begin 
to-day  to  see,  comprehend,  and  master  the  ordinary  daily  things 
of  your  life. 


I 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 

WIRELESS  FOR  WOODCRAFTERS 

By  a.  Frederick  Collins 


"3 


Every  Woodcrafter  ought  to  be  able  to  send  and  receive  mes- 
sages over  long  distances  by  every  known  means  including 
smoke  signals,  wig-wagging,  heliography,  and  wireless,  and  the 
last  named  method  is  to  my  way  of  thinking  the  most  useful 
and  interesting. 

There  are  three  parts  to  every  wireless  set  and  these  are  (i) 
an  aerial  wire  system,  (2)  a  sending  apparatus,  and  (3)  a  receiving 
apparatus;  and  you  can  buy  all  of  it  ready  to  put  up,  or  if  you 
like  to  use  tools  you  can  make  all  of  the  parts  yourself,  exce{)t 
the  head  telephone  receivers,  as  thousands  of  other  wireless  fel- 
lows have  done  before  you. 

The  Aerial  Wire  System 

The  Aeri^.  The  aerial  wire  system,  or  just  aerial  as  it  is 
called  for  short,  is  formed  of  two  or  three  No.  14  aluminum,  or 
stranded  coppe  wires  stretched  as  high  above  the  ground  as 
you  can  gee  them.  These  wires  must  be  insulated  from  the 
poles,  or  whatever  they  are  fastened  to,  and  to  do  this  six  porce- 


/).  Fig.  I 
^  Porcelain  Insulator 


B.  Fig./ 

A  Strain  Insulator 


^- 


PORCELrtm 
INSULATOR 

gh 


'STR/ilN 
IN5ULflT0R 


LE/IDINO  JN 
IN5UL/iT0R, 


C.Fi<^.l  The  /Serial 


lam  insulators,  as  shown  at  A  in  Fig.  i ,  and  two  strain  insulators, 
as  shown  at  B  in  Fig.  i.  are  needed.  Each  end  of  each  wire, 
which  should  not  be  less  than  thirtv  feet  long,  is  fastened  to  a 


il*i 
\ 


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t 

5*' 
I 


il 


124 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


porcelain  insulator  and  the  latter  is  in  turn  fastened  with  a  bit 
of  wire  to  a  spreader,  that  is  a  strip  of  wood  one  inch  thick, 
three  inches  wide,  and  four  feet  long.  Each  spreader  is  then 
fastened  to  a  strain  insulator  as  shown  at  C  in  Fig.  i  when  the 
aerial  is  hoisted  and  fixed  to  the  supports;  and  don't  forget  that 
the  higher  the  aerial  and  the  longer  the  wires  the  greater  the 
distance  to  which  messages  can  be  sent  and  received. 


The  Groimd 

Next  in  importance  to  a  high,  long,  and  well-insulated  aerial 
is  the  ground,  and  there  are  several  ways  of  getting  a  pretty  good 

one.    The  first  way  is  to  use  the 


TO  INSTRUMENTS 
\NINDOW 


gas  or  water  pipes  and  to  solder 
a  No.  6  bare  copper  wire  to  it, 
or  fasten  it  o.i  with  a  ground 
clump;  another  way  is  to  drive 
a  piece  of  iron  pipe  into  the 
ground  deep  enough  to  reach 
moist  earth,  but  the  best  way 
of  all  is  to  solder  a  copper  wire  to 
a  sheet  of  copper,  or  zinc,  three 
J  feet  wide  and  four  feet  long  and 
bury  it  deep  into  the  moist  earth. 
Ftq.Z  LIGHTNING  5WITCh     To  make  an  aerial  a  safety 

device  rather  than  a  source  of 
danger  from  lightning  it  should  be  grounded,  when  you  are  not 
sending  or  receiving,  through  an  aerial  switch  as  shown  in  Fig.  2. 
This  switch  is  screwed  to  the  outside  of  your  operating  room 
near  the  window  where  the  aerif  and  ground  wires  go  through 
to  the  inside. 

The  Sending  Apparatus 

To  send  messages  you  will  need  the  following  pieces  of  ap- 
paratus: (i)  an  induction  coil,  or  better  a  transformer,  (2)  a 
telegraph  key,  (3)  a  spark-gap,  (4)  a  battery,  or  if  your  house 
is  wired  you  can  tap  the  circuit  and  get  your  current  from  that 
source,  (5)  a  tuning  coil,  and  (0)  a  condenser. 

Thf  I  NorcTjov  O  n!.,  orTr ANSFORMFR.  The  purpose  of  an  iu- 
tluction  coil  is  to  change  the  direct  current  of  a  battery  or  lighting 
circuit  into  high  pressure  alternating  currents.  A  transformer  is 
used  where  alternating  current  only  can  be  had.  A  transformer 
i.  better  and  cheaper  than  an  induction  coil,  having  the  same 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


"5 


sending  range  and  should  be  used  if  you  can  get  alternatinc 
current  to  work  it  with. 

The  Telegraph  Key.  The  purpose  of  the  key  is  to  break  up 
the  battery  or  hghting  current  which  energizes  the  primary  coll 
of  the  induction  coil,  or  the  transformer,  into  dots  and  dashes 
representing  the  letters  of  the  alphabet,  or  Internatianal  Morse 
Code  as  It  IS  called.  The  key  is  connected  in  circuit  with  the 
primary  of  the  coil  and  the  battery  or  other  source  of  current 

The  Battery  or  Power  Circuit.  From  either  the  one  or  the 
other  the  power  to  operate  your  inducUon  coil  or  transformer  is 


LEYDEN  JARS 


I 


Fig  3.    Transmitter  ready  ♦    send 


had     If  current  from  a  lighting  circuit  is  used  a  variable  resistance 

^nt  t   fu^''""^"^'^  •"  *^^  P"'"^''y  ♦^•^^^"'^  to  cut  down  the  cur- 
rent to  the  amount  required. 

The  Spark-G.ap.    This  is  simply  a  pair  of  brass  rods  fitted  with 


i 


% 

4 


4- 


f 


126 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


brass  '»all«  and  ,",.sulated  handles  which  slide  through  a  pair  of 
brass  standard:,  fixoH  to  a  marble  or  other  insulating  base.  The 
spark-gap  is  o'-'^cc^eJ  to  the  terminals,  that  is  the  ends  of  the 
wires  of  the  secondary  coil. 

The  Tuning  Coil.  The  tuning  coil  of  the  sending  apparatus 
is  simply  a  coil  of  heavy  brass  or  copper  wire  one  eighth  or  one 
fourth  inch  in  diameter,  wound  in  a  helix  around  a  wooden 
frame,  and  it  is  used  to  enable  the  operator  to  give  the  electric 
waves  sent  out  by  the  aerial  a  certain  length  in  order  to  conform 
to  the  Government  Regulations.  The  tuning  coil  is  connected 
in  circuit  with  the  spark-gap  and  the  condenser,  and  the  aerial 
and  ground  wires  are  connected  to  it  as  we  shall  presently  see. 

The  High  Tension  Condenser.  This  can  be  either  a  bat- 
tery of  Leyden  jars  or  it  can  be  made  of  a  number  of  sheets  of 
glass  covered  with  tin-foil.  The  sending  condenser  must  be  pro- 
portioned to  the  size  of  the  tuning  coil  and  the  larger  it  is, 
within  certain  limits,  the  shorter  and  thicker  the  spark  at  the 
gap  will  be  and  the  more  effective  the  electric  waves  that  are 
sent  out  by  the  aerial. 

Connecting  Up  the  Transmitter 

When  you  have  made  or  bought  all  of  these  pieres  of  apparatus 
connect  them  up  as  shown  in  Fig.  3  with  No.  14  copper  wire, 
which  should  be  insulated,  that  is  the  primary  of  the  induction 
coil,  or  transformer;  the  battery,  or  other  source  of  current,  and 
the  key  are  connected  in  series  as  it  is  called. 

Ne.xt  the  spark-gap,  the  condencer,  and  the  tuning  coil  are 
connected  in  series  and  then  the  end  of  the  aerial  wire  is  con- 
nected with  the  top  binding  post  of  the  tuning  coil,  while  one  of 
the  clips  of  the  tuning  coil  and  the  ground  wire  are  connected 
together,  all  of  which  is  clearly  shown  in  Fig.  3. 

Before  sending  wireless  telegraph  messages  with  this  or  any 
other  set  you  must  have  a  Government  license  and  the  way  to 
obtain  a  license  is  fully  explained  in  a  pamphlet  entitled  Radio 
Communication  Laws  of  the  United  States  and  which  you  can  get 
by  sending  fifteen  cents  to  the  Superintendent  of  Documents, 
Government  Printing  Office,  Washington,  D.  C. 

The  International  Morsk  Code:  The  following  code  is 
used  throughout  the  world  on  land  and  sea  fur  >t-nding  wireless 
telegraph  messagr  and  for  this  reason  it  is  called  the  International 
Morse  Code. 

It  is  a  little  different  from  the  ordinary  Morse  Code,  but  it  is 
easier  to  learn  than  the  latter.     You  must  be  able  to  send  at 


:.  *!?l:.*'' 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  127 

least  five  words  per  minute  before  you  can  obtain  a  Govern- 
ment license. 

The  Receiving  Apparatus 

A  wireless  receiver  is  easily  made,  that  is  all  except  the  head 
telephone  receiver,  or  you  can  buy  the  whole  receiving  apparatus 
ready  made.  Many  boys  have  only  receiving  stations,  for  a 
license  is  not  required  to  listen  hi  and  wherever  you  live  you  are 


The  Intemati 

oaal  Morse  Code 

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almost  sure  to  be  within  signaling  range  nf  inme  other  station. 
A  receiver  consists  of  (i)  a  crystal  detector,  (2)  a  tuning  coil,  (3) 
a  variable  condenser,  and  (4)  a  pair  of  head  telephone  receivers. 

A  Crystal  Detector.  A  crystal  detector  in  its  simplest  form 
»:;  merely  phosphor-browe,  or  a  German  silver,  point  pressing 
gently  on  a  crystal  of  silicon  or  of  iron  pyrites.    A  metal  frame- 


128 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


work  screwed  to  a  hard  rubber  base  is  used  to  hold  the  crystal 
in  place  and  to  provide  the  means  for  obtaining  the  right  pres- 
sure of  the  point  on  the  crystal. 

The  Tuning  Coil.  This  is  made  by  winding  a  single  layer 
of  No.  20  or  22  insulated  copper  wire  on  a  cylinder  of  wood, 
glass,  or  other  material;  the  insulation  of  the  wire  is  scraped  off 
in  two  parallel  lines  the  length  of  the  coil  and  two  springs  sliding 
on  brass  rods  make  contact  with  the  turns  of  wire. 

The  twier,  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  is  used  to  tune  in  any  sta- 
tion, that  is  to  adjust  the  aerial  wire  and  circuits  of  your  re- 
ceiver to  the  wave  length  sent  out  by  the  station  which  you  want 
to  listen  to.  It  is  also  useful  to  tune  out  interfering  signals  and 
to  make  the  received  signals  ring  clear  and  loud  in  the  receiver. 

The  Condenser.  The  best  kind  of  a  receiving  condenser  is 
of  tlie  variable  type.    It  is  made  of  a  number  of  thin  sheet  brass 


ryyo  5lider. 

TUNING  COIL 


V/lfil/IBLE  C0NDEN5ER 


TELEPHONE 
RECEIVER. 

semicircles,  called  leaves,  half  of  which  are  fixed  in  position  and 
the  other  half,  which  alternate  with  the  fixe<l  leaves,  are  made 
movable.  The  movable  leaves  can  be  turned  by  means  of  a 
knob  and  very  sharp  tuning  can  be  obtained  when  it  is  used  in 
connection  with  the  tuning  coil. 
The  Telephone  Receivers.    To  receive  over  long  distances 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  129 

a  good  pair  of  head  telephone  receivers  must  be  used.  A  re 
ceiver  wound  to  500  ohms  resistance  is  good  enough  to  receive 
over  distances  of  100  miles  or  so,  but  for  longer  distances  each 
receiver  should  be  wound  to  1,000  ohms  resistance.  In  buying 
your  receiver  be  sure  that  it  is  wound  with  copper  wire  and  not 
German  silver  wire,  as  a  receiver  wound  with  the  last-named 
kind  of  wire  is  not  nearly  as  sensitive  as  one  wound  with  the 
former  kind  of  wire  though  the  resistance  of  both  may  be  the 
same. 


Connecting  Up  the  Receiver 

Having  all  the  parts  of  the  receiver  the  next  thing  to  do  is  to 
hook  them  up,  that  is  connect  them  together.  If  you  intend  to 
receive  only,  then  connect  one  of  the  binding  posts  of  the  tuning 
coil  with  the  aerial  wire  and  connect  the  ground  wire  with  one 
of  the  sliding  contacts. 

The  other  sliding  contact  is  joined  to  one  of  the  binding  posts 
of  the  variable  condenser  and  the  other  post  of  the  condenser 
leads  to  one  of  the  posts  of  the  detector,  while  the  other  post 
of  the  detector  is  connected  with  the  ground  wire.  The  telephone 
receiver  is  shunted  around  the  detector,  all  of  which  is  clearly 
shown  in  Fig.  4,  when  the  instrument  is  ready  to  receive  mes- 
sages. 


The  Aerial  Switch 

If  you  are  going  to  send  as  well  as  to  receive  you  will  have  to 
use  an  aerial  switch,  that  is  a  specially  made  switch.  When  the 
lever  of  the  switch  is  up  the  sending  apparatus  is  cut  out  and  the 
receiver  is  connected  to  the  aerial  and  ground  wires.  But  when 
the  switch  is  down  the  receiver  is  disconnected  and  the  sending 
apparatus  is  cut  in. 


Operation  of  the  Apparatus 

Sending.  Suppose  now  that  the  aerial  switch  is  in  the  dinvn 
position  and  that  you  are  sending  a  message.  When  you  press 
down  the  button  of  the  telegraph  key  it  closes  the  battery  or 
lighting  circuit,  and  the  current  flows  through  the  primary  coil 
of  the  induction  coil,  or  transformer. 

If  it  is  a  direct  current  the  vibrator  of  the  induction  coil 


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130 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


changes  it  into  an  interrupted  current  and  this  sets  up  high  pres- 
sure alternating  currents  in  the  secotidary  of  the  coil;  or  if  it  is 
an  alternating  current  to  begin  with,  then  the  transformer  sets 
up  high  pressure  alternating  currents  in  the  secondary  coil. 

In  either  case  these  high  pressure  alternating  currents  charge 
the  condenser  anrl  this  in  turn  discharges  through  the  spark- 
gap  and  makes  a  continuous  stream  of  bright,  crackling  sparks. 
Now  the  discharge  of  a  condenser  through  the  spark-gap  sets 
up  high  tension  currents  of  very  high  frequency,  or  electric 
oscillations  as  they  are  called,  and  these  currents  surge  through 
the  tuning  coil,  the  aerial,  and  ground  wires  at  the  rate  of  a  mil- 
lion times  a  second,  more  or  less. 

These  electric  oscillations  running  forth  and  back  along  the 
aerial  wire  are  changed  into  electric  waves,  just  as  an  ordinarj' 
electric  current  flowing  in  a  wire  is  changed  into  magnetic  lines 
of  force,  and  these  electric  waves  push  out  into  space  in  every 
direction  exactly  as  the  vibrations  of  a  bell  send  forth  sound 
waves,  but  with  this  difference,  where  a  sound  wave  will  travel 
only  a  few  miles  at  most,  an  electric  wave  will  travel  hundreds 
of  miles,  and,  again,  where  a  sound  wave  travels  i,o86  feet  a 
second,  an  electric  wave  tra\els  i86,5cx)  miles  a  second,  which 
is  the  speed  of  hght. 

Receimxg.  Since  electric  waves  from  a  sending  aerial  arc 
radiated  into  space  in  '^•, ciy  direction,  they  will,  of  course, 
strike  any  aerial  wire  whereser  it  may  be  located  if  it  is  not  too 
far  away. 

.And  when  the  electric  waves  strike  an  aerial  connected  with 
a  receiver  they  set  up  in  the  aerial  wire  electric  oscillations 
having  e.xactly  the  same  number  of  vibrations  per  second  as 
the  electric  oscillations  which  sent  out  the  waves.  For  this 
reason  the  receiving  circuits  must  be  tuned  to  the  sending 
circuits. 

The  high  frequency  oscillations  set  up  in  the  aerial  wires  by 
the  incoming  electric  waves  will  flow  down  the  aerial  to  the 
tuning  coil,  thence  through  the  condenser  and  the  detec*  i  jn 
to  the  ground  and  back  again  and  it  is  the  purpose  of  tne  de- 
tector to  act  as  a  sort  of  valve  to  change  the  rapid  oscillations 
into  an  interrupted  direct  current. 

This  latter  kind  of  a  current  energizes  the  telephone  receiver 
where  the  former  kind  of  current  will  not  affect  ii,  with  the 
result  that  buzzing  sounds  are  made  which  are  ""ead  by  ;he 
operator,  that  is  a  short  bu?z  is  read  as  a  dot  and  a  long  buzz 
as  a  dash,  and  in  this  way  uiessages  in  the  International  Code  are 
received. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  131 

Totems  in  Town 

west  roa^  „t  il    ■  ^•.,  "  .""'  ™°"«  *=  Mians  aloni  the 

rotems  uTsene  thf/nH.    f ^''"  discovered  in  modern  timls. 
.heir  i.^. '   n^w  seen  commerce,  and  a  great  revival  of 

bv^ll   wSJr  orfo^l"'^  '  '""^7">'  °ff  ^"d  is  understood 
our  stre«M„"Sv""w„„°?S  'r'r'  "'"'"""  'o'^'  -»<! '" 

Bo.  w„,  ^«  aKot^r;rhLrb7cSrrsr 


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Things  to  Know  and  Do 
Fire    Servant  or  Master? 

FIRE  IS   A      REAT   SERVANT   BUT   A   TERRIBLE   MASTER 
Fire  Prevention 
:ommissioner  Robert  Adamson's  Pamphlet 


133 


Tondensed  frti     Fire 


Wl      should  America  suffer  five  times  as  much  fire  loss  ner 

tl.;!  '"'  '  "■^^'^"'^  '^"""^'•y-     C^^fly  because  we  are  :o 

think  that  every  year  abouf  2,000  h'ves  are  lost  in  fires 

.000  persons  mjurel.     The  money  loss  to  this  countr^  is 

.^500,000,0.0.  whid  nieans  that  every  family  of  firSs 

:  ing  S12  so  a  year         ,eir  share  of  this  lossl-$2.soEe 

urop    -he  people  a        .  careful  about  fires  that  fire  los'  1^ 

f      .  ty  cents  ap.,  ce.     Taking  no  account  o^  the  suffe r- 

.000  a      aur,  $4r6  a  muxute.     In  olher  words,  we  lose  each 
■  '   throu.     fire  more  ^han  enough  to  build  the    anamatanal 
l^urmg  :.r3,  in  New  York  City  alone,  588  tires  ue^e^u"ei 
children  playing  with   natches,  wi-,.  a  loss  of  $p  oS, 


It  has  been  calculated 
recent  years  on  the  Four 
in   the  whole  origin 
40,000  were  killed  o 
years,  1904  to  19 14. 
a!ul  demanded  a  safe  ai 

Fireworks  and  bonfirt 
never  yet  saw  the  time  or 


'hat  more  people  have  been  killed  in 

'  o!  July  celebration  than  were  killed 

olution  that  it   celebrates.     Nearly 

m  f  ,urth  01  July  fires  in  the  ten 

•vhy  sensible  people  have  risen  up 

Fourth. 

ild  be  absolutely  forbidden.     I 
However  safp  iV'i^r"^  "'       .    "'^ere  a  bonfire  was  not  a  curse. 

"waS,^;tims"'  A  ur^^Sc'°aff  Br:/?'/""  ■' 

makes  a  '  infiro     T   *  '-v  iiuc  wooacrait  boy  or  Girl  never 

ingt^n.gfc  p'r^peny  rrur  rn^"^^"^^'"  ^'^''^^^  -^- 

Fires  would  be  practically  unknown  if  we  followed  the  advice 

of  C  .  ,nissioner  Adamson  of  New  York  City,  and  practisedVhe 

IWENTY-THREE   DON'tS 

Don't  allow  children  to  play  with  matches. 
L»cn  t  block    he  fire  e^cape^ 

IJon  t  throw  away  lighted  matches,  cigars,  or  ciearette^ 


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134  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

Don't  use  kerosene  to  light  fires  with,  or  use  benzin  3r  naphtha 
near  open  flames. 

Don't  fill  kerosene  lamps  when  lighted. 

Don't  use  a  poor  quality  of  kerosene  oil. 

Don't  put  ashes  in  wooden  boxes  or  barrels.  Keep  ashes 
away  from  boards. 

Don't  put  hot  ashes  on  dumbwaiter,  or  near  wooden  partitions. 

Don't  have  piles  of  rubbish  in  the  house,  or  cellars,  or  in 
workshops. 

Don't  use  candles  on  Christmas  trees. 

Don't  keep  matches  in  anything  but  a  closed  metal  bo.x. 

Don't  tie  back  the  dumbwaiter  shaft  in  the  cellar. 

Don't  store  oils,  paints,  grease,  or  fats  in  the  house. 

Don't  have  greasy  rags  around,  they  catch  fire  by  themselves. 

Don't  have  lace  curtains  near  gas  brackets. 

Don't  use  folding  gas  brackets. 

Don't  use  gasolene,  naphtha,  or  benzine  in  the  house  unless  all 
windows  are  open  and  there  is  no  light  near. 

Don't  pour  gasolene  or  naphtha  down  the  drain. 

Don't  use  kitchen  stoves  close  on  tables  unless  there  is  a 
metal  sheet  underneath  the  burners. 

Don't  set  gas  stoves  right  up  against  the  wall.  They  should 
have  a  metal  sheet  behind  them. 

Don't  look  for  gas  leaks  with  a  lighted  match  or  candle. 


IN    CASE    OF    FIRE 

But  suppose  that  in  spite  of  your  doing  your  share  some  one 
else  has  failed,  aiul  a  fire  has  broken  out  in  a  house.  The  first 
thing  is  keep  cool,  act  quickly,  and  send  in  an  alarm. 

Hou'.  Find  the  nearest  alarm  box  to  your  home.  If  it  opens 
with  a  key,  find  out  who  keeps  the  key.  The  ordinary  box  has 
no  kev;  vou  simply  turn  the  handle  to  the  right,  open  the  door, 
and  pull'  the  hook  down  all  the  way  and  let  go.  Wait  until 
the  firemen  arrive  and  direct  them  to  the  fire.  If  you  don't 
know  where  the  nearest  alarm  box  is  located,  use  the  'phone  and 
ask  Central  for  Fire  Headquarters,  and  tell  the  Fire  Department 
operator  the  exact  address  of  the  building  where  fire  is. 

//  the  fire  is  in  a  crowded  building,  the  first  thing  is  to  keep  cool 
and  help  others  to  do  the  same,  for  PAXIC  is  worse  than  Fin: 
It  kills  far  more.  Keep  cool  and  help  others  do  the  same.  A 
cool  man  who  can  get  up  and  address  the  crowd  from  the  step 
can  often  do  wonders,  for  though  they  cannot  hear  him  the 
crowd  can  see  that  he  is  cool.    This  helps  them 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 

IX   A   BURNING   HOUSE 


135 


.hi  Zr  \  "\\house  afire  there  is  always  good  air  near 

he  floor,  so  crawl  with  head  low  if  the  room  is  fSll  of  smoke. 

If  you  must  open  a  wmdow,  close  the  door  first.    Then  get  out 

and  wave  anythmg  you  can  get,  shout  and  wait.    Some  fireman 

hL  L^'^  ^^^"1  T^  y°"  '^  y°"  ^^*^P  <^o«l-  Remember 
hese  men  are  absolutely  brave,  sure,  and  quick,  they  know  their 
busmess;  they  are  there  to  help  you.  The  fire  that  is  so  seriou.s 
to  you  IS  an  everyday  thing  to  them.  I  might  almost  say  thev 
finer  fail,  unless  the  victim  does  not  keep  cool.  We  may  mak'e 
jokes  about  our  street  cleaners,  and  write  harsh  things  at  times 
about  the  police  and  the  alderman,  but  we  are  always  proud  of 
our  firemen,  and  whatever  they  tell  you  to  do  is  sure  to  be  the 
ijcst  thing  possible  at  the  time. 

If  your  clothing  is  on  fire,  roll  in  any  woolen  blanket,  rug 
or  coat  you  can  find.  '    ^' 

If  you  find  an  insensible  person  in  a  room  full  of  smoke,  get 
him  on  the  floor,  tie  his  hands  together  loosely  with  a  towel  or 
suspenders;  if  you  have  no  cord,  throw  the  end  of  his  coat  over 
his  face  around  your  neck,  and  he  is  on  the  floor  below  you;  then 
crawl  out  on  all  fours,  straddling  him  as  you  drag  him 

If  some  one  is  cut  off,  up  aloft,  so  he  must  jump,  let  half  a 

riumn  on  °H  u'-r'^^'^'f  ^^'  °^  ""'^'^  ^t^°"S  ^»°th  for  him 

Ik    ^        r  "°^l'^as  high  as  you  can  with  its  centre  about 

uelve  feet  from  the  base  of  the  wall,  and  he  can  jump  safely 

from  a  gr^t  height.    Of  course,  you  can  help  him  to  hk  k  by 

moving  It  to  fit  his  jump  after  he  is  started.  ^ 

c-.^Zhe"draT  ^""^  '''"'^''^'  ''°''^  ^'  '""'^  ^^  P^^^'^^^  '^ 
But  always  see  that  the  alarm  has  gone  in. 

Sleep  Outdoors 

As  you  drive  through  New  England  in  the  evening,  summer 
or  winter,  you  must  notice  a  great  many  beds  out  of  Zr  ' 
on  piazza  or  on  sun-deck.    Many  of  these  are  beds  of  per^n^ 
who  are  suffering  from  lung  trouble.    They  have  found  out  tha 
this  IS  the  way  to  cure  it.    Some  of  them  are  the  beds  of  rirson 
who  fear  lung  trouble  and  this  they  know  is  the  way  to  evide  h 

lake,  then,  this  lesson:  If  possible,  every  boy  should  sleeO 

be  the  betted  fd?i?.'^'  ^'''"'  ^'^'  ""^  ''^•"P^^^^'  ^"^  he  will 


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HEALTH 


Health  Hints 
The  Life  Force 
Breathing 
Walking 

Near-sightedness— Remedy 

Dry  Footgear 

Ready  Help 

Revive  from  Drowning 

Sunstroke 


Bums  and  Scalds 

Hemorrhage 

Cuts  and  Wounds 

Lightning 

Shock— Nervous  Collapse 

Fainting 

Mad  Dog— Snake  Bite 

Insect  Stings 

Cinders  in  Eye 


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HEALTH 


Health  Hints 

The  law  of  the  Woodcraft  Boys  i>  understand  and  respect  your 
body — it  is  the  temple  of  the  spirit."  Most  of  the  joy  in  living 
comes  from  a  healthy  body,  every  part  of  which  is  in  perfect  order 
and  running  smoothly.  Health  means  activity.  Only  a  body 
which  has  l^een  used  and  tried  will  radiate  vitality.  There 
was  a  time  when  the  body  was  spoken  of  as  a  thing  to  be  ashamed 
of,  as  something  to  hinder  one  from  achieving  the  worthwhile 
things.  In  those  days  men  spoke  of  spiritual  things  and  worldly 
things,  thinking  they  were  distinct  and  separate — forgetting 
that  the  things  of  the  spirit  work  themselves  out  through  the 
body.  The  most  beautiful  thing  in  the  world  is  the  human 
body  and  the  most  wonderful.  Cherished  with  this  idea  the 
muscles  become  beautiful  and  strong,  the  skin  clean  and  firm. 
Such  a  body  is  fit  to  meet  the  struggles  of  life  and  has  a  reserve 
force  to  meet  the  call  of  emergency.  Most  of  us  start  with  a 
good  body  and  it  is  our  sacred  duty  to  keep  it  so.  Here  are  a 
few  rules  for  you  to  follow: 

1.  Carry  yourself  well.  Throw  your  shoulders  back.  Ex- 
pand your  chest.     Don't  slouch. 

2.  Breathe  deeply.  Practise  proper  breathing.  Have  as 
large  a  chest  expansion  as  possible. 

J.  Learn  to  sleep  properly.  Get  at  least  eight  hours  and  if 
possible  nine.    Have  plenty  of  fresh  air  in  your  room. 

4.  Accustom  your  body  to  the  air.  Make  sure  your 
muscles  of  the  back  and  stomach  are  in  the  best  of  condition. 
Use  the  wet  and  dry  rub  down  frequently — every  day.  Ac- 
custom your  body  to  firmness,  avoid  any  tendency  toward 
softness. 

5.  Eat  simple  food — avoid  stimulants.  Check  any  habits  of 
drinking  soft  stuff,  over-eating  candy.  Stop  when  vou  have 
eaten  enough. 

6.  Above  all  be  clean.  Bathe  frequently  and  carefully. 
See  that  all  parts  of  the  body  are  cleansed  thoroughly  and 
regularly. 

130 


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Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


The  Life  Force 

By  Dr.  Valeria  Parker 

The  greatest  force  in  the  Universe  is  known  as  the  Life  Force. 
Although  common  to  every  living  thing,  it  has  never  been 
understood  by  philosophers  nor  has  it  been  created  by  scientists. 
We  know,  however,  that  in  whatever  form  it  manifests  itself, 
the  Life  Force  has  three  powers — growth,  assimilation,  and  con- 
tinuation of  its  own  life  through  new  lives.  This  last  is  the  great 
power  by  which  our  world,  with  its  many  forms  of  plant  and 
animal  life,  is  renewed,  throughout  the  ages.  We  call  this  power 
rep;  duction.  In  plants  and  animals,  reproduction  takes  place 
through  definite  laws  and  at  definite  seasons,  controlled  by 
the  force  we  call  Nature.  In  human  beings,  reproduction,  or 
parenthood,  is  governed  by  mind  and  spirit,  but  if  uncontrolled, 
instead  of  being  a  force  of  life  and  happiness,  it  becomes  a 
means  of  degradation  of  body,  mind,  and  spirit,  leading  to 
destruction. 

Because  of  the  great  importance  of  the  Life  Force  in  human 
beings,  reproductive  power  is  not  fully  received  until  about 
the  fourteenth  year.  During  and  after  this  time,  special  facts 
should  be  known  and  understood  in  order  that  the  body  may 
receive  proper  care  and  that  character  and  self-control  may 
be  developed.  Therefore,  now  that  you  have  passed  the  years 
of  childhood  and  since  you  are  responsible  for  the  care  of  your 
own  body  and  the  <levelopment  of  your  own  character  you  should 
know  the  special  laws  governing  human  life. 

WTien  it  is  understood,  reverenced,  and  guided  in  the  right 
direction,  the  Life  Force,  when  not  concerned  in  parenthood,  is 
used  in  strengthening  the  body  and  the  mind.  As  this  great 
force  becomes  a  part  of  your  life  and  is  given  into  your  keeping, 
it  becomes  your  privilege  to  know  the  facts  concerning  it  for 
the  development  of  bodily  strength  and  moral  character.  Some 
of  this  information  you  may  get  from  books  concerning  which 
your  Guide  will  advise  you.  From  older  persons  whom  you 
respect  you  may  learn  important  truths.  Never  should  you 
seek  facts  from  those  who  by  word  or  action  show  that  they 
would  treat  lightly  or  even  degrade  the  Power  of  Life.  After 
you  begin  to  understand  the  true  meaning  of  manhood,  you  will 
resolve  that  you  will  hold  your  share  in  the  "  Life  of  the  Ages"  as 
a  sacred  trust  to  be  used  in  service  to  others  as  well  as  the  devel- 
opment of  your  own  l)esf  self. 


m. 


Things  to  Know  and  D3 


141 


Breathing 

"Shut  Your  Mouth  and  Save  Your  Life"  was  'he  title  of  an 
essay  by  George  Catlin,  a  famous  outdoor  man,  who  lived 
among  the  Indians,  and  wrote  about  them  1825  to  '40,  In 
this  he  pointed  out  that  it  is  e::ceedingly  injurious  to  breathe 
through  your  mouth;  that.  '  "  "d,  many  persons  injured  their 
lungs  by  taking  in  air  tha  not  strained  and  warmed  first 

through  the  nose,  and  in    ..         cases  laid  the  foundation  of 
diseases  which  killed  them. 


Don't  Turn  Out  Your  Toes  Too  Much 

When  you  sec  a  man  whose  toes  are  excessively  turned  out,  you 
may  knows  he  was  born  and  brought  up  on  sidewalks.  He  is  a 
poor  walker  and  will  not  hold  out  on  an  all-day  tramp. 

The  mountaineer  and  the  Indian  scout  always  keep  their 
feet  nearly  straight.  It  is  easier  on  the  feet,  it  avoids  corns 
and  bunions,  and  it  lengthens  the  stride;  makes,  in  short,  a  better 
traveller,  A  glance  at  his  tracks  will  tell  you  how  a  person 
walks. 


The  Keen  Eyes  of  the  Indian.    Do  You  Wish  to  Have  Them? 

Near-sightedness.  An  eminent  eye  doctor.  Dr.  W.  H.  Bates 
of  New  York,  has  found  out  how  you  can  have  sight  as  keen 
and  eyes  as  good  as  those  of  the  Indians  who  live  out  of  doors. 
After  eight  years'  study  of  the  subject  he  has  established  the 
following: 

a.  The  defect  known  as  near-sight  or  short-sight  seldom 
exists  at  birth,  but  is  acquired. 

b.  Besides  being  acquirable,  it  is  preventable  and  in  some 
cases  curable. 

c.  It  comes  through  continual  use  of  the  eye  for  near  objects 
only,  during  the  years  of  growth. 

The  Remedy.  The  remedy  is,  give  the  eye  regular  muscular 
exercise  every  day  lor  far-sight  by  focussing  it  for  a  few  minutes 
on  distant  objects.  It  is  not  enough  to  merely  look  at  the  far-off 
landscapes  The  eye  must  be  definitely  focussed  on  something, 
like  print,  before  the  necessary  muscular  adjustment  is  perfect 
and  the  effect  obtained. 

The  simplest  way  to  do  this  is — get  an  oruinary  eye  testing 
card,  such  as  is  sold  for  a  nickel  at  any  optician's.    Hang  it  up 


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as  far  off  as  possible  in  the  schoolroom  and  use  it  each  day. 
Train  your  eyes  to  read  the  smallest  letters  from  your  seat. 

By  such  exercises  during  the  years  of  growth  almost  all 
short-sight,  or  near-sight,  and  much  blurred  sight  or  astig- 
matism, may  be  permanently  prevented. 

An  interesting  proof  is  found  by  Dr.  Casey  Wood  in  the 
fact  that  while  wild  animals  have  good  sight,  caged  animals 
that  have  lost  all  opportunities  for  watching  distant  objects 
are  generally  myopic  or  short-sighted.  In  other  words,  nature 
adapts  the  tool  to  its  job. 

Dry  footgear 

A  certain  minister  knowing  I  had  much  platform  experience 
said  to  me  once:  "How  is  it  that  your  voice  never  grows  husky 
in  speaking?  No  matter  how  well  I  may  be  my  voice  often 
turns  husky  in  the  pulpit." 

He  was  a  thin,  nervous  man,  very  serious  about  his  work  and 
anxious  to  impress.  I  replied:  "You  are  nervous  before 
preaching,  which  makes  your  feet  sweat.  Your  socks  are 
wet  when  you  are  in  the  pulpit,  and  the  sympathy  between 
soles  and  voice  is  well  known.  Put  on  dry  socks  just  before 
entering  the  pulpit  and  you  need  not  fear  any  huskiness." 

He  looked  amazed  and  said:  "You  certainly  have  sized  me 
up  all  right.    I'll  try  next  Sunday." 

I  have  not  seen  him  since  and  don't  know  the  result,  but  1 
know  that  the  principle  is  sound — wet  feet,  husky  throat. 


READY  HELP 
To  Revive  from  Drowning 

(i)  As  soon  as  the  patient  is  in  a  safe  place,  loosen  the  cloth- 
ing, if  any. 

(2)  Empty  the  lungs  of  water,  by  lating  the  body  breast 
down,  and  lifting  it  hy  the  middle,  with  the  head  hanging  down. 
Hold  thus  for  a  fe\  sf^conds,  till  the  water  is  evidently  out. 

(t,)  Turn  the  pau    t  on  his  breast,  face  downward. 

(4)  Give  artificial  respiration  thus:  by  pressing  the  lower 
ribs  down  and  forward  toward  the  ht;id,  then  release.  Repeat 
about  twelve  times  tc  ihe  minute. 

(s)  Apply  warmth  and  friction  to  extremities,  rubbing  toward 
the  heart. 

(6)  DON'T   GIVK   UP!    Persons   have   l)een   saved   after 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


143 


hours  of  steady  effort,  and  after  being  under  water  over  twenty 
minutes. 

(7)  When  natural  breathing  is  reestablished,  put  the  patient 
into  warm  bed,  with  hot-water  bottles,  warm  drinks,  or  stimu- 
lants, in  teaspoonfuls,  fresh  air,  and  quiet.  Let  him  sleep,  and 
all  will  be  well. 

Sunstroke 

(i)  Reduce  the  temperature  of  the  patient  and  the  place — 
that  is,  move  the  patient  at  once  to  a  cooler  spot,  if  possible,  in 
the  shade. 

(2)  Loosen  or  remove  the  clothing  about  the  neck  and  body. 

(3)  Apply  cold  water  or  ice  to  the  head  and  body,  or  even 
wrap  the  patient  in  sheets  wet  from  time  to  time  with  cold 
water. 

(4)  Use  no  stimulant,  but  allow  free  use  of  cold  water  to  drink. 

Burns  and  Scalds 

Exclude  the  air  by  covering  the  burn  with  a  thin  paste  of 
baking-soda,  starch,  flour,  vaseline,  olive  oil,  linseed  oil,  castor- 
oil,  lard,  cream,  or  cold  cream.  Cover  the  burn  first  with  the 
smear;  next  with  a  soft  rag  soaked  in  the  smear. 

Shock  always  accompanies  severe  burns,  and  must  be  treated. 

Hemorrhage,  or  Internal  Bleedmg 

This  is  usually  from  the  lungs  or  stomach.  If  from  the 
lungs,  the  blood  is  bright-red  and  frothy,  and  is  coughed  up; 
it  from  the  stomach,  it  is  dark,  and  is  vomited.  Cause  the 
patient  to  lie  down,  with  head  lower  than  body.  Small  pieces 
of  ice  should  be  swallowed,  and  ice-bags,  or  snow,  cold  water, 
etc.,  applied  to  the  place  whence  the  hemorrhage  comes.  Hot 
applications  may  be  applied  to  the  extremities,  but  avoid  stim- 
ulants, unless  the  patient  is  very  weak. 

Cuts  and  Wounds 

.After  making  sure  that  no  dirt  or  foreign  substance  is  in  the 
\\ound,  the  first  thing  is  tight  bandaging— to  close  it  and  stop  the 
bleeding.  The  more  the  part  is  raised  above  the  heart— the 
torce-pumpy— the  easier  it  is  to  do  this. 

If  the  blood  comes  out  in  spurts,  it  means  an  artery  has  been 
cut;  for  this,  apply  a  twister  or  tourniquet— that  is,  make  a  big 


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knot  in  a  handkerchief,  tie  it  round  the  limb,  with  the  knot  just 
above  the  wound,  and  twist  it  round  with  a  stick  till  the  flow  is 
stopped. 

Lightning 

To  revive  one  stunned  by  a  thunderbolt,  dash  cold  water  over 
him. 

Shock  or  Nervous  Collapse 

A  person  suffering  from  sliock  has  pale,  dull  face,  cold  skin, 
tecblc  breathing,  rapid,  feeble  puise,  listless,  half-dead  manner. 
Place  him  on  his  back  with  head  low.  Give  stimulants,  such  as 
hot  lea  or  coffee,  or  perhaps  one  drink  of  spirits.  Never  remove 
the  clothing,  but  cover  the  person  up.  Rub  the  limbs  and  place 
hot- water  bottles  around  the  body.  Most  persons  recover  in 
time,  without  aid,  but  those  with  weak  hearts  need  help. 


Fainting 

Fainting  is  caused  by  the  arrest  of  the  blood  supply  to  the 
brain,  and  is  cured  by  getting  the  heart  to  correct  the  lack.  To 
aid  in  this  have  the  person  lie  down  with  the  head  l«/wer  than  the 
body.  Loosen  the  clothing.  Give  fresh  air.  Rub  the  limbs. 
Use  smelling-salts.     Do  not  let  him  get  up  until  fully  recovered. 

Mad  Dog  or  Snake  Bite 

Put  a  tight  cord  or  bandage  around  the  limb  between  the 
wound  and  the  heart.  Suck  the  wound  many  times  and  wash  it 
with  hot  water  to  make  it  bleed.  Burn  it  with  strong  ammonia 
or  caustic  or  a  white-hot  iron;  or  cut  out  the  wounded  parts  with 
a  sharp  knife  or  razor,  if  you  cannot  get  to  a  doctor. 


Insect  Stings 

Wash  with  oil  or  weak  ammonia,  or  very  salt  water,  or  paint 
with  iodine. 

Cinders  or  Sand  in  the  Eye 

Can  be  removed  with  the  corner  of  a  handkerchief,  or  the  wet 
end  of  a  tiny  roll  of  soft  paper. 


I 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  145 

Books  Recommended 

"First  Aid,     by  Major  Charles  Lync>i.    P.  Blakistoa  Sons  &  Co,  loi  7 
Walnut  St,  rhiladclphia,  1911.     3ocent- 

PATRIOTISM  AND  CITIZENSHIP 

Patriotism  ami  religion  are  the  finest  expressions  in  the  life  of 
man.     His  first  impulse  in  life  is  for  self-protection,  his  second  to 
[iroloct  his  family,  and  his  third  to  protect  his  land  and  nation. 
Patriotism  is  a  love  of  nation  which  begins  in  self-control  and 
family  love.     It  compels  one  to  forget  self  and  do  the  best 
thins  for  the  nation.     The  waving  of   llags,   the   singing  of 
hymns,   the   great   celebrations    indicate    its    existence.     But 
It  appears  in   its  finest  form  in   citizenship,   when  men  and 
women  strive  to  see  that  righteousness  and  justice  are  done.     It 
means  careful  study  of  the  conditions  of  life  existing  in  the  nation 
and  having  thoughtful  and  positive  opinions  as  to  how  these  con- 
ditions may  1^  bettered.     It  means  casting  a  vote  at  every  op- 
portunity for  the  best  man  and  the  best  cause.     More  than  this, 
it  means  doing  always  what  you  conceive  to  be  right  and  in 
sistence  that  the  affairs  of  the  community  be  conducted  on  this 
same  principle.     It  means  the  greatest  good  to  the  greatest  num- 
ber.   It  means  libraries,  night  schools,  and  plavgrounds,and  looks 
after  garbage  disposal,  hosj)itals,  and  health  laws.     It  means  the 
elimination  of  corruption  in  every  form,  whether  in  government, 
in  society,  or  private  life— it  means  in  public  life  the  conscience 
of  the  individual. 

While  patriotism  and  citizenship  are  the  same  to  young  and 
old,  they  mean  one  thing  to  a  young  person  and  more  to  a 
V'r(>wn-up.  To  the  older  person  they  entail  the  serious  matter  of 
'  ling,  of  holding  office,  of  cooperating  with  others  in  achieving 
good  government. 

To  the  Woodcraft  Boy  it  means  duty  well  done  in  home,  in 
school,  on  the  playground  and  street,  in  his  relations  with  his 
friends  and  acquaintances.  It  means  taking  seriously  the  club, 
the  class,  the  Woodcraft  Tribe-  any  organization  to  which  he 
l)eli)ngs.  The.se  things  are  .  aal,  and  only  one  who  lives  wisely  and 
well  as  a  young  person  will  be  able  to  do  iiis  best  in  maturity. 
Guided  by  these  principles,  a  VWxxlcrdfter,  young  or  old,  vo»:-s  for 
the  best  and  does  not  decide  the  issue  on  friendship  or  selfish  inr 
lerest.  The  Woodcrafter  grown  up  always  votes  for  the  best 
titted,  never  takis  office  because  it  is  an  honor  merely,  but  con- 
siders it  a  sacred  duty.  The  Woodcrafter  in  school,  club,  Tribe, 
or  other  group  recognizes  his  responsibility  to  see  that  right  is 


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Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


done— he  is  conscious  that  the  greatest  nicil  >f  his  time  is  that  of 
strong  men  and  women  who  will  want  the  b'st  and  see  that  it  is 
obtained. 

This  is  patriotism  and  citizenshijy—  J  hat  you  know  your  home- 
land as  well  as  you  can,  that  you  love  it  so  well  that  you  give  to  it 
your  best,  that  your  homeland  may  be  a  place  of  right  thinking 
and  right  living  to  all,  rich  and  iKx^r,  young  and  old,  strong  and 
weak. 

Books  Recommended 

Speeches,  Poems,  and  Recitations 

Arbor  Day,  Robt.  Haven  Schauffler.     Moffat,  Yard  &  Co.    $1.00 
CuRiSTUAs,  Robt.  Haven  Schauffler.     Moffat,  Yard  &  Co.    $1.00 
Flag  Day,  Robt.  Haven  Schaulffler.     Moffat,  Yard  &  Co.    $1.00 
Independence  Day,  Robt.  Haven  Schauffler.    Moffat,  Yard  &  Co.  $1.00 
Lincoln's  Birthday.  Robt.  Haven  Schauffler.    Moffat,  Yard  &  Co.  $1.00 
Memorial  Day,  Robt.  Haven  Schauffler.       loffa'  Yard  &  Co.    $1.00 


Hiking 

It  is  a  good  rule  in  hiking  to  set  out  with  the  idea  of  keeping 
the  party  together,  having  a  pleasant  lime,  and  seeing  interesting 
things,  rather  than  of  showing  how  hard  v  you  are.  It  is  as  b.  J  as 
trying  to  show  how  smart  you  are.  Do  not  try  to  make  a 
record.  Record  breakers  generally  co.  ''  to  grief  in  the  end. 
Take  a  few  boys,  not  more  tiian  d  dozen,  and  set  out  determined 
to  be  moderate.  Plan  a  moderate  *  rip  of  which  not  more  than 
half  the  time  mu^t  be  consumed  in  going  and  coming. 

For  example,  if  it  is  Saturdav  afternoon  and  you  mu^  be  home 
by  six  o'clock,  having  thus  for  hours,  divide  the  time  into  two 
hours'  travel,  going  and  coming,  and  two  hours'  exploration  or 
sight-seeing.  Three  miles  is  a  moderate  walk  for  one  hour,  so 
that  should  be  the  limit  of  distance  that  ordinarily  you  tramp 
from  your  starting  point.  At  five  o'clock  all  hands  should  'e 
ready  to  face  homeward. 

In  a  large  city  it  may  be  that  the  hike  will  he  taken  to  a  park, 
to  a  museum,  or  to  a  place  or  point  of  historiail  interest.  In  this 
connection  it  might  be  well  for  some  member  of  the  tribe  to  make 
a  list  of  the  interesting  historical  places,  of  ihe  museums  of  vari- 
ous kinds,  of  interesting  buildings,  including  any  manufacturing 
plants;  and  have  this  list  ready  when  it  is  decided  to   ake  a  hike. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  rules  which  have  been  found 
good  in  hiking: 

Do  not  go  in  new  shoes. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  147 

Make  sure  that  your  f,    •  arc  comfortable.     (A  comfortaMc 
slioe  IS  not  too  tight  nor  ti     loose.) 

See  that  your  stockings    , .•  without  holes  and  ordinarilv  with 
out  large  darns.     (When  i:  inj:  on  a  long  hike  it  is  well  to  take  an 
oxtra  pair  of  stockings  wii    you.) 

In  walking  keep  your  tot^  practically  strai.^ht  ahead  of  \ou 

Walking  with  your  feet  turned  out  is  tiring  and  results  in  "foot 
trouble. 

Try  to  have  the  members  of  the  group  of  similar  age  and 
physical  ability. 

if  going  in  the  country  it  is  well  to  take  a  tape  line,  knife,  some 
string,  and  some  matches. 

A  comjjass  and  a  pocket  level  and  a  map  also  are  of  \alue  in 
many  cases. 

A  notebook  and  pencil  are  of  great  value. 

Remember  that  the  value  of  the  hike  is  in  doing  things  whi<  h 
you  cannot  do  at  home,  and  last  and  most  important  it  is  wise  to 
set  out  with  a  definite  object.  Here  are  some  of  the  objects  for  a 
short  hike: 

lo  determine  that  hard  maple  or  an\-  other  timber  does  or  does 
not  grow  m  such  woods  or  such  a  park. 

To  see  how  many  kinds  of  trees  can  be  discovered  in  a  given 
I'l  ice,  or  how  many  kinds  of  wild  flowers. 

io  practise  the  building  of  fires  of  wildwood  material, 
have  a  praciical  demonstration  in  cooking, 
•et  acquainted  with  the  i  ; "ds, 

■  •  earn  the  geological  for;;  ution  of  a  certain  rock  or  ledge 

■  .'get  100  straight  rods  .0  ir..  hes  long;  to  make  an  Indian  bed' 
«)i  willow,  hazel,  red       -ow  ';  i.^kinik)  arrow-wood,  etc 

fo  get  wood  for  rubb  ..  ,r    acks  or  the  fire-bow. 

To  get  horns  for  a  Caribou  dance. 

If  there  is  sncw,  .0  take,  by  the  tracks,  a  census  of  a  given 
wor-.  making  ful:  nze  d  i,  ings  of.  each  track— that  is  four 
tr.a.    .  one  for  each  foot,  and  also  give  the  distance  to  the  next 

stt. 

Most  important  of  all,  remember  that  though  it  is  wise  to  start 
with  an  obiect,  it  is  stUl  wiser  to  change  whenever  some  mHcli 
I?.vi^.  '"'^  P"''^"'^^  ^'^  opportunity  turns  up.     Any  one  who 

s!!r„-.  to  a  i. 'ir  nic-rely  because  h  siaiuci  that  way,  when  it 
turns  out  to  L  ;  far  from  the  best,  is  not  onlv  unwise-he  is 
stupid  and  obstinate. 

Make  sure  that  as  you  travel  to  the  point  yo-i  have  selected 
mat  your  eyes  and  ears  are  open  to  see  the  hundreds  of  interest- 
ing things  that  may  be  seen  along  the  roadside. 


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Books  Recommended 

Boys'  Book  of  Hiking,  Edward  Cave.    Published  by  Doubleday,  Page  4- 
Co.     Price  .50  cents 

Sign  Language 

From  the  "Book  of  Woodcraft,"  by  permission  of  EmestThompson  Seton. 
Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.    Price,  $1.75 

Do  you  know  the  Sign  Language? 

If  not,  do  you  realize  that  the  Sign  Language  is  an  established 
mode  of  communication  in  all  parts  of  the  world  without  regard 
to  native  speech? 

Do  you  know  that  it  is  so  refined  and  complete  that  sermons 
and  lectures  are  given  in  it  every  day,  to  those  who  cannot  hear? 

Do  you  know  that  it  is  as  old  as  the  hills  and  is  largely  used  in 
all  public  schools?  And  yet  when  I  ask  boys  and  girls  this 
question.  "Do  you  use  the  Sign  Language?"  they  nearly  always 
say  "No." 

Why  should  you  talk  the  Sign  Language?  There  are  many 
reasons: 

In  this  code  you  can  talk  to  a;iy  other  Woodcraf ter  without  an 
outsider  knowing  or  understanding. 

It  makes  conversation  easy  in  places  when  you  must  not  speak 
aloud,  as  in  school,  during  music,  or  by  the  bedside  of  the  sick. 

It  is  a  means  of  far-signalling  much  quicker  than  semaphore  or 
other  spelling  codes,  for  this  gives  one  or  more  words  in  one  sign. 

It  will  enable  you  to  talk  when  there  is  too  much  noise  to  be 
heard,  as  across  the  noisy  streets. 

It  makes  it  possible  to  talk  to  a  deaf  person. 

It  is  a  wonderful  developer  of  observation. 

It  is  a  simple  means  of  talking  to  an  Indian  or  a  Woodcrafter 
of  another  nationality  whose  language  you  do  not  understand. 
This  indeed  is  its  great  merit.  It  is  universal.  It  deals  not  with 
words  but  with  ideas  that  are  common  to  all  mankind.  It  is 
therefore  a  kind  of  Esperanto  already  established. 

So  much  for  its  advantages;  what  are  its  weaknesses?  Let  v^ 
frankly  fare  them: 

It  is  useless  in  the  dark; 

It  will  not  serve  on  the  telephone; 

It  can  scarcely  be  written; 

In  its  pure  form  it  will  not  give  new  proper  names. 

To  meet  the  last  two  we  have  e-xj^edients,  as  will  be  seen,  but 
the  first  two  are  insurmountable  difficulties. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 

Rinieniber.  then,  you  arc  to  learn  the  Sitn 


149 


silent 


„    I-^nguage 
universal  language. 


I)e 


cause 


and 


I 


■reaching,  . 
Since  it  deals  fundaniu. 

1  ou  (poinling  at  the  person) ; 

Me  (tapping  one's  chest); 

My,  mine,  yours,  possession,  etc.     Hold  out  the  closed  fist 

l"    ar    When'  'I  'T  '  'f '^  ^  ^^"'"'^  points  Wd.' 
)«  (nod)     When  far  off,  make  your  right  hand    with  all 
mgers  closed  except  index  and  thumb  which  are  Tt  ^igh    and 
uuchmg  at  top,  advance,  bend  toward  the  left  side  as  though 
I'omng  then  returned  and  straight  again  ^ 

^o  (head  shake).     When  too  far  for  tjiat  to  be  seen   hold 
the  closed  nght  hand  in  front  of  the  bodJ^  then  sweep  k   out 
ward  and  downward,  at  the  same  time  turn  the  palm  U  as' 
tliuugh  throwing  something  away  ^        ^ 

cur^v'e); '^'''''  ''''  ^^'  ^^"'^  '"''"•■^*  ^'"^^^  P^«t  the  mouth  in  a 

Look  there  (point  and  look  in  same  direction)- 
/  oMrA  (reach  out  and  touch  with  index)  • 
Listen  (flat  hand  behind  ear)  • 

nioit'hjr  ^'"'"''^  '"''''"  "^''  ''''''^'"^  ^^^  ''^"^  ^'  ""^  ^''^^  «f 
A/VfHtf  or  hush  (lorefinger  across  iips); 
/  W'»  not  listen  (hold  flat  hands  on  ears); 
lu^Ul  not  look  (cover  eves  with  hands); 
/<^A7e' (lay  finger  on  lip); 
Smell  (hold  palm  to  nose); 
That  tastes  good  (smack  the  lips); 
'''^food  was  good  (pat  the  stomach); 
liad  taste  (grimace  and  spitting  out); 
/W  5we// (hold  the  nose) : 
Ihus  "H7//  you  eat/"  would  be  a  Question    vou  eat    hut 

/>/«*,«^  (hf  right  hand  to  mouth  as  though  it  held  a  glass)- 

/-SufslT";'  'V^""«^.  ^"''''"^  '-^  P'>  ^'l  drawing);'    ^■ 
ruwt  !  use  Hat  nght  as  a  brush  to  paint  flat  left) ; 


) 


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Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


Shave  (use  finger  or  thumb  on  face  as  a  razor); 

Wash  (revolve  hands  on  each  other  as  in  washing) ; 

Bend  (with  right  hand  bend  left  index) ;  .        •  , 

Break  (with  fists  touching,  make  as  though  to  bend  a  stick, 
t  hen  swing  the  fists  apart) ; 

Write  (make  the  action  with  index); 

Strike  (strike  down  with  fist); 

Fighting  (mak(  the  fists  menace  each  other) ; 

Set  it  afire  (sign  match,  and  then  thrust  it  forward); 

Drive  horses  (work  the  two  fists,  side  by  side); 

Finished  or  done  (hold  out  the  flat  left  hand  palm  to  the  right, 
then  with  flat  right  hand  and  chop  down  past  the  ends  of  the 

left  finger:,);  ,  u     a\ 

Search  me  (hold  the  coat  flaps  open  m  each  hand); 

Swim  (strike  out  with  flat  hands); 

Dive  (flat  hands  together  moved  in  a  curve  forward  and  down*; 

Will  you  come  swimming^  (first  and  second  fingers  raised 
and  spread,  others  closed  J ; 

Good  (nod  and  clap  hands); 

Bad  (shake  head  and  grimace) ; 

"r<Tv"  or  "very  much,"  is  made  by  striking  the  right  fist  down 
past  the  knuckles  of  the  left  without  quite  touching  them,  the 
left  being  held  still; 

Hot  (wet  middle  finger  in  mouth,  reach  it  forward  and  jerk 

it  back) ; 

Cold  (fists  near  shoulder  and  shaken) ; 

Good-bye  (hand  high,  flat,  palm  down,  fingers  wagged  all  to- 
gether); ,   ,     J 

Thank  \ou  (a  slight  bow,  smile  and  hand-salute,  made  by  draw- 
ing flat  hand  a  few  inches  forward  and  downward  palm  up) ; 

Surrender  (both  hands  raised  high  and  flat  to  show  no  wea- 
pons); 

lam  thinking  it  over  (forefinger  on  right  brow  and  eyes  raised !. 

/  forgot  (touch  forehead  with  all  right  finger  tips,  then  draw 
flat  hand  past  eyes  once  and  shake  head); 

/  wind  him  around  my  finger  (make  action  with  right  thunih 
and  index  around  left  index) ; 

/  have  him  under  my  thumb  (press  firmly  down  with  top  ot 
right  thumb) ; 

Sleepy  (put  a  fist  in  each  eye) ; 

Bellyache  (with  hands  clasped  across  the  belly) ; 

Sick  (a  grimace  and  a  limp  dropping  of  hands) ; 

Go  (move  hand  forward,  palm  first); 

Come  (draw  hand  toward  one's  self,  palm  in); 


Taings  to  Know  and  Do  151 

Hurry  (same,  but  the  hand  quickly  and  energetically  moved 
several  times); 

Come /or  a  moment  (hand  held  out  back  down,  fingers  closed 
ixccpt  first,  which  is  hooked  and  straightened  quickly  several 
limes); 

Stop  (flat  hand  held  up;  palm  forward); 

Gently  or  Go  easy  (like  "stop,"  but  hand  gentlv  waved  from 
side  to  side) ; 

Get  up  (raise  flat  hand  sharpl\-,  palm  upward) ; 

Sit  down  (drop  flat  hand  sharply,  palm  down) ; 

Rub  it  out  (quickly  •  i.ake  flat  hand  from  side  to  side,  palm 
forward) ; 

Up  (forefinger  pointed  and  moved  upward); 

Dcrwn  (ditto  downward); 

Way  or  road  (hold  both  flat  hands  nearly  side  bv  side,  palms 
up,  but  right  one  nearer  the  breast,  then  alternately  lift  them 
forward  and  draw  them  back  to  indicate  track  or  feet  travelling); 

I'ord'ard  (swing  index  forward  and  down  in  a  curve) ; 

Backward  (jerk  left  hand  over  shoulder) ; 

Across  (hold  left  hand  out  flat,  palm  down,  run  right  index 
across  it); 

Over  and  above  (hold  out  flat  left,  palm  down,  and  above  it 
hold  ditto  right); 

I  'nder  (reverse  or  foregoing) ; 

ICs  in  my  pocket  (slap  pocket  with  flat  hand); 

I  send  you  a  kiss  (kiss  finger  tips  and  mo\e  hand  in  graceful 
sweep  toward  person); 

/  pray  (clasped  hands  held  up) ; 

/  am  afraid,  or  surrender  (hold  up  both  flat  hands  palm  for- 
ward) ; 

/  forget  (slowly  shake  head,  and  brush  away  something  in 
air,  near  the  nose) ; 

/  am  seeking  (looking  about  and  pointing  finger  in  same  di- 
rections); 

I  have  my  doubts  (slowly  swing  head  from  side  to  side) ; 

You  surprise  me  (flat  hand  on  open  mouth) ; 

Connivance  (winking  one  eye); 

J'uzzled  (scratch  the  head); 

Crazy  (tap  forehead  with  index  then  describe  a  circle  with  it); 

Despair  (pulling  the  hair) ; 

Weeping  (with  index  finger  at  each  eve,   trace  course  of 

tears); 

Friendship  (hands  clasped) ; 
Threatening  (fist  shaken  at  jMTson); 


i 

♦ 


I 
I 


152 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


Waruin^  (forefinger  gently  shaken  at  a  slight  angle  toward 
person) ; 

Scorn  (turning  away  and  throwing  an  imaginary  handful 
of  sand  toward  j)erson); 

Insolent  drfiame  (thumb  to  nose  tips,  fingers  fully  spread) ; 

Iiiditference  (a  shoulder  sh-i'g); 

Ignorance  (a  shrug  and  heal^nake  combined); 

Arroi^ant  (indicate  swelled  head); 

Pompous  (indicate  a  big  chest) ;  . 

Incredulity  (expose  white  of  eye  with  finger,  as  though  prov- 
ing no  green  there); 

Shame  on  you  (right  forefinger  drawn  across  left  toward  person 
several  times); 

Vou  make  me  ashamed  (co\er  eyes  and  face  with  hands) ; 

Mocker-  (stick  tongue  at  person); 

Disdain  (snap  fingers  toward  person); 

Applause  (silently  make  as  though  clapping  hands); 

Victory  (one  hand  hi^'h  above  head  as  though  waving  hat); 

He  is  cross  (forefin^'er  crossed  level); 

fool  or  ass  (a  thumb  ):i  each  ear,  flat  hands  up); 

Cutthroat  (draw  uulex  across  throat); 

/  am  no  fool  (lap  one  side  of  the  nose) ; 

Joke  (rub  side  of  nose  with  index); 

Upon  my  honor  (with  forefingers  make  a  cross  over  heart) ; 

/  bef^  of  you  (fiat  hands  light  together  and  upright^; 

Do  you  think  mc  simple  /  (forefinger  laid  on  side  of  nose); 

Will  vou  /  or,  is  it  so  :  (eyebrows  raised  and  slight  l)ow  made); 

Bar  up,  tins,  or  /  claim  exemption  (cross  second  finger  of 
right  hand  on  first  finger  and  hold  hand  up); 

Poverty  (both  hands  turned  fiat  forward  near  trouser  pockets); 

Bribe  (hand  helfl  hollow  up  behind  the  back); 

Uive  me  (hold  out  open  llat  hand  {)ulling  it  back  a  little  to 
finish); 

/  i^ive  you  (the  same,  but  push  forward  to  finish) ; 

Pay  (hanil  held  out  half  ojK-n,  forefinger  and  thumb  rubbed 
toj^'ether); 

Llive  me  my  bill  (same,  then  make  motion  of  writing); 

Church  (h.ands  clasjK'd,  fingers  in,  but  index  fingers  up  and 
touching); 

Krcolver  (hold  out  right  fist  with  index  extended  and  thumb 
uf)); 

Cu)i  or  shooting,  (hold  hands  as  in  aimliig  a  gun); 

Malih  intake  the  sign  of  siriking  a  match  on  the  thigh); 

Ji-ii.'  (tlat  hands  waved  near  shoulders  palm  up', 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


Query  Sign 


Knife  (first  and  second  fingers  of  right  hand  used  as  to  whittle 
first  finger  of  left) ; 
House.     Hold  the  flat  hands  together  like  a  roof. 
Pistol  (making  barrel  with  left  hand,  stock  and  hammer  with 
right,   snap  right  index  on 
thumb); 

{hiery.     The  sign  for  Ques- 
//<;«— that  is,  "I  am  asking 
you  a  question,"  "I  want  to     l\ 
know" — is   much   used   and     '  • 
important.  Hold  up  the  right     «  *. 
handtoward  the  person,  palm      i 
forward,  fingers  open,  slightly       \ 
curved   and   spread.     Wave 
the   hand    gently    by   wrist         '< 
action  from  side  to  side.     It 
is  used  before,  and  sometimes 
after,  all  questions.     If  you 
are  very  near,  merely  raise 
the  eyebrows. 

The  following  are  needed 
in  asking  questions: 

Hou'  Many/  First  the  Question  sign,  then  hold  the  left 
liand  open,  curved,  palm  up,  fingers  spread,  then  with  right 
digit  quickly  tap  each  finger  of  left  in  succession,  closing  it 
back  toward  the  left  palm,  beginning  with  the  httle  finger. 

Ihrw  Much  ?    Same  as  How  many  ? 

11  hat  /  What  are  you  doing?  UTiat  do  you  want?  What 
IS  It?  First  give  Question,  then  hold  right  hand  palm  down, 
tiiigers  slightly  bent  and  separated,  and,  i)oinling  forward, 
throw  It  about  a  foot  from  right  to  left  several  times,  describing 
an  arc  upward. 

When  /  If  seeking  a  definite  answer  as  to  length  of  time, 
niake  signs  for  Question,  IIow  much,  and  then  specify  time 
by  sign  for  hours,  days,  etc.  When  asking  in  general  ''When' 
for  a  date,  hold  the  left  index  extended  anri  vertical,  others 
and  thumb  closed,  make  a  circlf  round  left  index  tip  with 
tip  of  extended  right  index,  others  and  thumb  closed;  and 
when  the  index  reaches  the  starting  point,  stop  it,  and  point 
at  tij)  of  left  index  (what  point  of  shadow?). 

Where  f  (What  direction?)  Question,  then  with  forefinger 
swiep  the  horizon  in  a  succession  of  bounds,  a  slight  pause 
at  th«-  bottom  of  each. 

Which  /    Question,  then  hold  left  hand  in  front  of  you  with 


I 

f 

\ 

I. 


« 

4 
» 

'* 

« 

I 

I 


\^.. 


154 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


palm  toward  you,  fingers  to  right  and  held  apart;  place  tho 
end  of  the  right  forefinger  on  that  of  left  forefinger,  and  then 
draw  it  down  across  the  other  fingers. 


Why  /     Make  the  sign  for  Question,  but  do  it  very  slowly. 
Who  i    Question,  and  then  describe  with  the  right  forefingi 
a  small  circle  six  inches  in  front  of  the  mouth. 


VT 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


XS5 


It  takes  a  good-sized  dictionary  to  give  all  the  signs  in  use, 
and  a  dictionary  you  must  have,  if  you  would  become  an  expert. 

A  very  pretty  Woodcraft  sign  is  given  as  follows:  First,  give 
the  Question  sign,  then  make  an  incomplete  ring  of  your  right 
forefinger  and  thuml.,  raise  them  in  a  sweep  until  above  your 
head,  then  bring  the  ring  straight  down  to  your  heart.  This  is 
the  Indian  way  of  asking,  "  Is  the  sun  shining  in  your  heart?  " — 
that  is,  "Are  you  happy?"— your  answer  will  be  made  by  the 
right  hand  and  arm  standing  up  straight,  then  bowing  toward  the 
left,  followed  by  a  sharp  stroke  of  the  right  fist  knuckles  past 
those  of  the  left  fist  without  their  touching,  which  means:  "Yes, 
the  sun  shines  in  my  heart  heap  strong." 

Picture-writing 

rhe  written  form  of  Sign  Language  is  the  picture-writing 
(Im)  called  Pictography  and  Idcography,  because  it  represents 
iileas  and  not  words  or  letters.  It  is  widely  believed  that  Sign 
Language  is  the  oldest  of  all  languages;  that  indeed  it  existed 
among  animals  before  man  appeare<l  on  earth.  It  is  universally 
accepted  that  the  ideography  is  the  oldest  of  all  writing.  The 
Chinese  writing  for  instance  is  merely  picture-writing  done  with 
as  few  lines  as  possible. 

Thus,  their  curious  character  for  "Hearing"  was  once  a  cora- 
i)lele  picture  of  a  person  listening  behind  a  screen,  but  in  time 
it  was  reducefl  by  hasty  hands  to  a  few  scratches;  and  ''War," 
now  a  few  spider  marks,  was  originally  a  sketch  of  "two  women 
in  one  house." 

To  come  a  little  nearer  home,  our  alphabet  is  said  to  be 
descended  from  h.eroglvphic  ideographs. 

"A"  or  "Ah,"  for  e.xample,  was  the  sound  of  an  ox  repre- 
sented first  by  an  outline  of  an  ox,  then  of  the  head,  which 
in  various  modifications,  throujijh  rapid  writing,  became  our 
"  A." 

"O"  was  a  face  saying  "Oh."  now  simplified  into  the  round 
>hape  of  the  mouth. 


f 


1 

4 

4 
1 


'.  I  n  1 1  1 


Some  InqianScovt  Pictooraphs 


«n«    !i,ri   ur  ^if 


A 


tt*n-^r«t         /^oonirrs.fclfc     f^^^-; 


156 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


"S"  wOvS  a  serpent  hissing.     It  is  but  little  changed  to-day. 

We  may  also  record  our  Sign  Language  in  picture-writing, 
as  was  the  custom  of  many  Indian  tribes,  and  we  shall  find 
it  worth  while  for  several  reasons:  It  is  the  Indian  special 
writing;  it  is  picturesque  and  useful  for  decoration;  and  it  can 
be  read  by  any  Indian  no  matter  what  language  he  speaks. 
Indeed,  I  think  it  probable  that  a  pictograph  inscription  dug  up 
10,000  years  from  now  would  be  read,  whether  our  language  was 


Ikt  r<nlk    Suit 


MwlfK) 


trltlCi 
*A.  tTilLl 


(vndtr  yiftcf 


tl»>*«l-/     «<. 
r  7  f*&»   ir 


understood  or  not.  When  the  French  Government  set  up  the 
Obelisk  of  Luxor  in  Paris  and  wished  to  inscribe  it  for  all  time, 
ihey  made  the  record,  not  in  French  or  Latin,  but  in  pictographs. 

It  is,  moreover,  part  of  my  method  to  take  the  child  through 
the  stages  of  our  race  development,  just  as  the  young  bird  must 
run  for  a  send-oflf,  before  it  flies,  so  pictography  being  its  earliest 
form  is  the  natural  first  step  to  writing. 

In  general,  picture-writing  aims  to  give  on  paper  tae  idea  of 
the  Sign  Language  without  first  turning  it  into  sounds.  In  the 
dictionary  of  Sign  Language  is  given  the  written  form  after  each 
of  the  signs  that  has  a  well-established  or  possible  symbol. 
Many  of  these  are  drawn  from  the  Indians  who  were  arruing  the 
best  scouts  and  above  noted  for  their  use  of  the  picture-writing. 
A  few  of  them  will  ser\'e  to  illustrate. 


o     I    /I    III 
0    /    t     ) 


Ull 


V    y'   V"  V"    "*'""  ^'w^'"'^ 


Xum!»ci>  were  originally  fingers  held  up,  and  five  was  the 
whole  hand,  while  ten  was  a  (K)ul)lc  hand.  We  can  see  traces 
of  this  ori>';in  in  the  Roman  style  of  numeration. 

A  one-night  camp,  a  more  permanent  camp,  a  village  and  a 
town  are  shown  in  U-gilile  >yniln)!^. 


Things  to  £jiow  and  Do 

7 


An  enemy,  sometimes 
own  "snake  in  the  grass." 
of  a  tree;  because  this  was 

^ 

Man 

A 

Woman 

$ 

^ 

Baby 

Scout 

D 

Scouting 

r 

Question 

X 

Yes 

0 

No 

3Si 

Doubtful 
^  Peace 

<«- 

w  Surrender 


Jl 


1^ 


Prisoner 

Enemy 

Friend 


expressed  as  a  "snake,"  recalls  our 

A  "  friend"  was  a  man  with  a  branch 

commonly  used  as  a  flag  of  truce  and 

^         Good 
^         Bad 

Water 


Ste 


VS'        Good  water 


0^ 

i 

3Ii 


f 


Good  water  in  3  arrow 
flights 

One-night  camp 
More  permanent  camp 
Village 

Town 

Hc-ip  or  many 

I  have  found 
Bear 

Grizzly  bear 
Chipmunk 
Dead  bear 
Treaty  of  (>eace 


1  • 
J 

! 

I 
« 

t 
4 

i 

4 


t58 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


had  indf'ed  the  same  meaning  as  our  olive  branch.  The  tret- 
is  easily  read;  it  was  a  pair  of  figures  like  this  done  in  Wampum 
that  recorded  Penn's  Treaty. 

"Good"  is  -ometimes  given  as  a  circle  full  of  lines  all  straight 
and  level,  and  for  '  W  they  are  crooked  and  contrary.  The 
wavy  lines  stood  tor  uater.  so  good  water  is  clearly  indicated. 

\Ai.^      leaf  -  Falling       Moon 
^-^  October 

Mad  Moon  November 


•♦4- 


w 


Uvcl 

Direction  forward 

Direction  backward 
Sun  or  day 

Sunrise 
Sunset 

Noon 

Night 

Day  back  one,  or  yes- 
terday 

Day    forward    one,    or 
to-morrow 

.Moon,  or  month 

Rain 

Snow 

Year  (or  snow  round  tu 
snow) 


Snow  Moun  or  Junuar> 

Hunger  Moon  or  Febru- 
ary 

March  the  Wakening  or 
trow  Moon 

Grass  Moon  or  .April 
I'lanting  Moon  or  Msy 
K»);e  Moon  or  June 

Thunder  Moon  or  July 

Red    Mixjn    or     Green 
Com   August 


Hunting  Moon  Septem 
btr 


^ 


^^^    I^ng  Night  Moon  De- 
cember 


The  three  arrows  added  mean  that  at  three  arrows'  flight  in 
that  direction,  that  is  a  quarter  mile,  there  is  good  water.  If 
thee  was  but  one  arrow  and  it  pointed  straight  down  that  meant 
"good  w?.:-*'  here,"  if  it  pointed  down  and  outward  it  meant 
"goo.''.  wai<:r  at  a  little  distance."  If  the  arrow  was  uiised  to 
carry  f;ir,  it  meant  "good  water  a  lonp  way  off  there."  Thiri 
sign  was  of  the  greatest  \al"»-  in  the  <iry  country  of  the  South 


noi 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


»59 


west.  Most  Indian  lodges  were  decorated  with  pictographs 
depicting  in  some  cases  the  owner's  adventures,  at  other  times 
his  prayers  for  good  luck  or  happy  dreams. 

The  old  Indian  sign  for  peace,  three  angles  all  pointing  one 
way  that  is  "agreed,"  contrasts  naturally  with  the  "war"  or 
"  trouble"  sign,  in  which  they  are  going  different  ways  or  against 
each  other. 

.An  animal  was  represented  by  a  crude  sketch  in  which  its 
chief  character  was  shown,  thus  chipmunk  was  a  small  animal 
with  long  tail  and  stripes.  Bear  was  an  outline  bear,  but 
grizzly  bear  had  the  claws  greatly  exaggerated. 

When  the  animal  was  killed,  it  was  represented  on  its  Ijack 
with  legs  up. 

Kach  chief,  warrior,  and  scout  had  a  totem,  u  drawing  of  which 
stood  for  his  name  or  for  himself. 


t^4 


-0 
6 


^ 


■s 


"^ 


Aa 


A  man's  name  is  cxpresse<l  by  his  totem;  thus,  the  alx)ve 
means.  To-day,  20th  Sun  Thunder  Moon.  After  three  days 
"Deerfoot,"  Chief  oi  the  Flying  Eagles,  comes  to  our  Standing 
Rock  Camp. 

When  a  man  was  dead  ofiicially  c/r  actually,  his  totem  was 
turned  bottom  up. 

Here  is  a  copy  of  the  inscription  found 

by  Schoolcraft  on  the  grave  post  of  Wa- 

bojeeg,  or  White  Fisher,  a  famous  Ojibway 

chief.     He  was  of  the  Caribou  clan.     On 

-  ^    vii    ^M       tne  top  is  his  clan  totem  revc-sed,  and  on 

(Csr     —  f        the  bottom  the  White  Fish*   ,   the  seven 

^'  '        marks  on   the   left    were    war   parlies  he 

led. 

The  three  marks  in  the  middle  are  for 
wounds. 

The  moose  head  is  to  record  a  desperate 
fight  he  had  with  a  bull  moose,  whil.- 
his  success  in  war  and  in  peace  are  also 
stated. 

This    inscription    could    be    read    only 
by  those  knowing  the  story,  and  is  rather 
as  a  memory  help  than  an  e.xact  record. 


I 

I 

1 
\ 

1 
# 


MICROCOPY    RESOLUTION    TEST   CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


1 5  0      1""=^ 

1^  IIIM 


I. 

I.;. 


m 

■  40 


1.4 


2.5 
III  2.2 

[2.0 
1.8 

1.6 


A  APPLIED  IM/IGE     Inc 

^^  1653   Ea'sl    Mam    Street 

r.S  Rochester.    Ne«    rork         1460'-!       USA 

i^S  (716)    48;   -  0300  -  Phone 

^=  (716)    288  -  5989  -  Fo, 


i6o 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 
Weather  Signals 


(Adopted  for  general  use  by  the  United  States  Signal  Service  on 
and  after  March  i,  18S7.) 

No.  I  No.  2  No.  3  No.  4  Xo.  s 

White  Flag  Blue  Flag      Black  Triangular      White  Flag  White  and  Blur 

Flag  Black  Centre 

P  P  ^  |H]  P 


Clear  or  Fair 


Rain  or  Snow        Temperature 


Cold  W'ave    Local  Raui  or  Snow 


No.  I,  white  flag,  clear  or  fair  weather,  no  rain. 

No.  2,  blue  flag,  rain  or  snow. 

No.  3,  black  triangular  flag,  refers  to  temperature,  and  above 
Nos.  I  or  2  indicates  warmer  weather;  below  No.  i 
or  2,  colder  weather,  and  when  not  displayed,  station- 
ary weather. 

No.  4,  white  flag  with  black  centre  (cold  wave  flag),  sudden  fall 
in  temperature;  this  signal  is  usually  ordered  at  least 
twenty-four  hours  in  advance  of  the  cold  wave.  It  is 
not  displayed  unless  a  temperature  of  forty-five  de- 
grees or  less  is  expected,  nor  is  flag  No.  3  ever  dis- 
played with  it. 

No.  5,  means  local  rain  or  snow;  with  3  above  it  means  with 
higher  temperature;  and  with  3  below  it  means  lower 
temperature. 

A  red  flag  with  a  black  centre  indicates  that  a  storm  of  marked 
violence  is  expected. 


Display  Examples 


i 


P 


Colder,      Fair 
Weather 


Rain  or  Snow 
Warm  I- 1 


Warmer      Fair  CoUi     Wave.       Fail 

WcMth-r,  U.V.ow,  i\  by  Weather 

I\Mi:i  '■{  Snow 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


i6i 


Stonn  and  Hurricane  Warnings 


X.  E. 

Winds. 


S.  E. 
Winda 


Si&, 


N  \V 
Winds 


S.  W. 
Winds 


Hurri- 
cane 


^rl^'r^^LZV-^u^J,"'^'!!'^^''^  "^^"ly  ^^''«'^'  "hite  light  below  red,  westerly  winds 
I  no  red  llags  ,^,^^,  black  centres  indicate  approach  of  tropical  hurricane 
No  mght  hurricane  sit-nals  are  displayed.  P'tai  aurricane. 

Signals  on  the  Railway 

Most  of  us  are  familiar  with  some  of  the  signals  given  bv 
l.rakenien  conductors,  or  engineers,  but  not  so  many  of  us  have 
sat  right  down  to  mspect  the  code,  as  officially  fixed.  A  con- 
^luctor  on  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  allowed  me  to  copy  it 
r^  ?Z  ,1!'  IPi"'"^"'^  Book,"  1909,  and  since  then  I  have 
been  told  that  this  is  the  code  in  universal  use,  so  I  give  it  in  full 

It  consists  of  color  signals,  hand  and  lantern  signals,  toots  and 
(t.rd-pulls.  It  will  add  a  new  interest  to  the  journey,  at  least 
when  v-ou  can  read  the  "Signs  of  the  Iron  Trail,"  and  the  "Talk 
ol  the  Iron  Horse." 

The  Code 

(From  C.  P.  R.  "Trainman's  Book,"  1009,  No.  7563;  but  in  general  use) 
Colors: 

Red  =  stop. 

Green  =■■  Go  ahead. 

Yellow  =  Go  cautiously. 

Green  and  WTiite  =  flag  station.     Stop  at  night. 

lilue  =  Workmen  busy  under  car. 

Hand,  Flag  and  Lamp  Signals: 

Swung  across  track    ....  Stop 

Raised  and  lowered  vertically    .      .      .'     Go  ahead, 
'^wungat  half-arms'  length,  in  small  circle 
across  track,  train  standing    .  Backup. 


} 
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Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


Swung  vertically  in  a  big  circle  at  arms' 

length  across  the  track,  when  train  is 

running Train  broken  in  two. 

Swung  horizontally  above  head,  when 

train  is  standing Put  on  air-brakes. 

Held  at  arms'  length  above  the  head, 

when  train  is  standing     ....     Release  air-brakes. 

Other  Hand  Signals,  modifications  of  the  above: 

Hand  (or  hands)  held  out  horizontally 

and  waved  up  and  down  ....     Go  ahead. 
Hand  (or  hands)  suddenly  drawn  flat 

and  horizontal Stop. 

Sometimes  hands  raised  and  held  palms 

forward All  right. 

Arm  thrust   forward    and    swej^t    back 

opposite  shoulders,  as  in  beckoning   .     Come  back. 

Signals  by  Engine  Whir  tie: 

(o  a  short  toot.    —  a  long  one) 
o  =  Stop;  put  on  brakes. 
=  Take  off  brakes;  get  ready  to  start. 

Flagman  go  out  to  protect  rear  of  train. 

Flagman  returned  from  west  or  south. 

Flagman  returned  from  east  or  north. 

(When  returning)  Train  broken  in  two. 
To  be  repeated  till  answered  by  the 
same  from  the  trainman,  i.  e..  No.  4  in 
hand,  flag,  and  lamp  signals.  Sim- 
ilarly, this  is  the  answer  to  No.  4  of 
hand,  flag,  and  lamp  signals. 

(All  right)  the  answer  to  any  signal  not 
otherwise  provided  for. 

(When  the  train  is  standing)  back  up;  also 
is  reply  to  signals  to  "back  up." 

Call  for  signals. 

Calls  attention  of  other  trains  to  signals. 

The  acknowledgment  by  other  trains. 

Approaching  grade-crossings,  and  at 
whistle  posts. 

Approaching  stations. 

(When  double  heading)  Air-brakes  have 
failed  on  leading  engine,  and  second 


—  000  = 


00  = 


000  = 


0000  = 

—  00  = 
00  = 

—  00  = 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


163 


0000000000,  etc.    = 


engine  is  to  take  control  of  them. 
Second  engine  repeats  same  as  soon  as 
it  has  control. 
Cattle  (or  persons)  on  the  track. 


Air-whistle  or  Cord-pull: 
When  the  train  is  standing: 

Two  blasts  =  Start. 
Three  "      =  Back. 
Four    "      =  Put  on  or  take  off  brakes. 
Five     "      =  Call  in  flagman. 
When  the  train  is  running: 

(All  but  the  2d  are  answered  by  2  blasts) 
Two  blasts  =  Stop  at  once. 
Three  "      =  Stop  at  next  station. 
Four    "      =  Reduce  speed. 


Five 

Six 

Seven 


=  Increase  speed. 
=  Increase  steam-heat. 
=  Release  air-brakes,  or  stick- 
ing brake. 

The  engineer  responds  to  these  with  two  short  toots,  meaning 
■All  right,"  except  in  the  second,  when  the  engineer  answers  in 
three  short  toots. 

Roof  Camping  and  Gardening 

In  our  big  cities  where  land  is  so  valuable  that  an  acre  com- 
nionly  brings  millions  of  dollars,  we  have  long  been  pinched  for 
P'^ygrounds,  and  Woodcraft  pursuits  seem  out  of  the  question. 
1  u^  ^^^  ^^  overstocked  cities  is  for  light  and  space.  And  with 
all  this  need,  we  have  long  shut  our  eyes  to  a  most  obvious  and 
abundant  supply. 

In  New  York,  congested  New  York,  for  example,  there  are 
thousands  of  acres  of  open  sunlight,  well- ventilated  unused  space, 
which  a  very  slight  acquaintance  with  Oriental  or  Occidental 
nations  would  have  taught  us  to  use.  We  refer  to  the  flat  roofs 
of  the  houses.  In  Greater  New  York  these  must  amount  to 
nearly  ten  thousand  acres;  half  at  least  of  this  offers  good  chances 
tor  roof  camps  or  roof  gardens, 

mt'^  '■00^  camp  is  now  being  considered  under  the  guidance  of  the 
Woodcraft  League.  It  has  first  a  parapet  all  about,  then  a  higher 
wall  of  strong  mesh  wire.    Along  one  side  is  a  row  of  small "  dog  "  / 


I 

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164 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


tents.  In  a  brazier,  secure  in  the  middle  of  a  stone  hearth,  is  a 
fire.  An  elevator  near  by  affords  a  quick  trip  to  the  swimming 
tank  in  the  basement.  Some  semblance  of  verdure  is  offered  by 
vines  and  trailers  in  boxes;  and  thus,  a  hundred  feet  above  the 
street,  the  boys  or  girls  are  in  another  world,  and  can  dress  and 
live  much  as  in  camp. 

Many  little  experiments  are  now  being  ma  'e  to  utilize  these 
waste  spaces;  roof  gardens  are  very  possible  to-uay;  flowers,  fruil, 
and  vegetables  can  be  grown  successfully,  and  even  bird  sanctu- 
aries are  being  attempted. 

These  are  not  yet  a  success;  but  it  seems  likely  that,  with  food, 
drink,  shelter,  protection,  and  nesting  boxes  supplied,  we  could  in 
time  induce  some  acceptable  birds  to  found  their  little  colonies 
in  such  places.  English  sparrows  and  .  tarlings  would  doubtless 
be  the  first  to  respond,  but  there  are  some  reasons  for  expecting 
success  also  with  swallows,  martins,  nighthawks,  sparrowhawks, 
screech-owls,  pigeons,  etc. ;  while  some  western  species  like  the 
crimson  house-finch  might  be  brought  in  on  trial. 

The  whole  field  is  open  at  present  and  ahnost  unexplored,  but 
it  seems  to  be  one  of  unusual  promise. 

Individual  Tally  Book 

Every  Woodcraft  Boy  should  have  an  Individual  Tally  Book 
and  notebook.  Nothing  adds  so  much  to  future  enjoyment  as 
such  a  record  of  achievements,  exploits,  and  knowledge;  to  say 
nothing  of  the  souvenirs  in  forms  of  photos,  sketches,  rhymes, 
and  songs.  It  adds  greatly  to  the  interest  and  value  if  the 
book  is  b(nmd  in  a  leather  cover  which  may  be  decorated  in 
various  ways. 


Indian  Names  for  the  Months 

Most  all  primitive  people  called  the  months  "Moons."  The 
North  American  Indians  particularly  were  noted  for  naming  the 
months  quaintly  and  well.  The  following  is  a  list  which  may  be 
used: 

(January)  Snow,  (February)  Hunger,  (March)  Crow  or  Wak- 
ening, (.\pril)  Wild  Goose  or  Green  Grass,  (May)  Planting, 
([une)  Rose,  (July)  Thunder,  (August)  Gieen  Corn  or  Red, 
(September)  Hunting,  (October)  Falling  Leaf,  (November) 
Mad,  (December)  Long  Night. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


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C.T.S. 


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Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


CTS 


CHAPTER  n 
CAMPERCRAFT 


Camp«rcraft 
Camming  Out 
Outfittiiig 
Outfit  for  Six 
Tents 
Teepees 
Running  Camp 
Camp  Grounds 
Arriving 
Sanitation 
Leadership 
Team  Work 
Camp  Off  ■^.. 
Camp  Prok 
Group  Wori. 


Rules 

Inspections 

Horns  of  High  Hikers 

Woodcraft  Council  Ring 

Councils 

Making  Council  Fire 

Totem  Pole 

Beds 

Water 

Mosquitoes 

Lighting  a  Fire 

Camp  Cookery 

Cooking  Without  Utensils 

Gee-String  Camp 

Camp  Horn 


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CHAPTER  n 

CAMPERCRAFT 

Camping  Out 

Every  boy  who  knows  the  fun  and  help  of  camping  out  looks 
forward  to  living  in  the  open.  Not  so  long  ago  camping 
out  meant  roughing  it  in  the  extreme— sleeping  in  an  uncom- 
fortable bed  without  oroper  clothing  and  food.  Some  of  these 
things  may  be  necessary  at  times,  but  the  wise  camper  aims  to 
live  comfortably. 

Camping  out  offers  a  number  of  priceless  'benefits  and  is  also 
beset  by  one  or  two  dangers.  Those  who  are  wise  campers  get 
the  good  and  avoid  the  dangers. 

The  good  things  are  the  pure  air,  the  bracing  and  lung-healing 
power  of  the  woods,  the  sun  bath,  the  tonic  exercise,  the  nerve 
rest,  and  the  joy  that  comes  from  control  of  mind  and  body. 

The  bad  things  are  the  dangor  of  rheumatism  from  sleeping  on 
the  ground  in  damp  clothes,  the  exhaustion  from  bad  nights 
through  insufficient  bed  clothes  or  an  uncomfortable  bed,  and 
the  discomfort  and  ill  health  arising  from  irregular  meals  and 
badly  cooked  food. 

By  wisely  selecting  the  equipment,  the  place,  and  being  in- 
formed regarding  the  simple  rules  of  camping,  every  Woodcraft 
Boy  will  find  a  camping  out  experience  the  biggest  thing  in  his 
life  and  one  he  will  look  back  on  with  great  pleasure  and  for- 
ward to  with  the  keenest  anticipation.  It  can  and  should  mean 
a  return  to  the  home  with  the  bod)^  strong  and  healthy,  the 
mmd  bright  and  happy,  and  the  soul  strengthened  and  fortified 
because  of  the  experience  of  coming  close  to  the  earth  in  company 
with  other  boys  of  similar  tastes. 

If  any  judgment  is  used  in  promptly  changing  wet  clothes  when 
not  in  action,  in  never  sleeping  directly  on  the  ground,  and  in 
placing  the  bed  in  a  dry  place  and  that  there  is  plenty  of 
warm  bedding,  there  will  be  no  danger  of  either  colds  or  rheu- 
matism. It  is  always  wise  to  have  some  warm  clothing  es- 
pecially for  cold  or  damp  weather. 

It  is  also  good  to  go  on  the  trip  with  a  definite  object.    If  the 

169 


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170  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

camp  is  to  be  at  the  same  place  during  the  stay,  it  is  well  to 
decide  before  going  to  learn  something  about  the  trees,  birds, 
flowers,  camp  cookery,  etc.,  also  to  have  a  fairly  definite  idea  as 
to  how  the  days  will  be  spent.  Do  not  make  the  mistake  of 
"lazing  around  "  too  much. 

The  woods  is  a  much  safer  place  than  home,  though  thiii  is 
contrary  to  the  average  impression. 

If  your  eyes  and  earsare  kept  open,  more  interesting  things  than 
can  be  counted  will  be  found  within  a  short  distance. 

It  may  be  that  the  change  from  the  city  to  camp  will  be  a  sud- 
den one  and  that  readjustment  will  be  necessary.  If  the  camper 
IS  a  little  homesick,  it  is  well  to  fight  it  off  and  it  will  not  be  long 
before  all  will  have  the  feeling  old  campers  have.  There  will  be 
something  in  the  rippling  lake,  the  green  of  the  trees,  the  whisper- 
ing of  the  breeze,  the  sunlight,  the  blue  sky,  twilight  in  the  woods, 
the  smell  of  food  cooking  over  the  campfire,  and  the  mystery  of 
the  campfire  itself  that  will  grip  and  call  the  camper  back  again. 
And  through  it  all  will  come  that  control  of  muscle  and  mind 
that  only  the  outdoor  folk  have. 


OUTFITTING 
Outfit  forii  Party  of  SJx  (Camping  One  Week  in  Fixed  Camp) 

I  1 2-foot  teepee  (if  for  cold  weather),  accommodating  five 
or  six,  not  forgetting  a  sto.m-cap, 

Or,  in  summer,  a  lo  x  1 2  wall  tent. 

18  X  10  awning  for  kitchen  and  dining-room,  in  hot  or  wet 
weather. 

5  yards  mosquito  bar  and  some  dope  for  stinging  insects. 

3  or  4  one-gallon  oags  of  cotton  for  supplies. 

A  few  medicines  and  pill-kit  or  "first  aid,"  including  cold 
cream,  vaseline,  or  talcum  powder  for  sunburn. 

I  strong  clothes  line;  ball  of  cord;  ball  of  twine;  ball  of  strong 
linen  pack-thread. 

Axe. 

A  sharp  hatchet. 

Claw-hammer. 

Whetstone. 

Small  crosscut  saw. 

Spade. 

File. 

Packing  needles  and  sewing-kit  for  repairing  clotl  es. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  171 

Nails:  One  lb.  of  ij,  two  lbs.  of  2^,  two  lbs.  of  3 J,  .nd  one 
lb.  of  s-inch. 

Soap. 

Mirror. 

Toilet  paper. 

Waterproof  match-box. 

Cooking  outfit:  Either  a  ready-made,  self-nesting  "Buzza- 
(-ot,"or 

3  cover-kettles,  lo-qt.,  4-qt.,  an'<  2-qt.  (riveted,  not  soldered). 

1  frying-pan,  with  handle  and  '-over. 

2  big  spoons. 
2  wire  grills. 

I  butcher  knife. 

1  bucket. 

Salt  and  pepper  casters. 

Dishpan. 

Coffee-pot  (riveted). 

Dishcloths  and  towels. 

Folding  lantern  and  supply  of  candles. 

And  for  each  boy,  plate,  cup,  saucer,  also  knife,  fork,  and 
spoon. 

And  such  other  things  as  are  dictated  by  previous  experience 
or  for  use  in  the  games  to  be  played. 

Besides  which  each  member  has  ordinary  clothes,  with  a 
change,  and  toilet-bag,  also: 

A  rubber  blanket. 

2  wool  blankets. 

I  cotton  or  burlap  bed-tick,  2^  x  6J  ft. 

Bathing  suit. 

A  pair  of  "sneaks"  or  sport  shoes. 

Woodcraft  suit. 

Fishing  tackle,  according  to  choice. 

Pocket  knife. 

Food  to  last  six  boys  one  week: 

Assorted  cereals  (oatmeal,  wheatena, 
etc.) 6  lbs. 

Rice 2  lbs. 

Crackers 10  lbs. 

Cocoa 3  lbs. 

Tea i  lb. 

Coffee 3  lbs. 

Lard 5  lbs. 

Sugar 6  lbs. 

Condensed  milk 12  cans 


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172  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

Butter 7 

Eggs 3 

Bacon ^5 

Preserves  (better  still,  fresh  fruit  if  it 

can  be  obtained) 5 

Prunes 3 

Maple  syrup 3 

Cheese i 

Raisins 3 

Potatoes       2 

White  beans 3 

Canned  corn 3 

Flour 25 

Baking-f)owder i 

Concentrated  soups 2 

Salt          2 

Pepper i 

Sardines 4 

Dried  beef 1 

Macaroni 2 

Fresh  fish  and  game  are  pleasant  variations 
make  little  difference  in  the  grocery  bill. 


lbs. 

dozen 

lbs. 

lbs. 
lbs. 
quarts 
lb. 
lbs. 
bushel 
quarts 
cans 
lbs. 
lb. 
lb. 
lbs. 
ounce 
packages 
lb. 
lbs. 
,  but  seem  to 


Tents 

There  are  many  styles  of  small  tents  on  the  market;  almost 
any  of  them  answer  very  well.  For  those  who  wish  to  equip 
themselves  with  the  latest  and  best,  a  10  x  12-foot  wall  tent  of 
lo-ounce  double-filled  army  duck,  stained  or  dyed  yellow,  brown, 
or  dull  green,  is  best.  It  will  accommodate  a  party  of  five  or 
six. 

For  tramping  trips,  light  tents  of  waterproof  silk  are  made. 
One  large  enough  for  a  man  weighs  only  two  or  three  pounds. 

Any  of  the  established  makers  can  supply  what  is  needed 
if  they  know  the  size  of  the  party  and  nature  of  the  outing. 


Teepees 

The  Indian  teepee  has  the  great  advantage  of  ventilation 
and  an  open  fire  inside.  It  has  the  disadvantage  of  needing 
a  lot  of  poles  and  of  admitting  some  rain  by  the  smoke-hole. 

\  new  style  of  teepee,  invented  by  myself  some  years  ago, 
has  l>een  quite  successful,  since  it  combines  the  advantage 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


173 


of  teepee  and  tent  and  needs  only  four  poles  besides  the  smoke- 
poles.    It  is,  however,  less  picturesque  than  the  old  style. 


This  gives  the  great  advantage  of  an  open  fire  inside,  and 
good  ventilation,  while  it  is  quite  rainproof. 

It  can  be  put  up  with  four  long  poles  outside  the  canvas, 
the  poles  crossing  at  the  top  as  in  the  Indian  teepee.  Of 
course  the  point  of  the  cover  is  attached  before  the  poles  are 
raised. 

It  may  be  got  from  D.  T.  Abercrombie  &  Co.,  311  Broad- 
v\  ay.  New  York. 


RUNNING  CAMP 

Camp  Grounds 

In  selecting  a  good  camp  ground  the  first  thing  to  look  for  is  a 
dry,  level  place,  near  good  wood  and  good  water.  It  is  desir- 
able to  have  the  camp  face  the  east  and  to  have  some  storm 
break  or  shelter  on  the  west  and  north;  then  it  gets  the  morning 
sun  and  the  afternoon  shade  in  summer.  Sometimes  local 
conditions  make  a  different  exposure  desirable.  For  obvious 
reasons  it  is  well  to  be  near  one's  boat  landing. 


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Arriving  at  Camp 

As  soon  as  all  are  on  the  ground  with  their  baggage,  locate 
the  places  for  the  tents  (ordinarily  this  should  be  done  in  ad- 
vance). If  the  camp  is  a  large  one  let  the  leaders  allot  the 
locations.  Try  to  have  each  tent  about  twenty-five  feet  from 
the  next,  in  a  place  dry  and  easy  to  drain  in  case  of  rain  and  so 
placed  as  to  have  sun  in  the  morning  and  shade  in  the  afternoon. 
Trench  each  tent  carefully.  Pitch  at  a  reasonable  distance 
from  the  water  supply  and  from  the  latrine. 


174 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


Sanitation 

As  soon  as  convenient  appoint  members  to  dig  and  prepare 
a  latrine,  or  toilet,  with  screen.  It  should  be  located  some 
distance  from  the  camp  and  from  the  water,  so  that  there  will 
be  no  possibility  of  contaminating  the  water. 

All  litter  and  refuse  should  be  handled  in  such  a  way  that 
the  camp  grounds  are  clean,  that  the  garbage  is  kept  covered 
till  disposed  of  by  burning  or  burying.  Woodcraft  camps  are 
kno.vn  for  their  cleanliness  and  for  the  fact  that  when  the  camp 
is  over  the  grounds  are  as  clear  of  filth,  scraps,  papers,  cans, 
bottles,  etc.,  as  though  no  human  being  had  ever  been  there. 
Anything  which  draws  flies  should  be  carefully  avoided. 

Leadership 

Of  course  no  group  would  go  camping  without  having  some 
one  to  act  as  the  Guide  or  leader.  The  Guide  should  be  in  charge 
of  the  camp,  supervise  the  swimming,  games,  the  routine  and 
daily  life  of  the  camp.  He  should  decide  matters  of  dispute 
and  with  the  Tally  Chief  and  Chief  of  the  band,  and  any  others 
they  may  care  to  add,  decide  matters  which  require  decision. 
In  large  camps  he  will  be  assisted  by  assistant  guides,  each  in 
charge  of  a  group  of  boys,  along  with  the  Chief  of  each  group. 


Team  Work 

There  is  no  place  where  team  work  is  more  needed  than 
in  camp.  Here  boys  really  "live  together,"  and  only  as  each 
and  every  member  of  the  camp  does  his  part  will  the  camp  be 
a  complete  success.  This  will  mean  that  the  work  should  be 
assigned  daily  to  individuals  or  to  groups,  depending  on  the 
size  of  the  camp.  Even  the  first  day  rough  assignments  should 
be  made  and  just  as  soon  as  everybody  is  settled  down,  methodic 
work  should  be  begun.  For  small  groups  the  following  duties 
should  be  assigned: 

First,  Health  Chief.  Gather  up  and  destroy  all  garbage  each 
day  at  a  given  hour  and  inspect  the  latrine  hourly  and  see  that  all 
keep  the  rules. 

Second,  Mail  Chief.  Take  all  letters  to  the  post  and  bring 
back  all  the  mail. 

Third,  Cook.  Is  responsible  for  the  preparation  of  the  meals 
for  the  dav. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


175 


Fourth,  Cook's  Assistant.  When  there  is  sufficient  work  the 
assistant  may  get  ice,  or  do  other  similar  work. 

Fifth,  Cook's  Wood.  Cut  sufficient  supply  of  wood  for  the 
C(X)k's  use. 

Sixth,  Council  Fire  Wood.  Have  the  wood  cut  and  laid  for 
the  Council  Fire  with  sufficient  supply  for  the  evening.  Must 
keep  the  Council  Fire  bright,  not  big,  but  never  dull. 

These  appointments  in  the  case  of  larger  camps  will  be  given 
to  a  band  or  tent  group.  The  main  thing  is  to  see  that  each 
boy  or  each  tent  group  is  definitely  assigned  to  a  duty  and  that 
the  work  is  well  done. 

Camp  Officers 

If  the  band  has  not  already  elected  a  Tally  Keeper  it  may  do 
so  with  the  approval  of  the  Guide,  making'sure  that  the  Tally 
Keeper  is  representative  of  the  camp  and  one  who  will  keep  a 
record  every  day,  all  being  written  in  the  Tally  Book. 

Camp  Program 

There  should  1     a  regular  routine  so  that  everybody  may 
know  when  things  happen.    The  following  is  given  as  a  good 
one;  it  may  be  changed  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  camp: 
6:30  A.M.    Turn  out,  bathe,  etc. 

Breakfast. 

Air  bedding  in  sun,  if  possible. 

Woodcraft  games  and  practice. 

Swimming. 

Dinner. 

Talk  by  leader. 

Games,  etc. 

Swimming. 

Supper. 

Evening  Council. 

Lights  out. 

Sometimes  High  Council  for  a  few  minutes  in- 
stead of  in  the  morning. 
Whether  the  camp  is  large  or  small,  the  bovs  should  learn 
to  respond  promptly.    Those  who  fail  to  do  so  should  be  made 
to  realize  the  consequence  of  their  carelessness. 

Group  Work 

When  the  camp  has  several  bands  it  is  wise  to  work  out  the 
rules  of  the  camp  and  its  activities,  so  as  to  lay  emphasis  on  the 


7:00 

8:00 
10:00 
11:00 

12:00  M. 

I  :oo  p.  M. 

2:00 
5:00 
6:00 
7:00 
9:1s 


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17^ 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


band  or  tent  group.  The  group  should  gain  or  suffer  according 
to  the  good  work  or  bad  work  of  its  members.  Some  camps 
give  points  for  good  and  bad  work  and  the  band  or  tent  group 
is  credited  with  the  work  of  their  members.  This  same  idea 
should  be  carried  out  in  competitions  for  the  whole  camp,  so  that 
the  band  which  does  the  best  work  during  the  season  would  be 
given  recognition  of  some  sort. 

Rules 

Each  camp  will  make  rules  when  necessary,  but  the  follow- 
ing will  be  found  good  in  every  camp: 
No  firearms. 
No   swimming,   except  at   regularly   appointed   times  and 

places.  .    . 

No  campers  should  '    ve  camp  without  permission. 

Loose  straw,  cans,  papers,  bottles,  glass,  or  filth  of  any  kind 
lying  around  are  criminal  disorder. 

Each  group  is  responsible  for  order  as  far  as  the  half  Ime  be- 
tween them  and  the  next  group. 

Inspections 

The  Guides  of  the  various  bands  or  the  one  appointed  in  the 
smaller  group  should  inspect  at  least  once  a  day. 

The  officer  appointed  to  inspect  goes  from  tent  to  tt-nt.  Each 
Band  is  allowed  fifty  points  for  normal,  then  docked  one  to  ten 
points  for  each  scrap  of  paper,  cans,  or  rubbish  left  lying  about; 
also  for  each  disorderly  feature  or  neglect  of  the  rules  of  common 
sense,  decency,  or  hygiene,  on  their  territory;  that  is,  up  tohalf- 
wav  between  them  and  the  next  group.  They  may  get  addi- 
tional points  for  unusually  fine  work;  but  it  is  always  as  a  Band 
that  they  receive  the  points,  though  it  was 
the  individual  that  worked  for  them. 

The  Homs  of  the  ffigh  Hikers 

After  the  inspection,  the  Chief  announces 
the  winning  Band  saying:  "The  Horns  of  the 
High  Hikers  were  won  to-day  by  .  . 
Band."  And  the  horns  are  accordingly  hung 
on  their  standard,  pole,  or  other  place,  for  the 
day.  At  the  end  of  the  camp,  the  Band  that  won  them  oftenest 
carries  them  home  for  their  own;  and  ever  afterward  are  allowed 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  177 

to  put  in  one  corner  of  their  banner  a  small  pair  of  black 
horns. 

What  are  they?  Usually  a  pair  of  polished  buffa'  j  horns 
with  a  fringed  buckskin  hanger,  on  which  is  an  inscription 
saying  that  they  were  won  by    .    .     .    Band  at  such  a  camp. 

When  buffalo  horns  cannot  be  got,  common  cow  horns  or  even 
horns  of  wood  are  used. 

Woodcraft  Council  Ring 

In  every  large  pf>rmanent  camp  a  W  )odcraft  Council  Fire 
Circle  should  be  established  at  once.  The  uses  and  benefits  of 
this  will  be  seen  more  and  more,  as  camp  goes  on. 

For  the  Woodcraft  Council  Ring,  select  a  sheltered,  level  place 
that  admits  of  a  perfectly  level  circle  30  feet  across.  On  the 
outer  rim  of  this  have  a  permanently  fixed  circle  of  very  low 
seats;  6  inches  is  high  enough,  but  they  should  have  a  back,  and 
ultimately  a  rain  shed  to  protect  those  seated.  Each  Banc"  should 
make  its  own  seat,  and  always  sit  there  during  Council.  On 
the  back  of  the  seat  should  be  two  loops  of  wire  or  string  in 
which  to  put  their  standard.  Back  of  the  first  row  should 
be  a  sUghtly  higher  row.  If  the  ground  slopes  up,  all  the 
better,  but  in  any  case  there  should  be  fixed  seats  enough  for 
all  the  camp.  The  place  should  be  carefully  leveled  and  pre- 
pared, ''.nd  kept  always  in  order,  for  it  will  be  used  several  times 
each  day,  either  for  Councils  or  for  games,  dances,  and  per- 
formances. 

At  one  side  of  the  ring  in  a  conspicuous  place  should  be  the 
throne  of  the  Chief;  close  by  this  a  desk  and  seat  for  the  Tr.]^y 
Keeper  and  on  the  desk  should  be  a  lantern  holder;  in  the  exact 
middle  of  the  ring  is  the  Council  Fire,  never  a  bonfire. 


■I 
1 


Councils 

Three  kinds  of  Councils  are  held  in  the  Woodcraft  Council 
Ring: 

1.  The  High  Council  of  the  Chiefs  and  Guides  daily,  and  at 
other  times  when  called,  arranges  programs. 

2.  The  General  or  Common  Council  of  all  the  campers  everv 
nifi;ht  from  seven  to  nine  o'clock.  At  this  we  h.ave  some  business 
(in  th'.  awarding  of  honors),  some  campfire  stunts  or  challenges, 
and  a  little  entertainment. 

V  Grand  Council.  This  is  usually  held  once  a  week.  Every 
one  comes  in  full  Woodcraft  costume.    Visitors  are  invited. 


rrsm 


178 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


Business,  except  when  ver>'  interesting,  is  dispensed  with,  and  a 
programme  of  sports  and  amusements,  chiefly  for  the  visitors,  is 
carefully  prepared.  This  is  "  Strangers'  Night "  and  they  should 
be  entertained,  not  bored. 


Making  Cotmcil  Fire 

The  Council  Fire  is  a  very  different  thing  from  the  cooking- 
fire  or  the  so-called  bonfire.  And  there  are  just  as  many  ways 
of  making  it  wrong. 

These  are  the  essentials: 

It  must  be  easily  started. 

It  must  give  a  steady,  bright  light. 

It  must  have  as  little  heat  as  possible,  for  it  is  mostly  used 
in  the  summer.    Therefore,  it  must  be  small. 

It  is  best  built  as  in  (c),  about  two  and  one  half  feet  high; 
the  bottom  stick  about  three  feet  long;  the  rest  shorter  and 
smaller. 

The  small  wood  and  chips  to  light  it  can  be  put  either  under 
or  on  top  of  the  second  layer. 

It  should  be  drawn  in  toward  the  top,  so  as  to  bum  without 
falling  apart. 

It  must  contain  a  large  prcpordon  of  dry,  winter-seasoned 
wood,  if  it  is  to  blaze  brightly.  The  readiest  seasoned  wood  is 
usually  old  lumber. 

For  an  all-evening  Council  Fire,  at  least  three  timas  as  much 
should  be  in  stock  as  on  the  fire  when  started. 

Here  are  some  wrong  methods: 


The  high  j)yramid  or  bonfire  (a)  goes  off  like  a  flash, 
roasts  every  one,  then  goes  dead.  The  shapeless  pile  (b)  is 
hard  to  light  and  never  bright.  The  bonfire  is  always  bad.  It 
wastes  good  wood;  is  dangerous   o  the  forest  and  the  camp;  is 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  179 

absohitely  unsociable.    A  bonfire  will  spoil  the  best  camp-circle 
ever  got  together.    It  should  be  forbidden  e  -erywhere. 

Totem  Pole 

Directly  opposite  the  Chief's  throne,  on  the  outer  edge  of  the 
V  ircle,  should  be  the  Totem  Pole.  This  is  always  set  up  as  soon 
as  possible  m  all  permanent  camps.  Its  purpose  is,  ist,  to 
typify  the  movement;  2d,  to  display  the  Totems  of  the  Tribe 
3rd,  to  su  ve  as  a  place  of  notice.  Any  document  posted  on  the 
1  otem  Pole  is  considered  published. 


a.  Totem  Pole  of  the  Becket  Tribe  (15  feet  high) 

b.  of  Flying  Eagles 

c  and  d.  from  Niblack's  West  Coast  Indians,  Eagles  and  Bears 


I 

i 


Beds 

Of  all  things,  the  camper's  bed  is  the  thing  most  often  made 

T°n^L^"^  "^°^'  ^^^'^y  ^^'^^  '■'g^^'  ^'^^^  o"e  knows  how;  and 
ot  all  things  comfort  at  night  is  most  esRential, 

Every  dealer  in  camp  outfits  can  produce  an  array  of  dififerent 
camp  beds,  cots,  and  sleeping  bags,  that  shows  how  important 
It  IS  to  be  dry  and  warm  when  you  sleep. 

The  simplest  plan  is  the  oldest  one— two  pair  of  blankets  and 


I. 


i8o 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


waterproof  undersheet  on  a  neatly  laid  bed  of  evergreen  boughs, 
dry  leaves,  or  dry  grass.  The  ideal  way  of  laying  the  boughs  is 
shown  in  the  figure  below. 

When  I  ran  I  get  grub  of  the  Broadway  sort, 

ril  fatten  on  camper's  fare, 
VU  tramp  dl  day  and  at  night  resort 

To  a  bed  boughed  down  with  care. 


^TAKl 


STAKE- 


But  there  are  few  places  now 
in  eastern  America  where  you 
are  allowed  to  cut  boughs  freely. 
In  any  case  you  cannot  take  the 
bough  bed  with  you  when  you 
move,  and  it  takes  too  much 
time  to  make  at  each  camp. 

Sleeping  bags  I  gave  up  long 
ago.  They  are  too  difficult  to 
air,  or  to  adjust  to  different 
temperatures. 

Rubber  beds  are  luxurious, 
but  heavy  for  a  pack  outfit, 
and  in  co'ld  weather  they  need 
thick  blankets  over  them,  other- 
wise they  are  too  cool. 

So  the  one  ideal  bed  for  the 
camper,  light,  comfortable,  and 
of  wildwood  stufr,  is  the  Indian 
or  willow  bed,  described  on  p. 
232. 

Water,  or  the  Indian  Well 

If  there  is  a  swamp  or  pond,  but  no  pure  water  at  hand,  you 
can  dig  an  Indian  well  in  half  an  hour.  This  is  sinply  a  hole 
about  18  inches  across  and  down  about  6  inches  below  water- 
level,  a  few  pacts  from  the  pond.  Bail  it  out  quickly;  let  it  fill 
again,  bail  it  a  second  time,  and  the  third  time  it  fills,  it  will  be 
full  of  filtered  water,  clear  of  everything  except  matter  actually 
dissolved. 

It  is  now  well  known  that  ordinary  vegetable  inatter  does 
not  cause  disease.  All  contamination  is  from  animal  refuse 
or  excreta,  therefore  a  well  of  this  kind  in  a  truly  wild  region  is 
as  safe  as  a  spring. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 
Mosquitoes,  Black  FUes,  etc. 


i8i 


If  you  are  campbg  in  mosquito  or  fly  season,  the  trip  may  be 
rumed  if  you  are  not  fully  prepared.  f      y    ^ 

For  extreme  cases,  use  the  ready-made  head-nets.  Thev 
are  hot,  but  effectual.  You  can  easily  get  used  to  the  net- 
no  one  can  stand  the  flies     In  my  Arctic  trip  of  1907,  we  could 

them        ^"  "^^  '^^  "^^'"    -^""^"^  ^""^  ^"  ^^'■^ 

Of  the  various  dopes  that  are  used,  one  of  the  simplest  and 
best  IS  Colonel  N  Letcher's,  given  in  Kephart's  ''Book  of 
Campmg and  Woodcraft": 

"Pure  pine  tar i    02 

Oil  pennyroyal !     i    oz! 

^^^^"^e 3    ozs. 

''Mix  cold  in  a  mortar.  If  you  wish,  you  can  add  3  per  cent, 
carbolic  acid  to  above.    Some  make  it  i  J- ozs.  tar  " 

Most  drug  shops  keep  ready-made  dopes  under  such  names 
as  Citronella,  Repeilene,  Lollakapop,  etc. 


Lighting  a  Fire 

^   TJe  day  Columbus  landed  (probably)  the  natives  remarked: 
White  man  fool,  make  big  fire,  can't  go  near;  Indian  make 
little  fare  and  sit  happy." 

We  aU  know  that  a  camp  without  a  campfire  would  be  no 
tamp  at  all;  its  chiefest  charm  would  be  absent. 

Your  first  care,  then,  is  to  provide  for  a  small  fire  and  pre- 
vent Its  spreading.    In  the  autumn  this  may  mean  very  elabo- 
rate clearing,  or  burning,  or  wetting  of  a  space  around  the  fire 
i  n  the  winter  it  means  nothing. 

Cracked  Jimmy,  in  "Two  Little  Savages,"  gives  verv  practical 
directions  for  lighting  a  fire  anywhere  in  the  timbered  northern 
part  ot  America,  thus: 


1 

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0- 


' '  ^  irst  a  curl  of  burch  bark  as  dry  as  it  can  be, 
Then  some  twigs  of  soft  wood,  dead,  but  on  the  tree, 
Last  of  all  some  pine-knots  to  make  the  kittle  foam, 
And  there's  afire  to  make  you  think  you're  settin' 


right  at  home." 


tciomUkss. 


arttk-' 


-  Tt^Wf^ 


l82 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


If  vou  have  no  birch  bark,  it  is  a  good  plan  to  shave  a  dry  soft- 
wood  stick,  leaving  all  the  shavings  sticking  on  the  end  in  a  fuzz, 
UkTa  Hopi  prayer  stick.  Several  of  these  make  a  sure  fire 
kindler.  Fine  splinters  may  be  made  quickly  by  hammermg  a 
small  stick  with  the  back  of  the  axe. 

In  the  case  of  a  small  party  and  hasty  camp,  you  need  nothmg 


^/ 


but  a  pot  hanger  of  green  wood  for  a  complete  kitchen,  and 
many  hundreds  of  times,  on  prairie  and  m  forest,  I  found  tnis 

sufficient.  ,       ,  ,  .  „^ 

A  more  complete  camp  grate  is  made  of  four  green  logs 

(aspen  preferred)  placed  as  in  the  illustration.    Set  the  top 

^    ^      ^  '  ^  logs   3    inches    apart   at 

le  end,  lo  inches  at 
tiie  other.  The  top  logs 
should  be  flattened  in 
the  middle,  of  their  top 
sides— to  hold  the  pot, 
which  sits  on  the;  open- 
ing between  the  top  logs. 
The  fire  of  course  is  built 

„ on  the  ground,  under  the 

logs.  Sometimes  stones  of  right  size  and  shape  are  used  instead 
of  the  logs,  but  the  stones  do  not  contribute  anythmg  to  the 
heat  and  are  less  manageable.  , 

In  addition  to  this  log  grate,  more  elaborate  camps  have 
a  kitchen  equipped  with  a  hanger  as  on  next  page,  on  whicn 
are  pot  hooks  of  green  wood.  . 

In  wet  weather  an  axeman  can  always  get  dry  w(K)d  by 
cutting  into  a  standing  dead  tree,  or  on  tiie  under  side  of  down 
timber  that  is  not  entirely  on  the  ground. 


Green  Log  Grate 


--•■^csr^qtmpcCTIi. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


183 


Camp  Kitchen 

On  the  prairies  and  plains,  since  buffalo  chips  are  no  more, 
we  use  horse  and  cow  chips,  kindled  with  dry  grass  and  roots  of 
sage-brush,  etc. 

y-i    yx^       To  keep  a  fire  alive  all  night,  bank  the 
y^L  l/^iik  f    coals:  i.e.,  bury  them  in  ashes. 
(/••^  }  ^^^  I        ^  lu'ays  put  out  the  fire  on  leaving  camp. 
\         I  nf        It  is  a  crime  to  leave  a  burning  fire, 
i        r  J        Use  buckets  of  water  if  need  be. 

Camp  Cookery 

See  Horace  Kei)hart's  "Book  of  Camping  and  Wood- 
craft." 

In  most  camps  the  staples  are:  cocoa,  coffee 
(or  tea),  bacon,  game,  fish,  and  hardtack,  ban- 
nocks or  biscuit. 
To  make  these  take 
I  pint  flour, 

I  teaspoonful  of  baking-powder. 
Half  as  much  salt. 
Twice  as  much  grease  or  lard. 

With  water  enough  to  make  into  paste,  say  one  half  a  pint. 
When   worked   into   smooth   dough,   shape   it   into   wafers 
half  an  inch  thick  and  three  inches  across.     Set  in  a  greased 
tin,  \vhich  is  tilted  up  near  a  steady  fire.     Watch  and  turn  the 
tin  till  all  are  browned  evenlv. 


I 

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^^^^SS^^S^S^ 


i84 


Woodcraft  Mantial  for  Boys 


For  other  ..nd  better  but  more  elaborate  methods  of  making 
bread,  sec  Kephart's  book  as  above. 

For  cooking  fish  and  game  the  old,  simple  standbys  are  the 
frving-pan  and  the  stew-pan. 

As  a  general  rule,  mix  all  batters,  mush,  etc.,  with  cold 
water,  and  always  cook  with  a  slow  fire. 

VVTien  going  into  cr  up  not  far  from  home  some  think  it  a 
good  plan  to  take  a  cold  roast  of  beef  with  them. 

Soup  stock  should  be  made  the  first  days  of  every  bit  of  bones 
and  meat. 

There  is  an  old  adage: 

Hasty  cooking  is  tasty  cooking. 
Fried  meat  is  dried  meat. 
Boiled  meat  is  spoiled  meat. 
Roast  meat  is  best  meat. 

This  reflects  perhaps  the  castle  kitchen  rather  than  the  camp, 
but  it  has  its  measure  of  truth,  and  the  reason  why  roast  meat  is 
not  more  jxipular  is  because  it  takes  so  much  time  and  trouble 
to  make  it  a  success. 

Cooking  Without  Utensils 

We  sometimes  call  it  "hatchet  cookery,"  because  the  cook  is 
supposctl  to  begin  wit  h  nothing  but  a  hatchet.  To  cook  a  good, 
toothsome  meal  with  such  a  meagre  outfit  is  good  proof  of  a  skilled 
VVoodcrafter.  Let  us  assume  that  you  have  meat,  fish,  potatoes, 
flour,  and  baking-powder,  in  addition  to  your  hatchet. 

To  Boil  the  Fish.  Make  a  big  fire  and  in  it  put  twenty  stones 
each  as  big  as  two  fists.  Near  by,  dig  a  hole  a  foot  wide  and  two 
feel  deep.  Get  a  flat  hardwood  board,  a  foot  long  and  six  or 
eight  inches  wide.  Clean  and  lash  the  fish  onto  this  board,  with 
a  grass,  rush,  bark,  or  root — binding  every  inch  or  more;  or  else 
make  a  little  basket  lid  of  rushes,  spruce  roots,  etc.,  lay  that  on 
the  fish  and  bind  all  to  the  board.  This  is  your  plank.  Do  not 
use  pine  or  any  gummy  wood  for  this,  as  it  gives  the  fish  a  bad 
taste. 

When  the  stones  in  the  fire  are  red-hot,  roll  some  into  the  hole 
till  it  is  filled  up  eighteen  inches.  Then  put  in  a  layer  of  small 
cold  stones,  then  a  layer  of  grass;  now  lay  your  planked  fish  on 
this  upside  down,  that  is,  with  the  fish  under  the  board.  Cover 
all  with  a  wad  of  fresh  grass  and,  lastly,  with  two  or  three  inches 
of  clay.    Make  a  little  hole  at  one  side  and  pour  into  that  about 


■IPSIPCSiTOv^r? 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


185 


a  bucket  of  water.  Close  up  the  hole,  cover  all  tight  and  leave 
for  half  an  hour  to  an  hour.  Open  cautiouslv,  carefully  keeping 
the  clay  from  the  fish.  Turn  the  plank  and  remove  the  binding. 
The  fish  will  be  found  beautifully  cooked. 

Potatoes  take  three  times  as  long  to  do  in  this  way. 

To  Broil.  To  broil  fish,  game,  or  bacon  is  easy  if  one  make  a 
hot  fire,  then  e.xpose  a  level  bed  of  coals,  fan  it  once  with  a  hat  or 
board  to  remove  the  ashes  from  the  top  of  the  coals,  then  drop  the 
meat  to  be  cooked  right  on  the  coals.  It  will  broil  in  a  minute  or 
two.  Turn  it  over  with  a  stick  and  the  operation  will  be  quickly 
completed. 

Toasting  is  easily  done  if  we  cut  a  forked  stick  of  strong  green 
wood  and  hold  the  bread  over  the  fire. ' 

Roasting.  A  good  meat  roaster  is  made  by  hanging  the  meat  in 
a  green  wood  hook  made  with  a  broad  wooden  fan  set  in  a  split 
near  the  top  and  above  that  a  heavy  cord  to  hang  it  with.  Thus 
the  wind,  striking  the  fan,  turns  the  meat  and  twists  the  cord 


1 


Hot 
Stone  i 


-PirtJt-ss  CooHtr 


^jU^i^ 


until  it  is  tight;  then  it  unwinds,  but,  owing  to  the  weight  of  the 
meat,  goes  past  the  dead  point  and  winds  itself  up  the  other  way, 
and  so  on.  This  is  an  especially  satisfactory  roaster  when  there 
IS  wind. 

Bread.  The  test  of  all  is  the  making  of  good  bread  without 
utensils.  Some  make  a  hole  in  the  ground  for  a  breadpan  and 
Ime  it  with  a  comer  of  a  mackintosh.    But  most  old  timers  use 


Tf-TTTCr^:. 


i86 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


the  top  of  the  flour  in  the  sack  itself.  Simply  spread  the  mouth 
wide  open  and  securely  level  and  proceed  as  though  it  were  a  pan. 

To  make  a  small  loaf  of  bread,  put  a  teaspoonful  of  baking- 
powder  on  about  a  pint  of  flour,  add  a  lump  of  butter  or  grease  as 
big  as  a  walnut  and  a  dash  of  salt.  Mix  them  together,  then  add 
about  a  cupful  of  cold  water,  work  it  into  the  flour  that  has  been 
prepared.  It  will  not  strike  into  the  flour  below.  Thoroughly 
work  up  the  mass  of  dough  and  now  it  is  ready  for  treatment  as 
bread,  twist,  or  as  cakes. 

Bread  Twist.  Cut  a  smooth,  round  stick  two  or  three  inches 
through  and  three  feet  long,  point  one  end,  drive  it  in  the  ground 
leaning  toward  the  fire  at  a  place  just  a  little  hotter  than  you  can 
hold  youi  hand.  Work  the  dough  into  a  long  roll  and  twist  it 
like  a  vine  around  the  stick.  After  ten  minutes,  turn  the  stick 
around  in  the  hole,  so  as  to  give  the  full  heat  tathe  other  side,  and 
so  on ;  in  half  an  hour,  the  bread  should  be  brown  and  finished. 

Cakes.  Select  a  broad,  flat,  thin  stone;  heat  it  at  the  fire  until 
it  is  too  hot  for  your  hand  to  touch;  brush  it  clean,  work  the 
dough  into  cakes  half  an  inch  thick  and  three  inches  across,  put 
them  on  the  flat  stone  and  prop  it  up  near  the  fire  as  steeply  as 
possible,  so  long  as  they  do  not  fall  off,  and  roast  till  pale  brown 
all  over. 

Mud  Baking.  This  is  used  for  fish  and  game.  Clean  the  food 
thoroughly,  enclose  it  in  a  coat  of  mud  at  least  an  inch  thick, 
bury  it  in  the  ashes  of  the  fire  and  keep  a  brisk  fire  on  it  for  thirty 
to  sixty  minutes,  according  to  the  size  of  the  meat  or  fish  to  be 
roasted. 

Potatoes  can  be  baked  in  the  ashes  without  any  mud.  They 
take  much  longer  than  meat. 

The  Gee-String  Camp 

Whenever  complete  isolation  from  summer  resorts  or  mixed 
company  make  it  permissible,  we  have  found  it  well  to  let 
the  fellows  run  all  day  during  warm  weather,  clad  only  in 
their  shoes  and  their  small  bathing  trunks,  breech-clout,  or  gee- 
string.  This  is  the  Gee-String  or  Indian  Camp.  Its  value  as 
a  daily  sun  bath,  a  continual  tonic,  and  a  mentally  refreshing 
hark  back  to  the  primitive,  cannot  be  overestimated. 


Camp   Horn 

I  wish  every  camp  would  get  a  good  camp  horn  or  Michigan 
lumberman's  horn.    It  is  about  four  feet  long,  has  a  six-inch 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


187 


bell-mouth,  and  is  of  brass.  Its  sounds  are  made  by  mouth, 
but  a  good  player  can  give  a  tune  as  on  a  post  horn.  Its  quality 
is  wonderfully  rich,  mellow,  and  far-reaching,  and  it  can  be 
heard  for  three  or  four  miles.  It  is  a  sound  to  stir  the  echoes 
and  fill  the  camp  with  romantic  memories. 


1 

« 

« 

{* 

'* 
3 


CHAPTER  III 

i 

WOODLORE  AND  HANDICRAFT 

Edible  WUd  Plants 

Camp  Broom 

1 

,4 

Mushrooms 

Rubbing-stick  Fire 

White    Man's    "Woodcraft- 

Drum 

Measuring    Weights    and 

Woodcraft  Willow  Bed 

1 

Distance 

Making  a  Teepee 

1 

Weather  Wisdom 

Archery 

When  Lost  in  the  Woods 

Woodcraft  Paints 

Tracking  and  Trailing 

Woodcraft  Dyes 

Keeping  Up  the  Old  Trails 

Lace  or  Thong 

9 

The  Value  of  Doing 

Woodcraft  Buttons 

Indian  Tweezers 

Fandicraft  Stunts 

Indian  Clock 

Miscellaneous 

Watch  as  Compass 

Spoons 

Home-made  Compass 

Bird  Boxes 

Lights 

Sparrow-proof  Bird  Box 

"« 

Hunter's  Lamp 

Knots 

1 

Woodman's  Lantern 

Blazes  and  Signs 

1 

Knife  and  Hatchet 

Stone  Signs 

? 

Waterproof  Shelter 

Grass  and  Twig  Signs 

Camp  Loom 

Smoke  Signals 

t 

Navajo  Loom 

Signals  by  Shots 

t 

Camp  Rake 

Tramp  Signs 

« 

How  to  Raise  1 

doney 

■■ 


ii:-,.rf. 


CHAPTER  m 

WOODLORE  AND  HANDICRAFT 

Edible  WUd  Plants 

No  one  truly  knows  the  woods  until  he  can  find  with  certainlv  a 
number  of  wild  plants  that  furnish  good  food  for  man  in  the  sea- 
son when  food  is  scarce;  that  is,  in  the  winter  or  early  spring. 

During  summer  and  autumn  there  is  alwavs  an  abundance 
of  ,  .  ailiar  nuts  and  berries,  so  that  we  mav  rule  them  out, 
and  seek  only  for  edible  plants  and  roots  that  are  available 
when  nuts  and  berries  are  not. 

Rock  Tripe.  The  most  wonderful  of  all  is  probably  the  green- 
ish-black rock  tripe,  found  on  the  bleakest,  highest'rocksin  the 
northern  parts  of  this  continent.  There  is  a  wonderful  display 
of  It  on  the  cliffs  about  Mohonk  Lake,  in  the  Catskills.  Richard- 
son and  Franklin,  the  great  northern  explorers,  lived  on  it  for 
months.  It  must  be  very  carefullv  cooked  or  it  produces 
cramps.  First  gather  and  wash  it  as  clear  as  possible  of  sand 
and  grit,  washing  it  again  and  again,  snipping  off  the  gritty 
parts  of  the  roots  where  it  held  onto  the  mother  rock.  Then 
roast  It  slowly  in  a  pan  till  dry  and  crisp.  Next  boil  it  for  one 
hour  and  serve  it  either  hot  or  cold.  It  looks  like  thick  gumbo 
soup  with  short,  thick  pieces  of  black  and  green  leaves  in  it. 
It  tastes  a  httle  like  tapioca  with  a  slight  flavoring  of  licorice. 
On  some  it  acts  as  a  purge. 

Basswood  Browse  or  Buds.  As  a  child  I  ate  these  raw  in 
quantities,  as  did  also  most  of  mv  voung  friends,  but  thev  will 
be  found  the  better  for  cooking,  thev  are  particularly  good  and 
arge  in  the  early  spring.  The  inmost  bark  also  has  food  value, 
but  one  must  disfigure  the  tree  to  get  that,  so  we  leave  it  out. 

Slippery  Elm.  The  same  remarks  apply  to  the  buds  and  inner 
bark  of  the  slippery  elm.  They  are  nutritious,  acceptable  food, 
especially  when  cooked  with  scraps  of  meat  or  fruit  for  flavor- 
ing. Furthermore,  its  flr  vers  come  out  in  the  spring  before 
the  leaves,  and  p-odure  very  early  in  the  season  great  quantities 
of  seed  which  '[k^  Jftie  nuts  in  the  -  ddle  of  a  nearly  cir 
cular  wing.     '  ripen  t)y  the  time  the  leaves  are  half  grown 

191 


I 


m 


192  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

and  have  always  been  an  important  article  of  food  among  the 
wild  things. 

Many  Indian  tnoes  used  to  feed  during  famine  times  on  the 
inner  bark  of  cedar  and  white  birch,  as  well  as  on  the  inner  bark 
of  the  slippery  elm  and  basswood,  but  these  cannot  be  got  '.vith- 
out  injury  to  the  tree,  so  omit  them. 

When  the  snow  is  ofT  the  ground  the  plants  respond  quickly, 
and  it  is  safe  to  a-  ume  that  all  the  ea.liest  flowers  come  up  from 
big,  fat  roots. 

A  plant  can  spring  up  quickly  in  summer,  gathermg  the 
material  of  growth  from  the  air  and  soil,  but  a  plant  coming 
up  'i  the  early  spring  is  doing  business  at  a  time  when  it  cannot 
get  support  from  its  surroundings,  and  cannot  keep  on  unless  it 
has  stored  up  capital  from  the  summer  before.  This  is  the  logic 
of  the  storehouse  in  the  ground  for  these  early  comers. 

Wapato.  One  of  the  earliest  is  wapato,  or  duck  potato,  also 
called  common  Arrowleaf,  or  Sagittaria.  It  is  found  in  low, 
swampy  flats,  especially  those  that  are  under  water  for  part  of 
the  year.  Its  root  is  about  as  big  as  a  walnut  and  is  good  food, 
cooked  or  raw.  These  roots  are  not  at  the  point  where  the 
leaves  come  out  but  at  the  ends  of  the  long  roots. 

Bog  Potato.  On  the  drier  banks,  usually  where  the  sedge 
begins  near  a  swamp,  we  find  the  bog  potato,  or  Indian  potato. 
The  plant  is  a  slender  vine  v  ith  three,  five,  or  seven  leaflets  in 
a  group.  On  its  roots  in  spring  arc  from  one  to  a  dozen  potatoes, 
varving  from  an  inch  to  three  inches  in  diameter.  They  taste 
like  a  cross  between  a  peanut  and  a  raw  potato,  and  are  very 
pcod  cooked  or  raw. 

Indian  Cucumber.  In  the  dr>-  woods  one  is  sure  to  see  the 
pretty  umbrella  of  the  Indian  cucumber.  Its  root  is  white  and 
ciisp  and  tastes  somewhat  like  a  cucumber,  is  one  to  four  inches 
long,  and  good  food  raw  or  boiled. 

Calopogon.  This  plant  looks  like  a  kind  of  grass  with  an  onion 
for  a  root,  but  it  does  not  taste  of  onions  and  is  much  sought 
after  by  wild  animals  and  wild  people.  It  is  found  in  low  or 
marshv  places. 

Iloi.  Peanuts.  In  the  early  spring  this  plant  will  be  found  to 
have  a  large  nut  or  fruit,  buried  under  the  leaves  or  quite  under- 
ground in  the  dry  woods.  As  summer  goes  by  the  plant  uses 
up  this  capital,  but  on  its  roots  it  grows  a  lot  of  little  nuts. 
These  are  rich  food,  but  very  small.  The  big  nut  is  about  an 
inch  long  and  the  little  ones  on  the  roots  are  any  size  up  to  that 
of  a  pea. 

Itidian  Turnip  or  Jack-in-the-Pulpit.     This  is  well  known  to 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


193 


Wild    Food-PUnts 


1 

1 


194  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

all  our  children  in  the  East.  The  root  is  the  most  burning,  acrid, 
horrible  thing  in  the  woods  when  raw,  but  after  cooking  becomes 
ciuite  pleasant  and  is  very  nutritious. 

Prairie  or  Indian  Turnip,  Bread-root  or  Pomme-Uanche  of  the 
Prairie.  This  is  found  on  all  the  prairies  of  the  Missouri  region. 
Its  root  was  and  is  a  staple  article  of  food  with  the  Indians. 
The  roots  are  one  to  three  inches  thick  and  four  to  twelve  inches 

Solomon's  Seal.  The  two  Solomon's  Seals  (true  and  false)  both 
produce  roots  that  are  long,  bumpy  storehouses  of  food. 

Crinkle-root.  Every  school  child  in  the  country  digs  out  and 
eats  the  pleasant  peppery  crinkle-root.  It  abounds  in  the  rich, 
dry  woods. 

Mushrooms,  Fimgi,  or  Toadstools 

We  have  in  America  about  two  thousand  different  kinds  of 
Mushrooms  or  Toadstools;  they  are  the  same  thing.  Of  these, 
probably  half  are  wholesome  and  delicious;  but  about  a  dozen 
of  them  are  deadly  poison.  .  u  i  •    i 

There  is  no  way  to  tell  them,  except  by  knowing  each  kind 
and  the  recorded  results  of  experience  with  each  kind.  The 
story  about  cooking  with  silver  being  a  test  has  no  foundation; 
in  fact,  the  best  way  for  the  Woodcraft  Boy  or  Girl  is  to  know 
definitely  a  dozen  dangerous  kinds  and  a  score  or  more  of  the 
wholesome  kinds  and  let  the  rest  alone. 

Sporeprint.  The  first  thing  in  deciding  the  nature  of  a  toad- 
stool is  the  sporeprint,  made  thus:  Cut  off  the  stem  of  the  toad- 
stool and  lay  the  gills  down  on  a  piece  of  gray  paper  under  a 
vessel  of  any  kind.  After  a  couple  of  hours,  lift  the  cap,  and 
radiating  lines  of  spores  will  appear  on  the  paper.  If  it  is 
desired  to  preserve  these,  the  paper  should  be  first  covered  with 
thin  mucilage.  The  color  of  these  spores  is  the  first  step  in 
identification. 

All  the  deadly  toadstools  have  white  spores. 

No  black-spored  toadstool  is  known  to  be  poisonous. 

Poisonous  Toadstools 

The  only  deadly  poisonous  kinds  are  the  Amanitas.    Others 
may  purge  and  nauseate  or  cause  vomiting,  but  it  is  believed 
that  every  recorded  death  from  toadstool  poisoning  was  caused 
by  an  Amanita,  and  unfortunately  they  are  not  only  wide 
spread  and  abundant,  but  they  are  much  like  the  ordinary 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  195 

table  mushrooms.     They  have,  howexcr,  one  or  two  strong 
marks:  their  stalk  always  grows  out  of  a  -poison  cup,"  which 
shows  either  as  a  cup  or  as  a  btdb:  they  have  while  or  vcllmv  silk 
a  ring  around  the  stalk,  and  while  spores.  '  ' 

Deadly  Toadstools 

All  the  deadly  toadstools  known  in  North  America  are  nic- 
"J?u  °^  'I,  P'^^*"'  °''  ""^  ^^'-"  types  shown  on  the  plate. 
The  Deadly  Amanita  may  be  brownish,  yellowish,  or  white 
The  Yellow  Amanita  of  a  dr'       ^  lemon  color. 


Fly  aaujta. 


Aminiu  pbaUoida. 


T'^ 


^ 


1 
J 


196  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

The  White  Amanita  of  a  pure  silvery,  shiny  white. 

The  Fly  Amanita  with  cap  pink,  brown,  yellow,  or  red  in  the 
centre,  shaded  into  yellow  at  the  edge,  and  i)atchcd  with  frag- 
ments of  pure  white  veil. 

The  Frost V  Amanita  with  yellow  cap.  pale  cadmmm  111 
(entre,  elsewhere  yellowish  white,  with  white  patches  on  warts. 

All  are  verv  variable  in  color,  etc. 

But  all  agree  in  these  things.  They  have  gills,  which  are 
white,  or  yelUnt',  a  ring  on  the  stalk,  a  cup  at  the  base,  white  spores, 
and  are  deadly  poison. 

In  Case  of  Poisoning 

If  by  ill  chance  anv  one  has  eaten  a  poisonous  Amanita, 
the  effects  do  not  begin  to  show  till  si.xteen  or  eighteen  hours 
afterward— that  is,  long  after  the  poi.son  has  passed  through 
the  stomach  and  begun  its  deadly  work  on  the  nerve  centres. 

Symptoms.  Vomiting  and  purging,  "the  discharge  from 
the  bowels  being  watery  with  small  flakes  suspended,  and 
sometimes  containing  blood";  cramps  in  the  extremities.  The 
pulse  is  very  slow  and  strong  at  first,  but  later  weak  and  rapid, 
sometimes  sweat  and  saliva  pour  out.  Dizziness,  faintness, 
and  blindness,  the  skin  clammy,  cold,  and  bluish  or  hvid;  tem- 
perature low  with  dreadful  tetanic  convulsions,  and  finally 
stupor.     (Mcllvaine  and  Macadam,  p.  627.) 

Remedy:  "Take  an  emetic  at  once,  and  send  for  a  physician 
with  instructions  to  bring  hypodermic  syringe  and  atropine 
sulphate.  The  dose  is  ,io  of  a  grain,  and  doses  should  be 
continued  heroically  until  .ff^  of  a  grain  is  administered,  or 
until,  in  the  physician's  opinion,  a  proper  quantity  has  been 
injected.  Where  the  victim  is  critically  ill  the  Vn  oi  a  grain 
may  be  administered."     (Mcllvaine  and  Macadam,  XVII.) 


Wholesome  Toadstools 

U  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  all  the  queer  freaks,  like  clubs 
and  corals,  the  cranks  and  tomfools,  in  droll  shapes  and  satanic 
colors,  the  funny  pni'^onous  looking  Morels,  Inkcaps,  and  Boleti 
are  good,  wholesome  food,  but  the  deadly  Amanitas  are  like 
ordinary  mushrooms,  except  that  they  have  grown  a  little 
thin,  delicate,  and  ana;mic. 

All  the  PufTballs  are  good  before  they  begin  to  puft,  that 
is  as  lone  as  their  llesh  is  white  and  I'lrm. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  197 

All    the  colond  iinA\    toa.lstools   arc  good,   l)ul    the    White 
(  lavana  is  said  to  l)c  rather  skkening. 

All  of  the  Morels  are  safe  and  delicious 

So  also  is  Inky  Coprinus,  usually  found  on  manure  piles, 
he  Beefsteak  Mushroom  grows  on  stumps,  chiefly  chestnut. 
II  looks  hke  raw  meat  and  bleeds  when  cut.     It  is  quite  eood 
eating.  ^         " 

So  far  as  known  no  black-spored  toadstool  is  unwholesome 
Ihe  common  mushroom  is  distinguished  by  its  general  shape, 


« 

1 
I 


198  vroodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

Its  smell,  its  pink  or  brov.n  gills,  its  white  flesh,  l,rown  spores, 
ind  solid  stem 

Mushroom  Growing 

(See  Article  on  "How  to  Raise  Money") 

Books  Recommended 
Edible  and  Po.sonols  1-in...  of  Nkw  York,  by   Charles  H.  Peck. 
't^  i^.^!?;y  Ni^^K^:5- ChillS:  te     Published  by  New 
^^S:^-;Sr^o:;K!'&  N^  L.  Marshall.     Published,  xgC  at  New 

'^t^^^^l^'A^^s^S  ^'cI^aine  «|. Macada^ Ss-    I^^- 
lished  by  the  Bobbs-MerriU  Company  of  In.lianajK,hs,  .902,  add  40  cents 

Ohio. 

White  Man's  Woodcraft 
or  Measuring  Weights  and  Distance 
Would  vou  like  to  tell  a  dog's  height  by  its  track?    Then 
tak'eThe  llngtiin  inches  of  ^^or^^^.^^^^^^  \ 

a  sheepdofwUh  a  3-inch  track  measures  tweuty-four  inches^ 
Ld  a  &  or  any'big  dog  with  a  4-inch  track  gives  thirty  to 

''xhe  Tog  Wght,  too,  can  be  judged  by  the  track.  Multioly 
thJwidt^f  h  '^o;efoo't  in  inches  by  the  length,  and  mul  ipb 
that  bv  five  and  vou  will  have  a  pretty  close  estimate  of  his 
weighUn  pounSs.  'This,  of  course,  does  not  apply  to  freak  dog. 

The  Height  of  Trees 
To  pet  the  height  of  a  tree,  cut  a  pole  ten  feet  lonf,.   Choosing 

tree.    Lay  uown  =0  tua^  i..^  -.'-  ^  •-  Mart  the 

and  in  line  with  the  top  of  the  pole  and  the  ree^  Mark  the 
spot  B  with  a  peg  and  measure  the  distance  ^1°^  t^e  peg  U, 
the  foot  of  the  pole,  then  from  the  peg  to  the  ^^t  d  the  tre^^ 
The  height  of  the  tree  will  be  found  by  the  formula  the  d^^"^ 
between  the  peg  and  the  pole  is  to  the  height  of  the  pole 


L^HI 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


199 

the  distance  between  the  jHiR  and  the  tree  is  to  the  height  of 
iIr-  tree  or  BA:  AC::  HE:X.  This  may  b.  proved  by  selecting 
;i  knot  on  the  tree  which  may  be  easily  climbed  to.  See  inside 
line. 


*^S^ 


c-x- 


S  ^ 


To  Measure  the  Distance  Across  a  Stream 

I)ri\e  a  stake  at  H.  To  measure  distance  from  H  to  D 
cut  three  straight  poles  of  exactly  the  same  length  and  peg  them 
together  in  a  triangle.  Place  the  triangle  on  the  bank  at  A, 
B,  C,  sighring  the  line  A  B  for  the  spot  at  I)  and  put  three  pegs 


in  the  ground  exactly  under  the  three  pegs  where  the  triangle  is. 
Move  the  triangle  to  E  F  G  and  placing  it  so  that  b  G  should 
line  with  A  C,  and  E  G  with  D.  Now  A  G  D  almost  must 
be  ail  equilateral  triangle;  therefore,  according  to  arithmetic, 
Ihe  line  D  H  must  be  seven  eighths  of  A  G,  which  can  of 
course  be  easily  measured. 


t 

* 
f 

t 

c 


200 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


To  Measure  Distance  Between  Two  Objects  at  a  Distance 

Cut  three  poles  six,  eight,  and  ten  feet  long  and  peg  them  to- 
gether in  a  triangle.  A  B  C  is  a  right  angle  according  to  the 
laws  of  mathematics  if  the  legs  of  the  triangle  are  six,  eight,  and 
ten.  Place  the  right  angle  on  the  shore,  the  side  A  B  pomting 
to  the  inner  side  of  the  first  object  D  (say  a  tree),  and  the  side 


^••Km 


K, 


B  C  as  nearly  as  possible  parallel  with  the  line  between  the 
two  trees.  Put  in  a  stake  at  B,  another  at  C,  and  continue  this 
line  toward  K.  Now  slide  the  triangle  along  this  till  the  side 
G  F  points  to  E,  and  the  side  H  G  is  in  line  with  C  B.  The 
distance  from  D  to  E,  of  course,  is  equal  to  B  G. 
See  "Two  Little  Savages,"  1903. 

Weather  Wisdom 

^\^^en  the  dew  is  on  the  grass, 
Rain  will  never  come  to  pass. 

When  the  grass  is  dry  at  night, 
Look  for  rain  before  the  light. 

WTien  grass  is  dry  at  morning  light, 
Look  for  rain  before  the  night. 

Three  days'  rain  will  empty  any  sky. 

A  deep,  clear  sky  of  fleckless  blue 
Breeds  storms  within  a  day  or  two. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


aox 


ace 

to- 
the 
and 
Ling 
side 


When  the  wind  is  in  the  east, 

It's  good  for  neither  nr\an  nor  beast. 

When  the  wind  is  in  the  north, 

The  old  folk  should  not  '"nture  forth. 

When  the  wind  is  in  'he  :'.u'iii, 

It  blows  the  bait  in    i  e  fishes'  mouih. 

When  the  wind  is  ir  rl.r  west, 

It  is  of  all  the  winds  s'l  i  bt-st. 


An  opening  and  a  shetting 
Is  a  sure  sign  of  a  wetting. 


(Another  version) 


Open  and  shet. 
Sure  sign  of  wet. 


(Still  another) 


It's  lighting  up  to  see  to  rain. 


1 

I 


the 
this 
side 
The 


Evening  red  and  morning  gray 
Sends  the  traveler  on  his  way. 
Evening  gray  and  morning  red 
Sends  the  traveler  home  to  bed. 

Red  sky  at  morning,  the  shepherd  takes  warning; 
Red  sky  at  night  is  the  shepherd's  delight. 

If  the  sun  goes  down  cloudy  Friday,  sure  of  a  clear  Sunday. 
If  a  rooster  crows  standing  on  a  fence  or  high  place,  it  will 
clear.     If  on  the  ground,  it  doesn't  count. 


i 

4 


Between  eleven  and  two 

You  can  tell  what  the  weather  is  going  to  do. 

Rain  before  sevv^n,  clear  before  eleven. 


Fog  in  the  morning,  bright  sunny  day. 

If  it  rains,  and  the  sun  is  shining  at  the  same  time,  the  devil 
is  whipping  his  wife  and  it  will  surely  rain  to-morrow. 
If  it  clears  off  during  the  night,  it  will  rain  again  shortly. 
Sun  drawing  water,  sure  sign  of  rain. 


202 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


A  circle  round  the  moon  means  "storm."     As  many  stars  as 
are  in  circle,  so  manv  clays  before  it  will  rain. 
Sudden  heat  brings  thunder. 
A  storm  that  comes  against  the  wind  is  always  a  thunder- 

The  oak  an<l  the  ash  draw  lightning.  Under  the  birch,  the 
cedar,  and  balsam  you  are  safe. 

East  wind  brings  rain. 

West  wind  brings  clear,  t)right,  cool  weather. 

North  wind  brings  cold. 

South  wind  brings  heat.     (On  Atlantic  coast.) 

The  rain-crow  or  cuckoo  (both  species)  is  supposed  by  all 
hunters  to  foretell  rain  when  its  "Kow,  kow,  kow"  is  long 
and  hard. 

So,  also,  the  tree-frog  cries  before  rain. 

Swallows  living  low  is  a  sign  of  rain;  high,  of  clearing  weather. 

The  rain  follows  the  wind,  and  the  heavy  blast  is  just  before 
the  shower. 

Outdoor  Proverbs 

What  weighs  an  ounce  in  the  morning,  weighs  a  pound  at 

night. 

A  pint  is  a  pound  the  whole  world  round. 

.\llah  reckons  not  against  a  man's  allotted  time  the  days  ho 
spends  in  the  chase. 

If  there's  only  one,  it  isn't  a  track,  it's  an  accident. 

Better  safe  than  sorry. 

Xo  smoke  without  fire. 

I'he  bluejay  doesn't  scream  without  reason. 

The  worm  don't  see  nuffin  pretty  'bout  de  robin's  song.— 

(Darkev.)  .       , 

Ducks  flying  overhead  in  the  woods  are  generally  pointed 

for  water. 

If  the  turtles  on  a  log  arc  dry,  they  have  been  there  halt  an 
hour  or  more,  which  means  no  one  has  been  near  to  alarm  them. 

Cobweijs  across  a  hole  mean  "nothing  inside.'' 

WTicnever  vou  are  trying  to  be  smart,  you  are  going  wrong. 
Smart  .Meek  alwavs  comes  to  grief. 

Vou  are  safe  and  winning  when  you  are  trying  to  be  kind. 

When  Lost  in  the  Woods 

If  you  should  miss  vour  wav,  the  first  thing  to  remember  is 
like  the  Indian,  "Vou  are  not  lost;  it  is  the  teepee  that  is  lost. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


203 


at 


It  isn't  serious.  It  (aiinot  ■  so,  unless  you  do  something 
toolish. 

The  first  and  most  natural  thing  to  do  is  to  get  on  a  hill,  up 
a  tree,  or  other  high  lookout,  and  seek,  for  some  landmark  near 
the  c.mp.     You  may  be  so  sure  of  these  things: 

You  are  not  nearly  as  far  from  camp  a.  you  thmk  you  are. 

Your  friends  will  soon  find  you. 

You  can  help  them  best  by  signaling. 

The  worst  thing  you  can  do  is  to  get  frightened.  The  truly 
dangerous  enemy  is  not  the  cold  or  the  hunger,  so  much  as  the 
fear.  It  is  fear  that  robs  the  wanderer  of  his  judgment  and  of 
his  limb  power;  it  is  fear  that  turns  the  passing  experience  into  a 
final  tragedy.     Only  keep  cool  and  all  will  be  well. 

If  there  is  snow  on  the  ground,  you  can  follow  your  back 
track. 

If  you  see  no  landmark,  look  for  the  smoke  of  the  fire.  Shout 
from  time  to  time,  and  wait;  for  though  you  have  been  away 
for  hours  it  is  quite  possible  you  are  within  earshot  of  your 
friends.  If  you  happen  to  have  a  gun,  fire  it  ofT  twice  in  quick 
succession  on  your  high  lookout  then  wait  and  listen.  Do  this 
several  times  and  wait  plenty  long  enough,  perhaps  an  hour.  If 
this  brings  no  help,  send  up  a  distress  signal — that  is,  make  two 
smoke  fires  by  smothering  two  bright  fires  with  green  leaves  and 
rotten  wood,  and  keep  them  at  1>  ast  fifty  feet  apart,  or  the  wind 
will  confuse  them.  Two  shots  or  two  smokes  are  usually  un- 
derstood to  mean  "I  am  in  trouble."  Those  in  camp  on  seeing 
this  should  send  up  one  smoke,  which  means  "Camp  is 
here." 

In  a  word,  "keep  cool,  make  yourself  comfortable, 
leave  a  record  of  your  travels,  and  help  your  friends  to  find 
vou." 


1 

I 


TRACKING  AND  TRAILING 

From  'The  Book  of  Woodcraft,"  Ernest  Thompson  Seton,  Doubleday, 
Page  &  Co. 


The  Secrets  of  the  Trail 

It  was  Fenimore  Cooper  who  first  put  the  good  Indian  on 
paper — who  called  the  attention  of  the  world  to  the  wonderful 
woodcraft  of  these  most  won.lerful  savages.  It  was  he  who 
made  white  men  realize  how  far  they  had  got  away  from  the 
primitive.     It  was  he  who  glorified  the  woodman  and  his  craft. 


204  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

Yet  nowhere  do  we  find  in  Cooper's  novels  any  attempt  to 
take  us  out  and  show  us  this  woodcraft.  He  is  content  to  stand 
with  us  afar  off  and  point  it  out  as  something  to  be  worshipped 
—to  point  it  out  and  let  it  die.  ^ 

Fenimore  Cooper  has  had  many  imitators,  just  as  tncas 
has  had  many  successors.  The  fine  art  of  traihng  is  still  main- 
tained in  the  Far  West,  and  it  has  always  seemed  strange 
to  me  that  none  has  endeavored  to  give  it  permanent  record, 
other  than  superlative  adjectives  of  outside  praise. 

Trailing 

What  is  trailing?    The   fox-hunter   has   some   idea   wherj 
he  sees  a  superb  pack  follow  a  faint  scent  through  a  hundred 
perplexing  places,  discerning  just  which  way  the  fox  went,  and 
about  how  long  ago.    The  detective  does  another  kmd  of  trail- 
ing when  he  follows  some  trifling  clue  through  the  world  ot 
thought,  tracing  the  secret  of  an  unknown  man  along  an  in- 
visible path,  running  it  to  earth  at  last  in  the  very  brain  that 
conceived  it.     In  his  trailing  the  Indian  uses  the  senses  of  the 
"anii^al"  to  aid  the  brain  of  the  man.     To  a  great  extent  his 
eyes  do  the  work  of  the  hound's  nose,  but  the  nose  is  not  idle. 
When  the  trail  disappears,  he  must  do  the  human  detective 
work;  but  under  all  circumstances  his  brains  must  be  backed 
by  the  finest  senses,  superb  physique,  and  ripe  experience,  or 
he  cannot  hope  to  overmatch  his  prey. 

Hard  to  Photograph  Tracks 

When  in  1882,  I  began  my  dictionary  of  tracks  (see  "Life 
Histories  of  Northern  Animals"),  I  found  that  there  was  no 
literature  on  the  subject.  All  facts  had  to  be  gathered  di- 
rectly from  Nature.  My  first  attempts  at  recording  tracks 
were  made  with  pencil  and  paper.  Next,  realizing  how  com- 
pletely the  pencil  sketch  is  limited  by  one's  own  knowledge, 
I  tried  photography;  but  it  invariably  happens  that  not  one 
track  in  ten  thousand  is  fit  for  photographing,  and  it  cannot 
be  taken  except  when  the  sun  is  about  thirty  degrees  above  the 
horizon— that  is,  high  enough  to  make  a  picture,  and  low 
enough  to  ca%t  a  ?^h.adow  of  every  detail.  Thus  photography 
was  possible  only  for  about  an  hour  in  the  early  morning  and 
an  hour  in  the 'late  afternoon.  But  the  opportunity  in  the 
meanwhile  usually  was  gone.  I  then  tried  making  a  plaster 
cast  of  the  tracks  in  the  mud.    Only  one  such  in  a  million  was 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


205 


castable.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  none  of  the  finest  were  in  the 
mud;  and  the  much  more  interesting  dust-tracks  were  never 
within  reach  of  this  method.  For  most  practical  purposes  I 
have  been  forced  to  make  my  records  by  drawing  the  tracks. 


or 


No  Two  Tracks  Alike 

The  trailer's  first  task  is  to  learn  the  trails  he  means  to 
follow.  The  Red  Indian  and  the  Bushman,  of  course,  simply 
memorize  them  from  their  earliest  days,  but  we  find  it  helpful 
and  much  easier  to  record  them  in  some  way.  Apart  from  other 
considerations,  a  form  is  always  better  comprehended  if  we 
reproduce  it  on  paper.  .\s  a  general  principle,  no  two  kinds  of 
animals  leave  the  same  track.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  no  two  in- 
dividuals leave  the  same  trail.  Just  as  surely  as  there  are 
differences  in  size  and  disposition,  so  there  will  be  correspond- 
ing differences  in  its  trail;  but  this  is  refining  beyond  the  purposes 
of  practicability  in  most  cases,  and  for  the  present  we  may  be 
satisfied  to  consider  it  a  general  rule  that  each  species  leaves 
its  own  clearly  recognizable  track.  One  of  my  daily  pastimes 
when  the  snow  is  on  the  ground — which  is  the  easiest  and  ideal 
time  for  the  trailer,  and  especially  for  the  beginner — is  to  take 
up  some  trail  early  in  the  morning  and  follow  it  over  hill 
and  dale,  carefully  noting  any  change  and  every  action  as 
written  in  the  snow,  and  it  is  a  wonderfully  rewarding  way  of 
learning  the  methods  and  life  of  an  animal.  The  trail  records 
with  perfect  truthfulness  everything  that  he  did  or  tried  to  do 
at  a  time  when  he  was  unembarrassed  by  the  nearness  of  his 
worst  enemy.  The  trail  is  an  autobiographic  chapter  of  the 
creature's  life,  written  unwittingly,  indeed,  and  in  perfect  sin- 
cerity. 

Whenever  in  America  during  the  winter  I  have  found  myself 
with  time  to  pass  between  trains,  I  endeavor  to  get  out  into 
the  country,  and  rarely  fail  to  find  and  read  one  of  these  more 
or  less  rewarding  chapters,  and  thus  get  an  insight  into  the  life 
of  the  animal,  as  well  as  into  the  kinds  that  are  about;  for  most 
quadrupeds  are  nocturnal,  and  their  presence  is  generally  un- 
suspected by  those  who  do  not  know  how  to  read  the  secrets  of 
the  trail. 


I 


Dog  and  Cat 

The  first  trails  to  catch  the  eye  and  the  best  for  first  study 
are  those  nearest  home.    Two  well-marked  types  are  the  tracks 


206 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


of  cat  and  dog.    Most  anatomists  select  the  cat  as  the  idea 
of  muscular  and  bony  structure.    It  is  the  perfect  anmial,  and 
its  track  also  is  a  good  one  to  use  for  standard. 

In  these  separate  prints  the  roundness  of  the  toe-pads  tells 
the  softness;  their  spread  from  each  other  shows  the  suppleness 
of  the  toes;  the  absence  of  claw-marks  tells  of  the  retractability 
of  these  weapons.    The  front  and  hind  feet  are  equal  m  length, 
but  the  front  feet  are  broader.     This  is  the  rule  among  true 
quadrupeds.     The  series  of  tracks— that  is,  its  trail— shows  the 
manner  of  the  cat  in  walking.     In  this  the  animal  used  appar- 
ently but  two  legs,  because  the  hind  foot  falls  exactly  on  the 
trail  made  bv  the  front  foot,  each  track  being  really  doubled. 
This  is  perfect  tracking.     There  are  several  advantages  in  it. 
Every  teamster  knows  that  a  wagon  whose  hind  wheels  do 
not  exactly  follow  the  front  wheels  is  a  very  bad  wagon  to 
haul  in  sand,  snow,  or  mud.    The  trail  for  it  has  to  be  hwken 
twice,  and  the  labor  increased,  some  say,  50  per  cent.     Ihis 
same  principle  holds  good  in  the  case  of  the  cat  track;  by  cor- 
rect following  the  animal  moves  more  easily.     But  there  is 
still  a  more  important  reason.     A  hunting  cat  sneaking  through 
the  woods  after  prey  must  keep  its  eyes  on  the  woods  ahead  or 
on  the  prey  itself.    At  the  very  most  it  may  pick  out  a  smooth, 
safe,  silent  place  for  its  front  feet  to  tread  on.     Especially  at 
the  climax  of  the  hunt  all  its  senses  are  focussed  on  the  intended 
victim;  it  cannot  select  a  safe  spot  for  each  hind  foot  in  turn, 
even  though  the  faintest  crunch  of  a  dry  leaf  will  surely  sdoiI 
the  stalk.    But  there  is  no  danger  of  that;  the  cat  can  see  the 
-pots  selected  for  the  front  feet,  and  the  hind  feet  are  so  per- 
fectly trained  that  they  seek  unerringly  the  very  same  spots— 
the  safe  places  that  the  front  feet  have  just  left.    Thus  perfect 
stepping  is  silent  stepping,  and  is  essential  to  all  creatures  thai 
stalk  their  prey.    The  opposite  kind  of  stepping  is  seen  in  very 
heavy  animals  which  frequent  marshy  ground;  to  them  it  would 
be  a  positive  disadvantage  to  set  the  hind  foot  in  the  trearl 
of  the  front  foot,  where  so  much  of  the  support  has  just  been 
destroyed.     The  ox  illustrates  this.     These  principles  are  ap- 
i)licable  in  geology,  where  the  trails  are  the  only  biographical 
records  of  certain  species.     From  the  manner  of  setting  the  feci 
we  can  distinguish  the  predacious  and  the  marsh-frequenting 

(luadrupeds.  .       ,  ,     ,       1 

The  next  track  liki  to  be  seen  is  that  oi  the  dog. 
In  this  the  harder,  less  pliant  foot  and  the  non-retracLilc 
cbws  are  clearlv  seen.  But  the  trail  shows  the  dog  is  not  a 
correct  walker.'  His  tracks  are  "out  of  register"  as  a  printer 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


307 


would  say.  And  he  has  a  glaring  defect — the  result  no  doubt 
of  domestication,  of  long  generations  on  pavements  and  in 
houses — he  drags  his  toes.  All  these  things  contribute  to  make 
the  dog  a  noisy  walker  in  the  woods. 


« 

■1. 


Wolf 

It  is  well  at  this  time  to  compare  the  track  of  the  dog  with 
that  of  the  wolf.  I  have  made  dozens  of  drawings,  casts,  prints, 
photographs,  and  studies  of  wolf  and  dog  tracks;  and  have  not 
found  a  single  reliable  feature  that  will  distinguish  them.  One 
liunter  says  the  wolf  has  the  relatively  small  outer  toes.  Yes, 
sometimes;  but  not  when  compared  with  a  collie.  Another 
says  that  the  wolf's  foot  is  longer;  but  not  when  compared  with 
that  of  a  greyhound,  staghound,  or  lurcher.  Another,  the 
wolf's  foot  is  larger;  yet  it  will  not  rank  in  size  with  that  of  a 
St.  Bernard  or  a  Great  Dane.  The  wolf  lifts  his  feet  neatly 
without  dragging  his  toes;  but  so  do  many  dogs,  especially 
country  dogs.  Thus  all  these  diagnostics  fail.  On  the  whole 
a  wolf  is  a  better  walker  than  a  dog.  His  tracks  do  usually 
register,  but  not  always,  and  in  some  wolves  rarely. 

If  a  wolf-track  in  the  snow  be  followed  for  a  mile  or  two, 
it  will  be  found  to  go  cautiously  up  to  an  unusual  or  promising 
object.  It  is  obviously  the  trail  of  a  suspicious,  shy  creature 
while  the  dog-trail  is  direct,  and  usually  unafraid.  But  this  does 
not  apply  to  the  dogs  which  poach  or  kill  sheep.  There  is  there- 
fore no  sure  means  of  distinguishing  them,  even  in  the  wilder- 
ness.   One  can  only  judge  by  probabilities. 

I  have  often  heard  inexperienced  hunters  boast  that  the}- 
could  "tell  them  every  time";  but  old  hunters  usually  say,  "No 
man  can  tell  for  sure." 


1 

1 


Rabbits  and  Hares 

America  is  well  provided  with  rabbits  and  hares.  A  score 
or  more  of  species  are  now  recognized,  and  two  very  well-known 
types  are  the  cottontail  of  the  woods  and  the  jack-rabbit  of  the 
plains. 

The  cottontail  is  much  like  an  English  rabbit,  but  it  is  a  httle 
■inaller,  has  shorter  ears,  and  the  whole  under  part  of  the  tail 
IS  glorified  into  a  fluffy,  snowy  powder-puff.  It  leads  the  life 
of  a  hare,  not  making  burrows,  but  entering  burrows  at  times 
under  the  stress  (^  danger.  The  track  of  a  New  England 
cottontail  is  given  in  Illustration  i. 


208 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


As  the  cottontail  hounds,  the  hind  feet  track  ahead  of  the 
front  feet,  and  the  faster  he  goes  the  faster  ahead  his  hind  feet 
get  ThiL  IS  true  of  all  quadrupeds  that  bound,  but  is  more 
obvious  in  the  rabbits,  because  the  fore  and  hind  feet  differ  so 

""rhelack-rabbit  of  Kansas  is  the  best  known  of  the  long- 
eared  jacks.  His  trail,  compared  with  that  of  the  cottontail, 
would  be  as  in  Illustrations  2  and  3.  ,     ,  ,    ,       .,      t  .. 

The  greater  size  of  the  marks  and  the  double  length  of  the 
bounds  are  the  obvious  but  not  important  differences,  because 
a  v'oung  jack  would  come  down  to  the  cottontail  standard. 
The  two  reliable  differences  I  found  are:  ...         ,.  „ 

First   the  jack's  feet  are  rarely  paired  when  he  is  bounding 
at  full  speed,  while  the  cottontail  pairs  his  hind  feet  but  no 
his  front  ones.      (Animals  which  climb  usually  pair  their  front 
feet  in  running,  just  as  tree-birds  hop  when  on  the  ground.) 

Second,  the  stroke  that  is  shown  (x  m  Illustration  2)  is 
diagnostic  of  the  southern  jack-rabbit;  it  is  the  mark  made  by 

the  long  hanging  tail.  .      1      ^  . 

Each  of  the  four  types  of  hare  common  in  the  temperate 
parts  of  America  has  its  own  style  of  tail  and  fashion  of  wearing 

^^The  northern  or  white-tailed  jack  carries  his  snowy-white 
tail  out  straight  behind,  so  its  general  pure-white  is  visible; 

The  southern  or  black-tailed  jack  has  his  tail  jet-black 
on  the  upper  part,  and  he  carries  it  straight  down; 

The  varying  hare  has  an  inconsequent,  upturned  tuft,  like 
a  tear  in  his  brown  pantaloons,  showing  the  white  undergarment; 

The  cottontail  has  his  latter  end  brown  above,  but  he  keeps 
it  curled  up  tight  on  his  back,  so  as  to  show  nothing  but  the 
L'leaming  white  puff  of  cotton  on  a  helpful  background  of  rich 
brown.  The  cottontail's  tail  never  touches  the  ground  except 
when  he  sits  down  on  it.  . 

The  mo'^t  variable  features  of  any  animal  are  always  its 
most  specialized  features.  The  jack-rabbit's  tail-piece  is  much 
subject  to  variation,  and  the  length  and  depth  of  the  httle 
intertrack-ial  dash  that  it  makes  in  the  snow  is  a  better  guide 
to  the  individual  that  made  it  than  would  be  the  tracks  of  all 
four  feet  together. 

Fox 

Of  more  general  interest  perhaps  is  the  track  of  the  fox. 
1   have  spent  many  days— yes,  and  nights— on   the  trail, 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


209 


f  <?i 


r 


f 


f 


fl 


5<       S 


f 


f 


ft 


i        1 

f    -s 


1 

I 


No.  I  Cottontail 


f 


No,  2  Jack-rabbit        No.  3 


f 


No.  4 


210  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

following,  following  patiently,  reading  this  life  of  the  beast 
using  notebook  at  every  important  march  and  change.    ^ian> 
an  odd  new  sign  has  turned  up  to  be  put  on  record  and  ex- 
plained by  later  experience.    Many  a  day  has  Passed  with 
nothing  tangible  in  the  way  of  reward;  then  as  m  all  huntmg 
"here  ha.  come  a  streak  of  luck,  a  shower  of  facts  and  abundan 
reward  for  the  barren  weeks  gone  by,  an  msight  mto  animal 
ways  and  mind  that  could  not  have  been  obtained  in  any  other 
Nvav     For  here  it  is  written  down  by  the  animal  itself  in  the 
oldest  of  all  writing-a  chapter  of  the  creature's  normal  lite. 

One  day,  soon  after  the  snow  had  come,  I  ft  mit  on  one 
of  the  long  decipherments.  The  day  before  I  had  foUowec 
a  fox-trail  for  three  or  four  miles,  to  learn  only  that  he  tacked 
up  wind  and  smelled  at  every  log,  bump,  and  tree  that  stuck 
through  the  snow;  that  he  had  followed  a  white  hare  at  full 
.peed  but  was  easily  left  behind  when  the  hare  got  into  his 
ancient  safety-the  scrubby,  brushy  w-oods. 

This  morning  I  took  up  another  fox-trail.  The  frost  was 
intense,  the  snow  wa<  y  and  powdery  and  as  each  foot  was 
raised  t  fell  back;  .o  ,  .t  the  track  was  merely  shapeless  dim- 
Ses  in  the  whiteness.  No  teU-tale  details  of  toes  and  claws 
were  there,  but  still  I  knew  it  for  a  fox-trail.  It  was  too  small 
for  a  coyote.  There  were  but  two  others  that  might  have 
been  confounded  with  it;  one  a  very  large  house-cat,  the  other 
a  verv  small  house-dog.  ,  , 

The  fox  has  the  supple  paw  of  the  cat.  It  spreads  even 
iT,.-e,  but  it  shows  the  long,  intractile  claws.  As  a  stepper 
the  fox  ranks  close  to  the  cat.  His  trail  is  noted  also  for  its 
narrowness-that  is,  the  feet  are  set  nearly  in  "^e  straight  line 
This  in  a  trail  usually  means  a  swift  animal;  while  the  badly 
spread  marks,  seen  at  a  maximum  in  the  badger,  stand  tor 
great  but  sluggish  strength. 

The  region  put  the  cat  out  of  the  reckoning.  Besides  at 
one  or  two  places  the  paw  had  grazed  the  snow,  showing  tw^ 
long  furrows,  the  marks  of  claws  that  do  not  sheathe  dog- 
mafks,  perhaps,  but  never  a  cat's.  The  marks  were  aligned 
like  a  cat's,  but  were  fourteen  inches  apart,  while  it  is  rare  tor 

a  cat  to  step  more  than  ten.  . 

Thcv  were  not  dog-marks:  first,  the  probabilities  were  agamst 
it;  second,  the  marks  were  nearly  in  a  line,  showing  a  chest  too 
narrow  for  a  dog.  Then  the  toes  did  not  drag,  though  there 
was?our  inches  of  snow.  The  register  could  not  be  djstingiished 
but  there  was  one  feature  that  settled  all  doubt-the  big,  sott^ 
.hallow  marks  of  the  fox's  brush,  sometimes  sweeping  the  snow 


Things  to  Kuow  and  Do  211 

at  every  yard,  sometimes  not  at  all  for  fifty  steps,  and  tellinL' 
me  with  certainty,  founded  in  part  on  the  other  things— "This 
is  the  trail  of  a  fox." 

Which  way  is  he  going?  is  the  next  question,  not  easy  to 
answer  when  the  toe-marks  do  not  show;  but  this  is  settled  by 
the  faint  claw-marks  already  noted.  If  still  in  doubt,  I  can 
follow  till  the  fo.\  chances  on  some  place  under  a  thick  tree  or 
on  ice  where  there  is  very  little  snow,  and  here  a  distinct  im- 
pression may  be  found. 


The  Fox's  Hunt 

For  a  mile  or  two  I  followed  my  fox.  Nothing  happened 
I  got  only  the  thought  that  his  life  was  largely  made  up  of 
nose  investigation  and  unfavorable  reports  from  the  committee 
m  charge.  Then  we  rame  to  a  long,  sloping  hollow.  The  fox 
trotted  clown  this,  and  near  its  lower  end  he  got  a  nose  report 
of  importance  for  he  had  swung  to  the  right  and  gone  slowly— 
so  said  the  short  steps— zigzagging  up  the  wind.  Within  fifteen 
feet,  the  tacks  in  the  course  shortened  from  four  or  five  feet  to 
nothing,  and  ended  in  a  small  hole  in  a  bank.  From  this  the 
fox  had  pulled  out  a  common,  harmless  garter  snake,  torpid 
curled  up  there  doubtless  to  sleep  awav  the  winter.  The  fox 
chopped  the  snake  across  the  spine  with  his  powerful  meat- 
cutters,  killed  it  thus,  dropped  it  on  the  snow,  and  then,  with- 
out eating  a  morsel  of  it  as  far  as  I  could  see,  he  went  on  with 
his  hunt.     (Illustration  5  A.) 

Why  he  should  kill  a  creature  that  he  could  not  eat  J  could 
not  understanc'     I  thought  that  ferocious  sort  of  vice  was 
imited  to  man  and  weasels,  but  clearly  the  fox  was  guilty  of  the 
human  crime. 

The  dotted  guide  led  me  now,  with  many  halts  and  devious 
turns,  across  a  great  marsh  that  had  doubtless  furnished  manv 
a  fattened  mouse  in  other  days,  but  now  the  snow  and  ice  for- 
l)ade  the  hunt.  On  the  far  end  the  country  was  open  in  places, 
with  clumps  of  timber,  and  into  this,  from  the  open  marsh,  harj 
blown  a  great  bank  of  soft  and  drifted  snow. 

Manitoban  winters  are  not  noted  for  their  smiling  genialit\- 
or  profusion  of  outdoor  flowers.  Frost  and  snow  are  sure  to 
come  early  and  continue  till  spring.  The  thermometer  may  be 
tor  weeks  about  zero  point.  It  may  on  occasion  dip  down  to 
ttiirty  yes,  even  forty,  degrees  below,  and  whenever  with  that 
cold  there  also  comes  a  gale  of  wind,  it  conjures  up  the  awful 
tempest  of  the  snow  that  is  now  of  world-wide  fame  as— the 


212  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

blizzard     The  blizzard  is  a  terror  to  wild  life  out  on  the  plains 
Whfn  it  comes  the  biggest,  strongest,  best  clad  -  J  or  ^^^^^^^^^ 
They  know  that  to  face  it  means  death,    ^he  pra.rie  cmcKens 

They  can  hide  in  the  shelter  of  the  snow. 


No.  s.    The  record  of  the  fox's  hunt 


As  the  night  comes,  ■  'h  the  fearful  ^-st  -d  ^"IJn^^^^^^ 
of  white,  the  chickens    ..s^e  mto  a  ^"0^^^"^.^   "ot  on  the  ope 
nlnin  fnr  there  the  snow  is  hammered  hard  by  the  wma,  oui  on 
P^^^X  J  the  wc^ds.  where  tall  grass  spears  or  scattenng  twi^s 
sUckul  through  and  keep  the  snow  ^-m  packm^^^^^^^ 
this  the  chickens  dive,  each  making  a  P^f^^,  J,^^;Xm  well 
wind  wipes  out  all  traces,  levels  off  each  hole  ^^^  h^^^^  Y'^J",, 
There  they  remain  till  morning,  warm  and  safe,  ""'^ss    ^" 
here  is  the  chief  danger-some  wild  animal  comes  by  durmj 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  213 

ihf  night,  (iiuls  (hem  in  thrrc.  and  seizes  them  before  thev  can 
escape. 

This  chapter  of  grouse  history  was  an  old  story  to  the  fox  and 
I  oming  near  the  woodland  edge,  his  shortened  steps  showed 
lliat  he  knew  it  tor  a  Land  of  Promise.     (Illustration  11  B  ) 

At  C  he  came  to  a  sudden  stop.  Some  wireless  message  on 
the  vvmd  had  warned  him  of  game  at  hand.  He  paused  here 
with  foot  upraised.  I  knew  it,  for  there  was  his  record  of  the 
act.  The  little  mark  there  was  not  a  track,  but  the  paw-tip's 
mark,  showing  that  the  fo.x  had  not  ^.■t  the  foot  flown  but 
held  It  poised  in  a  pointer-dog  pose,  as  his  no>e  was  harkenin" 
til  the  tell-tale  wind.  ° 

Then  from  C  to  D  he  went  slowly,  because  the  steps  were  so 
short,  and  now  he  paused:  the  promising  scent  was  lost  He 
stood  in  doubt,  so  said  the  tell-tale  snow  in  the  only  universal 
tongue.  Then  the  hunter  tun.v  !  and  slowly  worked  ^-vvard 
L.  while  frequent  broad  touches  in  the  snow  contin  '  e 
guarantee  that  the  maker  of  these  tracks  was  neither  ooc  d 
nor  spindle-tailed. 

From  E  to  F  the  shortened  steps,  with  frequent  marks  of 
pause  and  pose,  showed  how  the  scent  was  warming— how 
well  the  fox  knew  some  good  thing  was  near. 

At  F  he  stood  still  for  some  time  with  both  feet  set  down 
in  the  snow,  so  it  was  written.     Now  was  the  critical  time 
and  straight  up  the  redolent  wind  he  went,  following  his  nose' 
cautiously  and  silently  as  possible,  realizing  that  now  a  single 
heedless  step  might  spoil  the  hunt. 


J 


Closing    In 

At  G  were  the  deeply  imprinted  marks  of  both  hind  feet 
showing  where  the  fox  sprang  just  at  th.  moment  when,  from' 
the  spotless  snowdrift  just  ahead,  there  broke  out  two  grouse 
t hat  had  been  slumbering  below.  Av  ay  they  went  with  a  whirr 
whirr,  fast  as  wing  could  bear  them ;  but  one  was  just  a  foot 
too  slow;  the  springing  fox  secured  him  in  the  air.  At  H  he 
landed  with  him  on  the  prairie,  and  had  a  meal  that  is  a  fox's 
Ideal  in  time  of  plenty;  and  now,  in  deep  hard  winter,  it  must 
ha\e  been  a  banquet  of  delight. 

-^ow,  for  the  first  lime,  I  saw  the  meaning  of  the  dead  garter 
snake  far  back  on  the  trail.     Snake  at  no  time  is  nice  eating 
and  cold  snake  on  a  cold  day  must  be  a  mighty  cold  meal' 
Clearly  the  fox  thought  so.     He  would  rather  take  a  chance  of 
getting  something  better.    He  killed  the  snake;  so  it  could 


tf 


214  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

snake,  he  fed  on  a  fine  hot  bird. 


% 


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^ 


^ 


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I. 

2. 

3- 
4. 

5- 


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•4^ 


Tracks  of  old  man. 

•  a  young  hunter. 
•'     ♦'  a  city  woman. 
"      "  flog. 
"      "  cat. 


Thu^  T  sot  a  lone,  autobiographical  chapter  of  fox-life  by 
know— it  to  be  true  as  I  have  told  it. 


Deer 


Sheep 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 

Books  Recommended 


215 


The  Life  Histories  op  Northern  Animals.  Two  large  volumes  by 
Ernest  Thompson  Seton,  dealing  with  habits  of  animals,  and  giving  tracks 
of  nearly  all.    Scribners,  1909. 

Mammals  of  the  Adirondacks,  y  C.  Hart  Merriam,  M.  D.  Henry 
Holt  &  Co.,  New  York  City.    Price  3  z.oo 

Keeping  Up  the  Old  Trails 

There  is  always  great  cause  for  regret  when  an  old  road  with 
all  its  historical  interest  is  abandoned. 

It  was  undoubtedly  a  sad  blunder  in  the  Canadian  govern- 
ment when  it  allowed  the  Old  Cart  Trail  from  Winnipeg  to 
Edmonton  (800  miles)  and  the  similar  trails  to  Calgary  and 
Prince  Albert  to  be  closed  by  fences  so  that  the  travelling  public 
now  pursues  a  rectangular  course,  climbing  over  hills  and 
floundering  through  bogs  instead  of  taking  the  path  selected 
b>-  the  pioneers  for  its  easy  grades  and  directness  of  line. 

The  authorities  now  begin  to  reaUze  the  magnitude  of  their 
blunder  when  it  is  too  late. 

In  the  United  States  the  old  Allegheny  Crossings  and  the 
Overland  routes  are  being  made  into  national  highways  with- 
out regard  to  rectangular  survey,  guided  by  an  accurate  study 
of  natural  obstacles  as  they  were  in  the  beginning. 

In  other  localities  a  similar  care  is  manifesting  itself  in  resto- 
ration and  perpetuation  of  the  Old  Moccasin  Trails  which  are  of 
singular  value  not  only  to  the  historian  but  to  the  pedestrian, 
for  they  are  not  only  the  shortest  lines  between  points  but  al- 
ways the  most  beautiful.  In  some  cases  the  road  was  selected 
in  order  to  go  from  one  noble  landscape  to  another. 

Such  roadways  are  cheap  to  make  and  valuable  to  every  one 
I  rem  the  passing  lover  of  scener}'  to  the  Forest  Ranger  on  his 
ilaily  round. 

The  Green  Mountain  Club  (President  Will  F.  Monroe)  is 
(lomg  noble  work  along  this  line  and  should  receive  the  support 
of  every  Woodcrafter. 

It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  every  famous  highway  in 
America  to-day  was,  at  first,  only  a  moccasin  trail  through  the 
woods,  and  that  the  engineers  are  indebted  to  that  fact.  The 
Boston  Post  Road,  the  Cumberland  Gap,  the  Monterey  Drive, 
Raton  Pass  all  bear  testimony  of  the  ancienl  irail-maker. 

By  all  means,  then,  let  us  save  the  Old  Moccasin  Trails,  even 
if  It  be  only  by  recording  their  lines  so  that  a  wiser  generation 
may  undertake  the  restoration. 


t' 


1 

m 

1 
4 

« 

4 


2i6  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

In  England  they  have  long  had  a  powerful  society  pledged  to 
preserve  the  old  footways,  a  society  which  has  done  noble 
Necessary  service,  and  we  should  long  ago  have  had  such  an 
organization  here  to  do  the  =ame  or  similar  sort  of  work. 

Let  us  not  neglect  this  work  but  as  lovers  of  the  woods  cla  J 
with  forest  and  bird  protection  the  Keeping  of  the  Old  Trails 
that  it  will  be  easier  to  follow  the  streams  and  to  enjoy  the  birds 
and  flowers  of  woodland  and  hill. 

The  Value  of  Doing 

Our  grandfathers  alone  in  the  wilderness  were  sufficient  unto 
themselves,  for  they  were  true  Woodcrafters-they  mastered 
IheSgs  about  them.  Conditions  have  changed,  and  now 
most  of  these  things  have  been  taken  from  the  home  to  the 
factorv  so  the  old  home  training  is  no  longer  in  reach. 

The  big  value  of  all  this  knowledge  was  in  that  it  bestowed 
power.  For  learning  to  do  gives  more  power  to  do  and  when 
you  let  some  one  else  do  a  thing  for  you,  you  eventually  lose  the 
power  to  do  that  thing.  Through  the  abihty  to  do  have  peoples 
prospered  and  nations  become  great.  , 

^  When  the  Romans  put  in  the  hands  of  slaves  the  douig  of 
everything,  they  thereby  lost  the  power  to  do  and  were  defeated 
by  Semselves  in  their  national  life  and  then  by  their  enemies  m 
battle     The  Vikings  sailed  their  ships  fearlessly  and  far  for 
thev  had  proved  themselves  on  many  seas.    In  time  of  stress, 
each  leader  took  the  helm  of  his  own  ship;  and  the  proud  boast 
often  heard  among  these  world-subduing  northern  folk  was: 
^'I  am  a  noble.    My  father  owns  his  own  forge."    Always  m 
the  world's  history,  those  who  valued  the  ability  to  do  have 
been  strong  and  sturdy.    The  Persians'  battle  flag  m  their 
strongest   time   was  a  blacksmith's  apron.     Emerson   recog- 
nized the  value  of  doing  things  well  when  he  said :  "  If  a  man  can 
write  a  better  book,  preach  a  better  sermon,  or  make  a  bettei 
mousetrap  than  his  neighbor,  though  he  hve  in  the  woods,  the 
world  will  make  a  beaten  path  to  his  doorway. 

So  the  Woodcraft  Boy  of  to-day  will  learn  to  do,  if  he  would 
be  happy  and  healthful;  for  Ufe  is  made  worth  while  not  by  the 
few  great  moments,  but  by  the  making  of  the  daily  life  pleasant 
and  full  of  meaning.  The  difTerence  in  lives  is  largely  in  what  one 
knows  and  can  du.     One  is  of  value  in  the  ofScc  from  this  =.tand- 

^Trobablv  nothing  is  sadder  than  to  go  into  a  home  where 
everything  is  bought  ready  prepared;  clothing  ready  made,  toed 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


217 


bought  in  small  quantities  at  a  delicatessen  shop,  amusement  had 
al  the  movies  or  at  some  place  where  it  can  be  bought.  The 
(lothing  is  commonplace — no  brain  or  pride  has  gone  into  the 
making;  the  food  was  bought  in  a  hurry  and  haphazardly.  The 
amusements  are  often  flat,  and  mostly  superficial. 

bh.  Woodcraft  Boy,  would  you  really  live?  Then  begin,  not 
by  dreaming  of  some  new  field  to  enter  or  new  worlds  to  conquer, 
but  by  knowing  and  using  all  the  things  about  you.  Know  the 
pleasure  of  workmanship,  the  joy  that  comes  from  things  made 
well  by  your  own  hands,  the  happiness  which  comes  from  closer 
touch  with  the  fundamental  things  of  life  and  the  consciousness 
of  being  of  value  to  the  world. 

Indian  Tweezers 

Oftentimes  a  camper  may  need  a  pair  of  tweezers  or  forceps 
to  pull  out  a  thorn  or  catch  some  fine  end.  If  he  happens  to  l)e 
without  the  real  thing,  he  can  supply  the  place  with  those  of 
Indian  style — these  are  sin-'->ly  a  small  pair  of  clam-shells,  with 
edges  clean  anJhinge  unbroKen. 

The  old-time  Indians  had  occasionally  a  straggly  beard. 
They  had  no  razor,  but  _ 
they  managed  to  do  with- 
out one.  As  a  part  of 
their  toilet  for  special  oc- 
casion they  pulled  out  each 
hair  b\-  means  of  the  clam 
shell  nippers. 

An  Indian  Clock,  Shadow 
Clock,  or  Sundial 

To  make  an  Indian 
shadow  clock,  or  sundial, 
prepare  a  smooth  board 
about  fifteen  inches  across, 
with  a  circle  divided  by 
twenty-four  rays  into 
equal  parts.  Place  it  on 
a  level,  solid  post  or  stump 
in  the  open.  At  night  set 
the  di:.l  so  that  the  twelve 
o'clock  line  points  exactly  north,  as  determined  by  the  Pole 
Star  and  nail  it  down.    Then,  fix  a  slick  or  pointer  with  its 


J 


# 

9 


i 


fr 


2i8  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

upper  edge  on  ihe  centre  and  set  it  exactly  iMunting  /o  t^e  Pole 
sSr  (a  b) ;  that  is,  the  same  angle  as  the  latitude  of  the  place 
ind  fix  it  there  immovably;  it  may  be  necessary  to  cut  a  notch 
?c)  in  the  board  to  permit  of  a  sight  line.The  hours  eight  at  n^h. 
o  four  next  morning  mayaswell  be  pamted  black.  As  a  time- 
piece, this  shadow  clock  will  be  found  roughly  correct.*  The 
iSnsof  course  used  merely  the  shadow  of  a  tree,  or  the  sun 
streak  that  fell  on  the  lodge  floor  through  the  smoke  opening. 

The  Watch  as  a  Compass 

In  case  one  desires  to  locate  north  and  has  no  compass,  a  watch 

""  p'oiS  "the  hour  hand  to  the  sun.  In  the  morning,  halfway  be- 
tween the  outside  end  of  the  hour  hand  and  noon  is  due  south;  in 
the  afternoon,  one  must  reckon  halfway  backward ;  for  instance, 
at  8  A.  M.,  point  the  hour  hand  to  the  sun  and  find  the  place  half- 
^^y  to  nc;on.  It  will  be  at  lo,  which  is  due  south  At  4  o  clock 
point  the  hour  hand  at  the  sun  and  reckon  halfway,  and  the 
south  will  be  found  at  2  o'clock. 

The  reason  "halfwav"  is  used,  is  that,  while  the  sun  makes  a 
course  of  24  hours,  the  clock  makes  a  course  every  1 2  hours.  It 
our  timepieces  were  rational  and  had  a  face  showing  24  hours, 
the  hour  hand  pointed  to  the  sun  would  make  12  o  clock,  noon, 

^^"iTthe'sui  is  clouded  and  vou  cannot  see  it,  get  into  a  clear  open 
space.  Hold  your  knife  point  upright  on  the  watch  dial,  and  it 
will,  unless  the  clouds  are  very  heavy,  cast  a  famt  shadow,  show- 
ing  where  the  sun  really  is. 

A  Home-made  Compass 

If  vou  happen  to  have  a  magnet,  it  is  easy  to  make  a  compass. 
Rub  a  fine  needle  on  the  magnet;  then  on  the  side  of  your  nose^ 
ihen  lav  it  gentlv  on  the  surface  of  a  cup  full  of  water.  Ihe 
needle  vViU  float  and  point  north.  The  cup  must  not  be  of 
metal. 

Lights  I 

For  camp  use,  there  is  nothing  bett.i  than  the  Stonebridge  | 
Iding  lantern,  with  a  good  supply  of  r  ndlf ;.    A  temporary    . 


fol 


♦To  make  a  more  scientifically  accurate  Sundial,  see  Coliw.*  "  Book  of  the  Star.."  p.  4a. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


219 


torch  can  readily  be  made  of  a  roll  of  birch  bark,  a  pine  knot,  or 
some  pine-root  slivers,  in  a  spht  stick  of  green  wood. 

Hunter's  Lamp 

A  fairly  steady  light  can  be  made  of  a  piece  of  cotton  cloth 
or  twisted  rag  stuck  in  a  clam  shell  full  of  <  il  or  melted  grease. 
An  improvement  is  easily  made  by  putting  the  cotton  wick 
through  a  hole  in  a  thin,  flat  stone,  which  sets  in  the  grease  and 
holds  the  wick  upright. 

Another  improvement  is  made  by  using  a  tin  in  place  of  the 
shell.  It  makes  a  steadier  lamp,  as  well  as  a  much  larger  light. 
This  kind  of  a  lamp  enjoys  wide  use  and  has  some  queer  names, 
such  as  slot-lamp,  grease-jet,  hunter's  lamp,  etc.  (See  cut  below.) 

TVoodman's  Lantern 

When  nothing  better  is  at  hand,  a  woodman's  lantern  can 
be  made  of  a  tomato  can.    Make  a  big  hole  in  the  bottom  for 


fcnt(«r 


i 

ToYr\ito-tin   '^~  r"    i 


r-A 


jlCi- 


the  candle,  and  punch  the  sides  full  of  small  holes,  prefer- 
ably from  the  inside  If  you  ha\e  a  wire  to  make  a  hanger, 
well  and  good;  if  not,  you  can  carrv  it  bv  the  bottom.    This 


"I 

I 


1 

i 
« 


hC    ."jii^.a 


220  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

lets  out  enough  light  and  will  not  go  out  in  the  wind     It  you 

want  to  set  it  down,  you  must  make  a  hole  m  the  ground  tor  tl.2 

candle,  or  if  on  a  table,  set  it  on  two  blocks.     (Cut  op  page  219.) 

Another  style  is  described  in  a  recent  letter  from  Hamlm 

'''^Apropos  of  improved  camp  lights,  I  had  a  new  one  'sprang 
on  me,'  this  summer:  A  forest  ranger  and  I  were  visitmg  a 
miner,  about  a  mile  from  our  camp.  It  came  on  dark,  pitch 
dark,  and  when  we  started  home,  we  could  not  foUow  the  trail. 
It  was  windy  as  well  as  dark,  and  matches  did  very  little  good. 
So  back  we  went  to  the  cabin.  The  ranger  then  picked  up  an 
old  tomato  can,  punched  a  hole  in  the  side,  thrust  a  candle  up 
through  the  hole,  lighted  it,  and  took  the  can  by  the  disk  which 
had  been  cut  from  the  top.  The  whole  thing  was  now  a  boxed 
light,  shining  ahead  like  a  searchlight,  and  the  wind  did  not 
affect  it  at  all!  I've  been  camping,  as  you  know,  for  thirty 
years,  but  this  little  trick  was  new  to  me.    Perhaps  it  is  new  to 

vou."    H.  G.  ,      .         1    1.    u    i-  „ 

'  Still  another  style,  giving  a  better  light,  is  made  by  heating 
an  ordinary  clear  glass  quart  bottle  pretty  hot  m  the  fire,  then 
dipping  the  bottom  part  in  cold  water;  this  causes  the  bottom 
to  crack  off.  The  candle  is  placed  in  the  neck,  flame  mside. 
and  the  bottle  neck  sunk  in  the  ground. 

Knife  and  Hatchet  or  Whittling  and  Chopping 

If  I  were  marooned  on  an  island  or  left  alone  in  the  wilderness, 
and  had  the  choice  of  but  one  weapon  to  take  along,  I  should  take 
a  good  knife.     If  I  were  allowed  two,  the  second  would  be  a 

With  these  two  one  can  make  most  of  the  things  needed  for 
securing  food  or  building  shelters. 

The  Northern  Indians  are  probably  the  best  whittlers  in  the 
world  They  use  a  curious  cur\'ed  knife  called  the  crooked  knite. 
It  is  made  of  an  old  file  curled  up  at  the  point  so  it  can  cut  a 
narrow  groove.  With  such  a  knife  a  Chipewyan  Indian  can 
make  bow,  arrows,  traps,  snowshoes,  canoe,and  wigwam— aswell 
as  clothing,  his  whole  outfit  complete;  a  good  crooked  knile. 
therefore,  is  a  fair  start  in  life  for  an  industrious  Indian. 

Rules  for  Using  a  Knife 

In  whittling,  alwa\s  assume  thai  the  knife  is  Roinj^lo  slip,  there- 
fore, arrange  so  it  can  do  no  damage  when  it  does  shn. 


I 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  221 

For  this  reason,  it  is  usual  to  make  a  beginner  whittle  away 
from  himself,  but  that  is  not  always  safe.  Indeed,  all  the  best 
whittlers  in  the  world,  including  Northern  Indians,  Farriers, 
Wagonmakers,  etc.,  whittle  toward  themselves,  with  the  hand  held 
palm  up,  the  knife  blade  at  the  little  finger  side,  using  the  pull 
of  the  arm  instead  of  the  push,  thereby  getting  more  power  and 
better  control.  But  this  is  sure,  you  should  never  whittle  toward 
the  hand  that  is  holding  the  wood. 

Always  keep  your  knife  sharp.  It  is  a  sign  of  a  tenderfoot 
to  have  a  dull  knife,  and  of  a  trained  Woodcrafter  to  have  a  keen 
one. 

To  keep  a  knife  sharp,  it  must  be  a  good  piece  of  steel  and  you 
must  know  how  to  sharpen  it.  The  only  way  to  get  a  good 
bhdc  is  to  go  to  a  good  maker  and  pay  a  good  price.  The  fancy 
knives  that  are  corkscrew,  toolchest,  bootjack,  and  whistle  all 
combined,  are  seldom  of  good  steel. 

Old-timers  prefer  a  u'/»'te-handled  knife  as  it  is  more  readily 
found  if  dropped  on  the  ground  or  in  the  water. 

The  blade  cannot  be  kept  in  good  condition  if  used  for  any- 
thing but  a  wood  cutter.  Therefore,  do  not  cut  nails,  metal,  or 
softwood  knots  (especially  hemlock  knots)  with  it. 

Never  stick  the  blade  in  the  fire.  That  would  draw  the  tem- 
per and  spoil  the  knife. 

Do  not  abuse  your  knife  by  using  it  for  a  hammer,  wedge, 
screwdriver,  or  pry. 

Carry  a  little  whetstone  or  else  a  small  file  to  keep  your  knife 
in  good  shape. 

A  pocket  or  shut-up  knife  is  the  only  style  worth  carrying. 
The  hunting  knife  or  dagger  has  not  enough  use  to-day  to  make 
it  worth  while. 

It  is  a  proof  of  a  good  whittler  if  one  can  make  half  a  dozen 
firelighters  in  succession.  A  firelighter  or  fuzz-stick  (see  illus- 
tration) is  a  stick  of  soft  wood  about  an  inch  thick  or  six  or 
eight  inches  through,  shaved  into  thin  slivers  which  are  still  on 
the  stick;  that  is,  are  one  solid  piece  at  one  end  and  all  thin 
slivers  at  the  other.  This  can  only  be  done  if  you  have  a  sharp, 
strong  knife,  a  well-selected  piece  of  soft  wood  without  knots 
in  it,  and  a  steady  hand.  Provided  the  wood  is  good,  the  fire- 
lighter is  perfect  if  not  a  sliver  is  loose  or  drops  off. 


Use  of  Hatchet 


n 

m 


1 


.\  good 
iiui  kept 


camper  is  known  by 
muzzled  when  travelling 


his  hatchet;  if  it  is  always  sharp, 
e  owner  knows  his  business. 


222  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

Most  of  the  knife  rules  apply  equally  to  the  hatchet. 

Never  try  to  break  a  stone  with  a  hatchet  or  let  the  hatchet 
be  driven  into  a  log  by  striking  its  back  with  another  hatchet  or 
anything  of  metal;  use  a  wooden  maul  if  it  is  necessary  to  drive 
the  hatchet,  as  in  splitting  a  stick.  Ucir\^M 

If  you  are  going  to  hew  a  piece  of  timber  with  a  hatchet, 
always  draw  a  line  first  to  guide  you.       ,     .      ,         ...      .. 

If  vou  are  going  to  point  a  stake,  make  it  a  four-sided  point, 
cutting  sides  No.  I  and  No.  3,  No.  2  and  No.  4;  so  that  finally 
at  any  cross-sertion  of  the  point  It  will  be  square. 

It  'is  a  sure  sign  of  inexperience  when  a  camper  throws  his 
hatchet  at  trees,  etc.,  to  see  if  he  can  make  it  stick.  Broken 
blades,  broken  handles,  and  injured  trees  are  the  inevitable  re- 
sult, with  the  large  possibility  of  serious  accident. 

Use  of  the  Axe 

The  hatchet  has  long  been  the  emblem  of  George  Washington, 
in  allusion  to  the  incident  of  the  cherry  tree.  So  also  the  axe  has 
become  an  emblem  of  Abraham  LiiKoln,  the  backwoodsman,  the 
railsplitter,  the  typical  American,  who  used  the  axe  to  carve  his 
home  out  of  the  wilderness.  •  „  f„. 

I  think  that  the  a.xe  might  well  be  the  emblem  of  America,  for 
it  was  composed  originally  of  the  finest  metal  that  Europe  could 
supplv,  combined  with  a  handle  of  the  finest,  toughest  stuff 
that  America  could  grow;  and  thus  became  the  best  weapon  ever 
wielded  bv  man  for  subduing  the  wilderness. 

]\Iost  of  the  instructions  for  use  of  the  hatchet  apply  equally 
to  the  axe;  but  the  axe  chiefly  is  used  for  cutting  down  trees 
and  cutting  up  logs.  , 

To  cut  down  a  large  tree  with  an  axe,  first  clear  a  space  around 
so  vou  have  firm  footing  and  no  limbs  are  left  to  catch  the  axe 
as  ft  swings.  Now  begin  by  cutting  the  notch  A  (see  illustration) 
at  a  convenient  height,  on  the  side  to  which  you  would  throw  the 

tree 

Then  split  out  the  big  chips  B  A  by  strokes  at  B.  Continue 
the  operation  until  vou  reach  C  D.  Then  stop  and  cut  m  the 
notch  E.    Resume  cutting  at  CD  until  the  tree  falls. 

Xhe  notch  E  i«  never  made  on  the  level  with  D  or  lower,  be- 
cause then  the  butt  of  the  tree  might  shoot  backward  as  the  tree 
falls  and  kill  the  woodsman;  also,  the  upright  part  left  standing 
between  E  and  D  prevents  the  tree  falling  the  wrong  wav. 
When  it  matters  little  which  way  the  tree  goes,  the  notch  is  made 
much  lower. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 

TMri-sticK  or  F(Vel»^/»r<r    . 


223 


J 


"Wiiitt/jng  ^n<i    Ohofifyind 


r  s  5<&'^ 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


Hi. 

'X' 


♦' 

^•r- 


224 

If  the  tree  leans  much  the  wrong  way,  ymi  can  push  it  over  by 
II  me  iicc  i^ai  T^.  „„  ,y,p  ,,pp  F  is  leaniDii  to  the  east, 

Sthrowl.  lowird  J,  if  there  is  no  wind  and  the  tree  does  not 
'' Anot°hrweil-known  device  is  the  spring  pole.    To  inake  sure 

-Hl'f;^ri^n.?/re&«ttg 

powerful  as  one,  and  when  the  tree  is  cut  at  the  L  side,  the 

^^T^'s^tete  wrvT^^^        woodsman's  tricks  in  my  young  da^s 
hnt  thev  are  now'largely  displaced  by  the  saw.    The  plan  being 
to  no^h'the'tr^at  N,  tLn  £w  it  in  at  0  -tU  large  iron  wdges 
mav  be  driven  in  behind  the  saw  as  it  sinks  into  the  trunk,  ana 
Se^tree  is  inevitably  thrown  toward  N,  usually  m  a  line  at  right 

^tdrrw^d^in:^^^^^^ 

it  that  he  can  make  it  drive  a  given  stake. 

A  good  axeman  can  fell  a  six-inch  tree  in  a  minute 
When  one  is  cutting  a  sapling,  it  helps  greatly  if  the  tree  be 
be^t  ov"  r  th  n  one  blow  of  the  axe  on  the  bulge  of  the  bend  w  1 
usually  cut  it  off,  whereas  a  dozen  might  be  needed  if  the  tree 

To  ai'atlTg  onihe  ground,  the  axeman  stands  on  it  and 
cut'"lS:elTs  Se-sprea5  feet  cutting  half  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
•md  keeoine  the  kerfs  or  cuts  plumb,  P  Q  (see  ii|"^tration;. 
'  f  it  were  cut  through  entirely  from  one  side  as  at  R,  the  labor 
would  be  double,  because  fully  twice  as  much  wood  must  then 

''Frntll  log,  it  is  easier  to  stand  on  the  ground  and  cut 
more  nearlv  on  th^  upper  side  till  halfway  through,  then  roll  the 
log  half  over  and  make  the  other  cut. 

A  Waterproof  Shelter  of  Wilderness  Stuff 

If  vou  have  plenty  of  spruce,  balsam,  or  henilock  boughs  avail- 
able to  furnish  a  roof  thatch,  it  is  easy  to  make  a  lean-to.    Thi, 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


225 


consists  of  a  frame  of  poles  bound  with  roots  of  spruce  or  tamarac 
or  else  the  inner  bark  of  the  elm,  tamarac,  leatherwood,  or  pignut 
hickory.     (See  A  in  illustration.) 

Begin  at  the  bottom  and  cover  them  with  the  boughs  cut 
twenty  or  thirty  inches  long  and  each  one  attached  to  the  poles  at 
D  m  the  illustration. 


/     V 


TUry    of 


tfrtht  fcarK  li  on 


If  you  chance  to  have  an  ahun  >je  of  birch  bark,  it  is  yet 
simpler.  Cut  the  birch  bark  as  large  as  possible  and  insert  a  row 
of  ^heets  at  the  bottom,  brown  side  up,  overlapping  at  the  up- 
and-down  joints  instead  of  setting  the  bark  pieces  side  by  side  as 
in  shingling.  The  top  row  moy  need  extra  binding  poles  to  hold 
the  bark  sheets  down  (XX  in  H  ^  These  poles  are  bound  at  tlicir 
ends  to  the  ends  of  the  pole.-.  bek)w  them. 

ff  /^rass  or  rushes  are  used,  tie  it  in  bundles  and  put  on  as  with 
I'oughs.  .Sometimes  the  grass  bundles  are  lashed  separately  to 
the  upper  sides  of  the  poles  with  root  or  bark  bindings. 

IJ  one  happens  to  have  a  supply  of  clay  handy,  a  first-class  clay 


1 


226  Woodcraft   Manual  for  Boys 

roof  can  be  made.     Ma.-e  th.  ^^--ucture  very  strong  with  cross 
noles  so  close  side  bv  side  thai    ae>  touch  each  other.    On  then 
fay  a  few  inches  of  grass,  and  cover  all  with  the  clay  hammered 

'T'each  case,  the  ends  may  be  filled  up  with  the  same  material 

''  ule'nSront  nuikes  c.f  it  a  v    v     .mfortai-le  d.  oiling 

In  ough  hast  V  work,  the  lasiu  1  g  o'  '  he  pok  ^  is  chspensed  w  th ; 
the  pes  being  heUl  in  place  \>y  In.  t  left  projecting  on  the  two 
r^ain  end  supi'.rts.  This  ar  ■  er. .;.  the  cuy  or  the  bough  roof, 
but  will  not  do  for  birch  bar.,  -r  -)'n  r  ..nnp.ing. 

Camp  Loom  and  Grass  Mats 

The  chief  us.  of  the  camp  loom  is  t>.  ^    ave  nats  for  the  beds 
of  Irass  straw,  hay,  or.  best  of  all,  >-^^-J^^:^:^::^^Z^ 
\  2-foot  <ross-bar  A  is  last  to  a  small  '     e.  and  se%en  ,.t 
,w^y\-ven  stakes  are  driven  into  the  grou      .  mch  .  apart   each 

•^^f^l:^^tS^tied  to  each  st.k,  and  U    the  cr.ss-bar, 


keeping  them  parallel.  Then,  between  eac I  on 
Is  atla-hed  ar:0.lher  cord  ^our  in  alli  the  far  t; 
made  fast  to  a  loose  cross-bar,  B. 

One  person  raises  the  loose  c...^5  har  B,  while 
long  bundle  of  grass  tight  in  the  corner  C.     Tht- 
10  D,  and  another  roll  of  g;       or  sedge  is  tuck.- 
side  of  the  stake  cords,     i         the  bundles  u 


le  cross-bar, 
1  of  which    s 

iioiiier  lays  a 
B  is  lowered 

hf       'de; 


Things  to  Know  and    Do 


22, 


f 


I 


iiiul  one  below      ml  th,    ■  ,at  is  of  ih-  rt  |uire<i  length.     The 
•'jrds  are  then  i      end,  iht  crosh-oars  re-ioved.  and  the  m 
uhen  dnol,  mat    ,  i  |,„e  be^'      \V!)  ■•  a-irieu  f  the  willow  bed    <" 
IS  pure  lux  iry;     i    lawfu'    ,aii         uh     ,  wild  woo.  I  material 


^"^ivajo  Loom 

\  profitable  am...>pm(:,     '•■  i     ,ui   .  i     ueavinc 
"I  inner  bark      ^cj  .etc..  on..   ■  i-h    wt    ^     Lx 

l"ie  crud.   t   kinH      iie  „  ^.n   oe   ma. 

I  lustra, fd    U;'   v  ha\  nn<l         ■      te     . 

weaving  -ough  aiat         rugs.      \  .-  ,r    t  ■ 

C  IS  th<     TOSS  pie    -.     U  is  U,     up  n- 


'  'gs  (  r   ni,  ts 

an  hour,  is 

'sfai  lory  fo'- 
irecs  DP  posts. 
.  wnifiped  iis 


viiole   ength  with  a  spiral  cord.    E  is  the  lower  yarn-beam, 

■^im       y  wrapped.     F  F  are  stout  cords  to  carry  the  frame 

'      the  warp  is  being  stretched  between  the  yam-beams. 

IS  a  log  hung  on  for  weight.    HII  is  a  round  stick  fast- 


1 


i^ 


228 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


ened  between  the  yarns,  odds  on  one  side,  evens  on  the  other, 
to  hold  the  yarns  open  until  the  rug  is  all  done,  but  about  one 
inch  when  it  is  drawn  out. 

Now  with  a  needle,  the  yarns  or  strings  for  the  warp  are 
stretched  from  one  yarn-beam  to  another,  as  a  contmuous  stnng. 
The  exact  method  is  shown  on  a  larger  scale  in  the  upper  figure 
1  I  The  batten  or  spreader  J  is  a  piece  of  light  wood  two 
inches  wide  and  one  half  inch  thick,  with  square  edges,  but 
thin ,  sharp  point,  and  about  as  long  as  the  yarn-beam. 

Now,  we  are  ready  to  begin.  Run  the  batten  between  the 
yarns  under  the  sticks  H  H.  Then  drop  it  to  the  bottom  and 
turn  it  flatwise,  thus  spreading  the  yams  apart  in  two  rows.  Lay 
a  line  of  soft  bark,  rags,  or  other  woof  in  this  openmg  on  top  o 
the  batten,  making  sure  that  it  projects  a  couple  of  inches  at 
each  end.  Double  these  long  ends  around  the  strong  cords  I- 1 
then  back  along  themselves.  Now  draw  out  the  spreading  bat- 
ten and  press  the  woof  down  tight.  .      U  ^  »l 

Run  the  batten  through  alternate  threads  again,  but  the 
reverse  way  of  last,  and  this  time  it  goes  more  slowly  for  the  lack 
of  a  guide  rod.*  Lay  a  new  line  of  woof  as  above.  When  the 
rug  is  all  finished,  except  the  top  inch  or  more,  draw  out  the  rod 
H  H  and  fill  the  warp  to  the  top. 

Finally  cut  and  draw  out  the  spiral  cords  on  each  yarn-beam. 
This  frees  the  rug,  which  is  finished,  excepting  for  trim  and  bind- 
ing, when  such  are  desired.  .  ^.  .  ,  J 
Those  who  want  full  details  of  the  best  Navajo  looms  and 
methods  will  find  them  in  Dr.  Washington  Matthews  article 
on  Navajo  Weavers,  3d  Annual  Report,  Bur.  of  Ethnology, 
1 881-2.     Washington,  1884. 


Camp  Rake 

A  camp  rake  is  made  of  forked  branches  of  oak,  beech,  hick- 
ory, or  other  hard  wood,  thus:  Cut  a  handle  an  inch  thick  B  L 
and  4  feet  long,  of  the  shape  shown.  Flatten  it  on  each  side  ot  A . 
and  make  a  gimlet-hole  through.  Now  cut  ten  branches  of  the 
shape  D  E,  each  about  20  inches  long.  Flatten  them  at  the  L 
end,  and  make  a  gimlet-hole  through  each.    Fasten  all  together, 

•This  is  done  much  more  quickly  by  help  of  a  hwld-rod,  that  is,  a  hori- 
zontal stick  as  wide  as  the  blanket,  with  every  other  strand  of  the  ^arp 
loosely  UH),Kd  to  it  by  a  running  cord  near  the  top.  When  this  rod  is  puUed 
forward  it  reverses  the  set  of  the  threads  and  allows  the  batten  to  drop  m 
at  once. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  229 

r.ve  on  each  side  of  the  handle,  as  in  F,  with  a  long  nail  or  strong 
wire  through  aU  the  holes;  then,  with  a  cord,  lash  them  together. 


nf  fhl"f  ^!T  ^J  P""'"^  ^^.^  '""'^  ^^^^^^"-    Sharpen  the  points 
of  the  teeth,  and  your  rake  h-  eady.  ^ 

Camp  Broom 

There  are  two  ways  of  making  a  camp  broom.     Fir  t,  the 
twig  broom.    This  is  easUy  made  as  foUows:  Cut  a  handle 


an  inch  thick  and  shape  it  to  a  shoulder,  as  in  A  B  C.    Lash 
on  birch  or  other  fine  twigs,  one  layer  at  a  time,  until  sufficiently 


4 

* 

■if 


230  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

thirlf  as  D  E  Now  at  F,  put  a  ?nal  lashing  of  cord.  This 
d"at  t^ebfoom  together;  and  birds.it  firmly  to  the  handle. 
Trim  the  ends  even  with  the  axe,  and  it  is  ready  for  use. 

The  other  style  is  the  backwoods  broom.  This  was  usuaUy 
made  of  blue-beech  or  hickory.  A  4-foot  piece  of  a  4-mch  green 
irunkisbest.  Shavings  iSinches  long  are  cut  down  left  attached 
at  T  and  bent  back  over  the  end  until  there  is  a  bunch  of  them 
thi  k  enough;  when  they  are  bound  together  ;vf  ^  c°^d  and 
appear  as  in  K.  Now  thin  down  the  rest  of  the  handle  L  M, 
and  the  broom  needs  only  a  little  drying  out  to  be  finished. 

Rubbing-stick  Fire 

I  have  certainly  made  a  thousand  fires  with  rubbing  sticks, 
and  have  made  at  least  five  hundred  different  experiments. 
So  far  as  I  can  learn,  my  own  record  of  thirty-one  seconds  from 
taking  the  slicks  to  having  the  fire  ablaze  is  the  world  s  record 
and  I  can  safely  promise  this:  That  every  one  who  will  follow 
the  instructions  I  now  give  will  certatnly  succeed  m  making  a 

'"Takf  f  ptc^e'of  dry,  sound,  balsam-fir  wood  (or  else  cedar 
cypress,  tamarac,  basswood,  or  cottonwood,  m  order  of  choice) 
and  make  of  it  a  drill  and  a  block,  thus: 


I.  Tools  for  iiremaking 

Drill.    Five  eighths  of  an  inch  thick,  twelve  to  fifteen  inches 
long;  roughly  rounded,  sharpened  at  each  end  as  in  the  cut 

^^  5/tffl!  or  board,  two  inches  wide,  six  or  eight  inches  long,  five 
cichths  of  an  inch  thick.  In  this  block,  near  one  end,  cut  a  side 
notch  one  half  an  inch  deep,  wider  on  the  under  side;  and  near 

•This  was  written  ten  years  ago;  since  then  the  record.has  been  repeatedly  lowered  by  others. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


231 

in  the  top  of  the  block,  as  in  the  illustration  (cut  i  b). 

Itnder.     For  tinder  use  a  wad  of  fine,  soft,  very  dr\'  dead 
^rass  mixed  with  shredded  cedar  bark,  birch  bark  or  e v^n  ced^^^ 
wood  scraped  into  a  soft  mass.  icculccmi 

Bim'     Make  a  bow  of  any  bent  slick  two  feel  lonj;,  uiih   i 
strong  buckskin  or  belt-lacing  thong  on  it  (cut  i  c) 

Socket.  Finally,  you  need  a  socket.  This  simple  Hltle  thii.ir 
s  made  in  many  ditlerent  ways.  Sometimes  I  use  a  Wmlov 
lemlock  knot  with  a  pit  one  quarter  inch  deep,  made  by'^oring 
uitl  the  knife  point.  But  it  is  a  great  help  to  have  a  good  one 
lyade  of  a  piece  of  smooth,  hard  stone  or  marble,  set  in  v^x,od 
1  In-  stone  or  marble  having  in  it  a  smooth,  round  pit  three  eighths 


2.  Ready  to  make  fire 
inch  wide  and  three  eighths  inch  deep.    The  one  I  use  most 

cift'xTfig'dt        ^'^""     ^  ''"'  °^  '^'  ""^"^  '^'  ^'  "^«^"  •" 
Now  we  are  ready  to  make  the  fire: 
Under  the  notch  in  tl    fire-block  set  a  thin  chip. 

the  thnnl    K     S'"  ''        '  °^  ^^^  ^°^  0"«  ^"-o^nd  the  drill: 

IHlMntn^h  °"^  '.  f  ^"'''^  ^'^^'-     P"^  ^"«  point  of  the 

dull  mto  the  pit  of  u.o  block,  .and  on  the  upper  end  uut  the 

inte'h'ol'N^^^'  "  ^^^  ''''  ^^"^'  "i^^  th'e'toptf  the  dr  1 
L-  ^^u'^°/  ^^^  '^°"^  (^«  '"  ^"t  2).  Hold  the  left  wrist 
against  the  left  shin  and  the  left  foot  on  the  fire-block  Now 
draw  the  right  hand  back  and  forth  steadily  on  level  and  t'  e 
lull  length  of  the  bow.     This  causes  the  drill  to  twirl  in  the  pit 


I 

m 

1 
I 

« 

# 


TTT 


'-il 


232  Woo^oraft  Manual  for  Boys 

\    B      (i)  The  notch  must  reach  the  middle  of  t'teJinpu. 

(2)  You  must  hold  the  drill  steadily  upright    and  cannot 

.Jso  wUhorbracing  the  left  wrist  against  the  left  shm.  and 

^t)V^^T4£lX^slowly.  pressing  heavily 

-'if/;"^/)^^ -^--t£  because  you  Ha.e  notJoUo^ed 
these  instructions. 

Drum 

While  an  ordinary  bought  drum  does 
very  well  for  dancing,  some  tribes  make 
their  own,  using  a  section  of  a  hollow 
tree  (or  in  some  cases  a  small  barrel) 
covered  with  untanned  calf  skin.  It  is 
soaked  till  soft,  scraped  clear  of  hair,  and 
tightly  stretched  over  each  end  of  the  hoi- 

low  log.  As  it  dries,  it  shrinks  and  be-  ^^' 7 -;  -'-7.  ..  ;, 
comes  very  tense,  giving  a  good  drum  sound.  Lsually  it  is 
tuned  up  by  warming  at  the  fire  before  use. 

The  Woodcraft  Willow  Bed 

The  only  bed  I  know  of  which  is  Ught,  portable,  woodcrafty, 
made  of  wildwood  stuff  that  can  be  got  anywhere,  and  cos Ung 
nothing  but  a  Uttle  labor,  is  the  willow  or  prairie  bed  used  b> 

^^Vll^^tw^irt^ade:  On  your  first  short  hike^^^cou. 
try  go  to  some  stream  bank  or  swamp,  and  cut  about  seventy 

trafght  rods  of  red  willow  (kinnikinik).  gray  willow,  arrojwo^d 
or  any  straight  shoots,  each  about  a.  thick  as  a  pencl  ^^^  " 
peeled,  except  one  or  two  that  are  larger,  "P.^^  ^fj^^.^JuS 

hick;  and  all  thirty  inches  long.  Tie  them  up  in  a  tight  bundi* 
with  Several  cords  until  you  get  time  to  work  them.  PeeUhem, 
cut  a  slight  notch  in  the  butt  of  each  rod,  three  quarters  of  an 
inch  from  the  end,  and  you  are  ready  to  make  the  bed. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  233 

And  here  I  may  say  that  some  folks,  who  could  not  cet 
t.)  the  countr>-  to  cut  ;villow  rods,  ha\e  used  the  ordinar\ 
bamboo  lishmg-poles.  These  are  sawed  up  in  ^o-inch  lengths 
and  spht  to  the  necessary  thinness;  the  butt  end  viclds  four  or 
even  five  of  the  splints,  the  top,  but  one.    This  answers  well 


*•  r«,jA  fr»mt   until  tn  mUrnf    H*if^ 

o»«    yd   M    in  /^/u-t.  * 

Cut  N' .  I 

and  three  poles  furnish  material  enough  for  the  bed.  This  is 
allowable  because,  though  the  stuff  is  not  of  our  own  woods, 
It  IS  American;  it  grows  in  the  Southern  States.  One  or  two 
Hlows  m  town  have  made  the  bed  of  dowels  from  a  furniture 
laclory. 

Now  get  a  ball  of  cord,  that  will  stand  a  25-lb.  pull,  a  ball  of 
tine  hnen  thread,  and  a  piece  of  shoemaker's  wax,  to  complete 
your  materials.  * 

If  outdoors,  you  can  stretch  your  cords  between  two  smoll 
trees  about  seven  feet  apart,  but  it  is  much  easier  if  you  make 
a  rough  frame  of  strips  or  poles  seven  feet  bv  three  inside  to 
work  on. 

Cut  four  pieces  of  the  cord,  each  about  twentv  feet  long. 

Double  each  and  tie  a  .^-inch  hard  Icwp  in  the  middle.     Twist 
hese  doubled  cords  and  put  them  on  a  frame  (Cut  No    i) 
astened  to  nails  as  at  A  B,  the  surplus  cord  wrapped  around 
tlie  frame,  and  the  others  as  at  C  D  E  F  G  and  H. 

Take  one  of  the  heaviest  rods,  say  a  half-inch  one,  for  a 
starter.  With  a  pointed  stick,  open  the  two  strands  of  the 
twisted  cord,  and  set  the  rod  tight  against  the  knots  I  J  K  L 

.Now  set  a  second  rod  in  place  below  the  first,  seeing  thai 
I  wo  Iwists  of  the  string  are  l)etween  each  rod  and  that  the 


% 

1 

« 

1 

.1 


f 

I 


I 


234 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


space  separating  them  is  one  inch.  Keep  alternating  butts 
and  tops.  At  each  point,  that  is  at  four  places  on  each  rod, 
make  a  lashing  of  waxed  thread,  holding  rod  and  cords  to- 
gether (So.  2).  I  have  seen  beds  with  only  two  lashings,  that 
is  one  at  each  end,  but  four  lashings  is  the  sound  and  safe  plan. 
When  the  rod-work  is  si.x  feet  long,  it  is  time  to  taper  off. 


l"'^ 


N..JL .  TKe  St^lt  of  fm.i.*i  •     ^  ShO^^<^ 


1^9  i.  Vi^rlovi  /.«V«t»   -  Can^iJ   co^ermj     Tfte 


HooKforVatc/ 


Put  in  one  big  rod  for  a  finish,  and  lie  hard  loops  in  the  cord- 
at  this  point.  Then,  using  shorter  rods,  make  a  narrower 
pan  al)out  eighteen  inches  hij^-h  for  a  head.  Fmally,  cover 
t!-i-  head  with  a  i^ierc  of  brown  khaki  or  canvas  which  shouKi 
be  dec o.ated  Willi  the  bands  colors  and  totem,  either  paintecl 
or  (lone  in  beadwork,  or  in  colored  cottons  that  are  cut  out  and 
sewed  on  (Cuts  Xos.  .:;  and  4)  H  is  well  to  add  also  a  wooden 
hook  for  one's  watch  (a  and  b,  Cut  No.  3)  and  a  pocket  for 
matches  and  money,  etc.,  at  night. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  233 

The  Indians  often  elaborated  these  beds  to  a  great  extent 
when  m  permanent  camps.  Each  rod  was  selected  perfectly 
straight,  thmncd  at  the  butt  end,  to  be  uniform,  and  an  extra 
piece  added  at  the  bed,  head  and  foot,  to  curl  up  as  end-boards 
I  hat  at  the  head  was  elaborately  decorated  with  symbols  in" 
l-eadwork.     The  illustration  (Xo.  5)  shows  a  beautiful  beadt-.i 


No^"  The  beade.o(   hcac(. 


bed-head  in  my  possession;  not  onlv  the  head,  but  the  ed^es  all 
around,  are  lx)und  with  red  llannel.'  " 

When  in  use  the  bed  is  laid  with  the  ends  of  the  rods  resting 
on  two  4-inch  poles,  uhich  are  set  lirnily  t\v.;mv-six  iiiclK> 
•liiari.  ar.d  ihc  i<e<l  i>  s(ai<cd  ai  liie  corners  through  the  loop■^ 
10  hold  It  in  place  (Cut  Xo.  0).  Cm  \o.  7  shows  a  line  spec! 
men  of  an  Ara{)aho  bed  all  ready  for  use.  When  we  tan  j,'ct 
no  poles,  we  lay  down  a  couple  of  boards  or  rods  to  ( arr>'  iT.i 
ends  of  the  bed,  anfl  (hen  dig  the  irround  out  in  (he  middle. 
15y   means  of   two  tali   slakes   the   he.MJ   pari    i.   i,,.|(l   upright. 


I 
J 

1 

I 


* 
* 


I 

t 

« 


236  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

When  packed   up  the  bed   is  rolled.    It  weighs  about  five 

^fcourse.  you  always  need  us  much  under  you  as  over  you 
Couched  on  such  a  natural  spring  mattress  as  the  willow  bed 
you  sleep  in  perfect  comfort. 


I*- 

X 


1  .i 


I 


No    7      ARXPAHO  BED  OF  WILLOWS.     Rep.  Bur. 
.\m.  Ethn.  p.  963,  14th  Ann. 

For  those  who  wish  to  complete  its  sumptuousness  a  rush 
or  grass  mat  may  be  added.    (See  Camp  Loom.)  ,.     ,  «1 

Aher  long  use  the  willows  get  bent,  to  prevent  this  the  bed 
should  be  turned  over  every  few  days. 

Making  A  Teepee 

(From  Ladies'  Home  Journal,  September,  1902) 

Many  famous  campers  have  said  that  the  Indian  teepee  is 
the  best  known  movable  home.    It  is  roomy,  self-ventilatmg, 


-=sr  *."'-E?i.' 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


237 


cannot  blow  down,  and  is  the  only  tent  that  admits  of  a  fire 
inside. 
Then  why  is  it  not  everywhere  used?    Because  01  the  difficulty 


6 


Door 


i  i:\i:i' 


PR 


iTTj*  I  I 


Door 


TT 


P 


/     "ii/L' *1Mw 

«l 


f 


£. L-n: 


...•H 


...p 


beadle  5\x  reet 

Pailtmnr  10-ro<i|  TecpM. 


■k 


5moKe-fldp  2\ 


Cut  I 


The  Complete  Ttvprt  "n  rr     Tfnnrnii— Mill. 
A  —  Frame  lor  Poor. 
Ji  —  Opor  Completed. 


Cut  11 


5 

It 

I 

M 

I 

,1 


* 


'I 


of  the  poles.    If  on  the  prairie,  you  must  carry  your  poles.    If 
in  the  woods,  you  must  cut  them  at  each  camp. 

A  lo-foot  teepee  is  the  smallest  size  worth  having  for  practical 
use.    A  larger  one  is  easier  to  keep  clear  of  smoke,  but  most 


238 


V/oodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


t 


boys  will  prefer  the  small  one,  as  it  is  much  handier,  cheaper, 
and  easier  to  make,  I  shall  therefore  give  the  working  plan  of 
a  1 0-foot  teepee  of  the  simplest  form. 

It  recjuires  2-  square  yards  of  6-  or  8-ounce  duck,  heavy 
unbleached  muslm,  or  Canton  llannel  (the  wider  the  better, 
as  that  saves  labor  in  making  up),  which  costs  about  $6;  lOo 
feet  of  A  inch  clothesline,  25  cents;  string  for  sewmg  rope 
ends,  etc.,  5  cents.     Total  about  S7.00. 

Gel  vour  material  machine  run  together  20  feet  long  and  10 
feel  wide.  Lav  this  down  perfectly  Hat  (Cut  I).  On  a  peg  or 
nail  at  A  in  the  middle  of  the  long  side  put  a  lo-foot  cord  loosely, 
and  then  wiih  a  burnt  stick  in  a  loop  at  the  other  end  draw 
the  half-circle  B  C  D.  Xow  mark  out  the  two  little  triangles 
at  A  A  E  is  6  inches,  A  F  and  E  F  each  one  foot;  the  other 
triangle,  \  R  G,  is  the  same  size.  Cut  the  canvas  along  these 
dotted  lines.  From  the  scraps  left  over  cut  two  pieces  for 
smoke-flaps,  as  shown.  In  the  long  corner  of  each  (H  in  No. 
I  I  in  No.  2)  a  small  three-cornered  piece  should  be  sewed,  to 
make  a  pocket  for  the  en(i  of  the  smoke  pole,  Oi  else  a  2-inch 
hole  right  through. 

Now  sew  the  smoke-Haps  to  the  cover  so  that  M  L  ol  JNo. 
I  is  neatly  fitted  to  P  E,  and  N  O  of  No.  3  to  Q  D. 

Two  inches  from  the  edge  B  P  make  a  double  row  of  holes; 
each  hole  is  i.^  inches  from  its  mate,  and  each  pair  is  5  inches 
from  the  next  pair,  except  at  the  2-foot  space  marked  "door, 
where  no  holes  are  needed. 
The  holes  on  the  other  side,  Q  D,  must   exactly  fit  on 

these.  , 

At  A  fasten  verv  strongly  a  4-foot  rope  by  the  muldle.  t  asien 
the  end  of  a  lo-foot  cord  to  J  and  another  to  K;  hem  a  rope  all 
along  in  the  bottom,  BCD.  Cut  1 2  pieces  of  rope  each  about 
15  inches  long,  fasten  one  firmly  to  the  canvas  at  B,  another 
at  the  point  D,  and  the  rest  at  regular  distances  to  the  hem  rope 
along  the  edge  between,  for  peg  loops.     The  teepee  cover  is 

now  made.  ,. 

For  the  door  (some  never  use  one)  take  a  hmber  sapling 
:;  inch  thick  and  s\  feet  long,  also  one  22  inches  long.  Bend 
the  long  one  into  a  horseshoe  and  fasten  the  short  one  across 
the  ends  (A  in  Cut  II).  On  this  stretch  canvas,  leaving  a  flap 
at  the  op  m  the  middle  of  which  two  small  holes  are  made 
(B,  Cut  II),  .'.o  as  to  hang  tlie  door  on  a  lacing-pin.  Nine  of 
these  lacing-pins  are  needed.  They  are  of  smooth,  round, 
straight,  hard  wood,  a  f-  i  long  and  \  inch  thick.  They 
^ki  •  er  the  overlapped  edge;-  together. 


Things  to  Know     ad  Do 
Storm  Cap  or  Bull-boat 


239 


During  long  continued  or  heavy  rains,  a  good  deal  of  water 
may  come  in  the  smoke- \ent  or  drip  down  the  poles.  To  pre- 
vent this  the  Missouri 
Indians  would  sometimes 
use  a  circular  bull-boat  of 
rawhide  on  a  frame  of 
willows  as  a  storm  cap. 

I'ora  twelve-foot  teepee 
llie  storm  cap  should  be 
about  four  feet  across  and 
eighteen  inches  deep,  made 
of  canvas  with  a  hem  edge 
in  which  is  a  limber  rod 
to  keep  it  in  circular 
shape.  It  is  usually  put 
on  with  a  loose  teepee  pole, 
and  sits  on  top  of  the 
poles  as  shown,  held  down 
if  need  be  by  cords  lo  its  edge. 
The  poles  should  be  short  an-i  even  for  this. 

Putting  Up  the  Teepee 

Twehe  poles  also  are  needed.  Thev  should  be  a<  straight 
and  smooth  as  possible;  crooked,  rougli  poles  are  signs  of  a 
I)ad  housekeeper— a  squaw  is  known  bv  her  teepee  poles. 
1  hey  should  be  13  or  14  feet  long  and  about  i  inch  thick  at 
the  top.  Two  are  for  the  smoke-vent:  they  may  be  more 
slender  than  the  others,  and  should  ha\  a  4-inch  crosspiece 
lashed  on  them  about  2  feet  from  the  top  Last  of  all,  make  a 
flozen  stout  short  pegs  about  15  inches  lo,  „  and  about  i'.  inches 
llnck.     Now  all  the  necessary  parts  of  the  teepee  are  made. 

I  his  IS  how  the  Indian  tent  is  put  up:  Tie  three*  poles  to- 
gether at  a  point  about  i  foot  higher  than  llic  canvas,  sj.read 
them  out  in  a  tripod  the  right  distance  apart;  then  lav  the  other 
I)<>les  (e.xcept  three  including  the  two  slender  ones)  in'the  angles 
their  lower  ends  forming  a  small  circle.  Bind  them  all  with  a 
rope,  letting  its  end  hang  down  inside  for  an  anchor.  Now 
lasten  the  two  ropes  at  A  (Cut  I)  to  the  stout  pole  left  o\  er  at  a 
'"^'"^   1°  feet  up.     Raise  this  into  its  place,  and  the  teepee 

•  Some  use  four  and  find  it  stronger. 


if 


n 


I 


'•m 

I 


240  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

nner  with  it,  optK^site  where  the  .iuor  is  to  be     Carry  the 
wo  wi^  s  of  the  V  u  around  till  they  overlap  and  fasten  to- 


(s;      Sit  v^  ^"^'"^ 


51*  ^^ 


;h  y^«-'«»**^  '^^^^^i!^- 


i>  ready  for  weather.     In  the  centre  dig  a  hole  iS  inches  wide 
:iiid  6  inches  deep  for  the  fire. 

The  fire  is  the  great  advantage  of  the  teepee,  experience 
will  show  how  to  manage  the  .moKc.  ivccp  ^J^^";'!;:^:^^;^ 
swung  down  wind,  or  at  least  quartering  down  Sometimes  you 
must  leave  the  door  a  little  open  or  raise  the  lx,ttom  of  the  teepet 
coxir  a  little  on  the  windward  side.  If  this  makes  too  much 
draught  on  your  hack,  slr.-tc!i  a  piece  of  canvas  between  two 


Thiiigs  to  Know  and  Do  341 

or  three  of  the  {>ol(>  inside  the  tee{>ee,  in  front  of  the  opening 
made  and  reaching  to  the  ground.  The  draught  will  go  up 
behind  this.  o      t- 

By  these  tricks  you  can  make  the  \cnl  draw  the  smoke, 
but  after  all  the  main  thing  is  to  use  only  the  best  and  driest 
of  wood.  This  makes  a  clear  fire.  There  will  always  be 
more  or  less  smoke  7  or  8  feet  up,  but  it  worries  no  one  there 
and  keeps  the  mosquitoes  away. 


Archer> 

The  tribe  should  own  a  .Standard  Target -that  is,  4  feet 
across,  circular,  made  of  straw,  with  a  thin  oilcloth  cover,  marked 

^'^u  ^n^«  ?"^'^  •^'^"^'■^  "^  sold  (called  In-  some  of  our  tribes 
•  Ihe  Buffalo  s  Eye");  outside  of  that  a  4.8  inch  band  of  red, 
next  a  similar  band  of  Mue,  next  of  black,  next  of  white.     Some- 
imies  black  rings  of  tuc  right  size  are  made  to  answer. 

In  scoring,  the  ^old  is  9,  the  red  7,  the  blue  5,  the  black 
^  the  white  i  The  shortest  match  range  for  th(  target  is  40 
yar<ls.  If  it  is  a  3-foot  target  the  match  range  is  reduced  to 
^o  yards. 

A  target  can  he  made  of  a  burlap  sack  about  usc  feet  square 
I  ill.  should  be  ufTed  full  of  hav  or  stniM  hen  tlnttened  by 
a  few  quilting  si.  hes  put  right  through  ,  .'  i  .ng  packing 
eedlfc.    On  this  the  target  is  painted  of  ext  /     .1.      /e. 

Fat^h  boy  should  have  a  bow  that  puL  •  -  -  pounds 
up  about  on.  pound  for  each  vear  of  his  a,-  -  ^  ^afe  guide 
lor  boy <  up  to  sixteen.  He  .,iould  have  at  least  6  arrows 
and  a  <  ;,ver.  The  arrows  25  inches  long,  with  3  feathers, 
lonc-points  of  steel  or  iron;  brass  points  are  useless.  A  guard 
(-r  bracer  for  the  left  wrist  is  needed,  and  most  bovs  require  a 
glove  to  protect  the  fingers  of  th;  right  hand. 

Hows  can  be  bought  for  Si  to  $5  au  1  arrows  f;  15  cents 
to  S?  each.     But  it  is  more  creditable  if  you  make  ilseni  yourself. 

How  to  Make  a  Bow 

Take  a  straight,  sound  piece  of  cedar,  bodark,  yew,  sassafras. 

u  r'l  '""  '"'  '-"^'-^  ivr,  unt,  ifunwuou,  usn,  eim,  mckui  > 
or  hemlock.  Cut  it  so  that  it  is  half  sap  and  half  heartwood, 
flat  on  the  sapwood  side  (or  front)  and  round  on  the  heartwood 
side  (or  back).  It  should  be  about  an  inch  thick  in  the  middle 
ill"!  ta|)ered  ofT  to  J  inch  at  eaui  end.  f  ut  two  notches  and 
I'lii  on  a  strong  linen  cord,  either      bou^iit  bow-string  or  one 


i 
J 


■  m 


I 


242 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


ARCHKRY 

a  The  b.nv  strunt;.  b.  The  cor.l  fast  at  the  hnvc-r  en<l.  c  The  conj 
xvUh  loop  al  upi.rcr.i.  d.  leather  ready  to  tie -n.  e.  leather,  la.hed 
on.    {.  Holding. 


kTV«gWW 


ac: 


SIX  S.\MPLE  .\RRO\VS.  SHOWING  DIFFERENT  FEATHLRS 

\  i.   a  fur  lluHK  Mrcl  p.mile.1  U.btail.  very  (io..d  in  win.l.    Bis  another       -y  P"-'  •'^; 

mmMsmmmm 

all  litinK  l.ivhnl  !ot<ellier  with  sinew. 


J 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  243 

made  of  many  twisted  linen  threads.    At  one  end  it  is  fast  to 
the  bow  by  a  limber  hitch,  at  the  other  by  a  hard  loop 

\Vhen  strung  the  string  should  be  about  5  inches  from  the 
bow. 

Arrows  should  be  25  inches  long,  and  f  of  an  inch  thick. 
They  are  made  of  pine  or  ash.  The  Eastern  Indians  made 
them  usually  of  arrow- wood  or  viburnum  shoots. 

PZach  should  have  a  conical  steel  ferrule  for  head  and  three 
feathers  to  make  i^  fly  true.     The  feathers  are  lashed  on. 

Holding  and  Drawing 

It  is  very  important  to  begin  shooting  in  correct  form  and 
never  change  from  that  if  you  wish  to  become  a  good  shot. 

Grasp  the  bow  in  the  left  hand.  Put  the  arrow  on  the 
string  with  the  right.  Hook  the  first  three  fingers  on  the 
string  one  above,  two  below  the  arrow.  The  little  finger 
and  thumb  do  nothing,     (f  in  upper  cut,  p.  242.) 

Stand  perfectly  upright,  left  side  toward  the  target,  the 
heels  12  inches  apart  and  in  exact  line  from  the  target  Hold 
the  bow  up  -ight  and  the  arrow  against  the  left  side  of  it,  resting 
on  the  hand.  Draw  the  cord  till  the  head  of  the  arrow  touches 
the  bow  and  the  top  of  your  thumb  rests  on  the  corner  of  your 
mouth.  You  must  sight  along  the  arrow  for  direction,  but  guess 
tor  elevation.     Hold  it  one  second. 

Release  the  arrow  by  straightening  your  fingers  and  at 
the  same  time  turn  your  hand  back  up,  but  keep  the  thumb 
tip  at  your  mouth  corner.  Du  not  move  the  left  hand  a  hair's- 
breadth  till  the  arrow  has  struck. 

Begin  practising  at  very  short  range  and  slowly  increase 
up  to  the  standard,  forty  yards. 

Unstring  the  bow  when  not  in  use. 

Woodcraft  Paints 

Paints  for  ornamenting  robes  are  mixed  with  water.  (Clark: 
"Sign  Language.") 

Paints  for  the  body  are  mixed  with  grease  or  tallow  from 
some  animal. 

Paints  for  lodges,  totem  poles,  etc.,  wore  made  durable 
l)y  slowly  melting  or  mixing  into  the  grease  enough  rosin  to 
make  it  sticky.     This  formed  their  paint  oil. 

Red.  Before  the  Indian  had  the  white  man's  vermilion  he 
ust>d  a  certain  slifT  yellow  clay  (brick  clay)  which,  when  burnt. 


f 

1 

r 

* 

s 

4 
* 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


s 


color.     This   he   powdered    and 


244 

turned  dull  rcd-i.  c,  brick 

"",T's^^^r,f:nhr'cou„.rv  Ihcrc  .re  springs  strongly  in. 
nrcenS  S  iron.  A  Ior  of  wood  dug  out  of  ll>.s--or  fa,  - 
fngThal  an  armful  of  chips  long  soaked  in  '-»''^"  f  "iC 
drted  and  burnt,  yielded  ashes  of  a  beautiful  rosy  color.     I  he,t 

"frr  «lo;*''o;'Lh;es  are  cotnnton  in  clay  regions 
-iS^nrrySri- g^rUw.  S  t  ^  ^In^ 


Zuni  Kiigles  23  Am.  Rep.  B.A.E. 

moss  one  sees  on  the  trunks  of  pine  trees  in  the  Rockies.     When 
S  and  powdered  this  make.,  a  sort  of  chrome  yellow,  and  .. 

also  used  as  a  dye.  fnur\r  \ 

"The  Sioux  use  Imll-bernes' for  yellow.  (Clark.) 
Blue     Thev  had  no  good  blue.     Blue  clays  come  nearc«^t 

to    the    colo?.      Sometimes    black    and     wnite    mixed    wer. 

"%c)t.     Soot  and  cliarcoal.  ground  into  the  paint  oil,  made  ;. 

''"?n;^^^For  white  thev  used  while  clays,  which  are  con, 
mon  in  ^ome  regions,  or  burnt  shells,  hnely  powdered. 

IcneTllv   ?peaking.    Black   moans  joy     irA,^.,  mourmnK. 
A'../! beauty;  and  an  excessive  use  of  any  of  these  or  other  colore, 

'  Painlu?!;  ..r  greasing  was  universal  among  Indians.  They  dul 
it  to  beautifv  themselves  au<l  also  to  protect  the  skms  from  tin 
•(■■  ther  Though  we  condemn  them  for  the  practice,  most  ot 
our  women  an.i  a  great  many  of  uur  men  do  the  same  thmg  tor 
the  s<»me  reas.)n. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


245 


Woodcraft  Dyes 

The  dyes  used  to  sL-'in  porcupine  quills,  spruce  roots  and 
other  strong  material,  of  which  they  made  ornaments  and 
iilensils.  were  very  numerous,  and  some  of  them  very  beautiful 

A'<./.     Soak   the   roots  in   the   juice  of   the  Squaw-berry 
lihtuni  or  JMis-caw-wa.     Manv  other  berries  give  red  or  purpU' 

Hhuk  Boil  the  roots,  etc.,  with  the  bark,  branches,  and 
hcrries  of  sumac,  or  the  bark  and  chips  of  oak  and  soft  maple 
with  some  iron  in  the  pot. 

YelloTiV.  A  beautiful  yellow  is  made  bv  boiling  the  inner 
lark  01  golden  or  black  oak.  Or  the  root  of  yellowroot  or 
h>-.irastis.  In  the  Rocky  Mountains  the  yellow  moss  off  pine 
I  rei's  serves. 

Orange.  Orange  is  obtained  by  two  dips— one  in  the  red  and 
one  in  the  yellow  after  the  first  is  dry. 

Lace  or  Thong 

It  you  need  a  lace  or  thong  and  have  no  leather  long  enough, 
take  a  square  piece,  round  the  corners,  then  cut  it  round  and 
round,  till  It  is  all  used  up.  Pull  and  roll  the  thong  produced 
until  it  is  small  and  even,  without  kinks. 


■f 


Woodcraft  Buttons 


On  the  Plains,  when  a  button  is  lost  or  needed,  it  is  easy 
to  make  one  of  leather.  Usuallv  a  piece  of  an  old  strap  is 
used.     Cut   it   the  right  size,  make  tww  holes  in  it,  and  sew 


« 
I 


I 


246 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


Thi 


breaks  di'  fails.     As 


said 
all 


There's  a  button 
wore  awav  from  ba- 


it oil  a>  an  ordinary  button 

I  lie  old  plainsman  who  first  showed  me 

iliat'U  be  right  there  when  the  coat  s 

Handicraft  Stunts 

Let  each  Woodcratter  carve  a  fork  and  ^oon  out  of  wood, 
with  his  band  totem  on  the  handle. 


®  Q  0 


I    ■ 

^i»>ne   »f 

•^ootl  or 

),»»(<  iio5.rrt 

»«,«,  f(»' 

ic»rT>  c<'^^ 

ai  0^^-  *»nfTif» 

®  

'>^(si  ©  Q  <*>  1 


-    — 

_  "" 

■  - .  -      -  1 

Birch birK 

_ 

,- 

fl-anie. 

- 

_"" 

-  * 

-; 

'»; 

-.3 

-    --      . 

•* 

J     7    UV^ 

to   « 
k 

:  ^t  iuni  sn 


.    .u'  of  a  lowl's  leg  or  wing  bon.;,  thus: 
.,ui  three  intlu-.  of  thf  bone,  pluu  up  ow 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


247 


ttnl  with  ;i  soft  wood  plug,  and  itiakc  a  wooden  stopper  for  the 
other  end.  Then  with  the  point  of  a  knife  decorate  the  bone. 
The  lines  should  be  scratched  in  deeply  and  then  have  black 
paint  rubbed  into  them.  If  no  black  paint  b.  handy  make  a 
mixture  of  soot  and  pine  gum,  with  a  little  grease,  butter,  or  oil. 


^^^^ 


Mai;e  a  tackle  box  or  ditty  box  2  x  2  \  6  inches  carved  out  of 
-olid  w(X)d. 

.Make  peach-stone  baskets,  of  a  peach-stone  shaped  with  a  file. 

J lukiy  calL  .\n  interesting  curio  is  the  turkey  call.  Take 
.1  ^niall  cigar  box  and  cut  ofT  the  end  as  in  the  figure.  Get  a 
|)iece  of  slate  about  2  :<  ;,  inches  long,  or,  failing  slate,  take  a 
liat  piece  of  wotKl  and  rub  it  well  with  rosin.  Draw  the  two 
lurved  edges  of  the  box  lighllv  up  this  one  wav,  and  it  will 
make  a  wonderfully  good  imitation  of  a  turkey  call. 

.1  chi<kcn  squawk.  This  is  another  call  easily  made.  Take 
any  small  round  tin  box— a  co'idensed  milk  tin  is  good— and 
make  a  hole  through  the  bottom  and  into  this  put  a  cord.  \ 
knot  on  the  inside  pre\ents  the  cord  from  slipping  through. 
Kosin  the  cord  and  draw  the  fngers  down  it  with  short  and 
long  jerks.    This  gives  a  good  imitation  of  a  cackling  hen. 


i 


•5 


4 


* 


Ji 


248 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


■"J 


> 

w 


if 


Pa/Mn/Mwo- as  in  the  illustrations.  ,     -f    u 

Birch-bark  boxes  and  baskets.     These  are  easily  made  it  the 

hark  Ix'  softened  in  hot  water  before  you  shape  U.    The  lacinK 

i-  spruce  roots,  or  raffia  also  softcne<l  with  hot  water. 

\oeein      A  noggin  is  a  wooden  cup  made  out  of  a  tree  burl 

or  knot  iKjlishcd  outside  anrl  carefully  scooped  out  so  as  to  leave  a 

thin  shell. 

Books  Recommended 

Mow  TO  -M  vKi;  U  vski  T^,  Mary  White.    D.mbleclay,  Page&Co.  $1.00 plus 

10  cents  poslUKe. 

Box  liKNlTiRK.  Louise  HrijiHam.     (  entury  C  o.      Ji^ 
How  TO  Makk  I'oTTi  kv,  Mary  White       I  Xnibleday-,  Page  &  (  o.     $1.00 
WoKkiNGiNMhTAUs.CharlesOmradMi    .1.   l)oubleday,Page&Co.  5i.oo 
liHD  \vu  FoRKST  H\M)V  IJooK.  D.ui  f.  Heard.     Scnbner's.     »i.,io. 
Thk  J  UK  or  All  Trades,  Oan  C.  Heard.    Scribner's.    $1.50. 

Souvenir  Spoons 

A  good  indoor  activity  of  Woodcraft  is  the  making  of  squve- 
nir  sixjons.  Some  craftsmen  are  clever  enough  to  make  these 
out  of  wood  or  of  >ilver.     I  hu\c  found  that  the  best,  cas\-- 


I 


.(?0: 


SkiKjkuni 


\ 


V 


Wild  Cat 


v 


Owl 


00 


Kagle  Johnny  Bear 


working  material  is  twne,  deer  anller,  or  horn.  Go  to  any  bi^ 
drug  hop  and  get  one  of  the  25-cent  horn  spoons.  It  is  alreac h 
of  a  good  spoon-shape,  of  course.     The  handle  1.^  hard,  smool.;, 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


349 


and  ready  to  be  ornamented  with  any  device,  cutting  it  with 
knife  or  file,  into  the  owner's  totem,  or  the  band  or  Oie  tribal 
totems  which  naturally  suggest  themselves. 

At  one  time  the  wood  of  the  laurel  was  much  used  for  spoons, 
hence  the  bush  is  still  called  "spoon  wood"  in  some  regions. 

The  design  should  be  sketched  on  with  pencil  or  ink,  then 
realized  by  shaping  the  outline  with  file  or  knife.  The  inner 
lines  are  merely  scratched  on  the  surface. 

In  general,  one  should  avoid  changing  the  main  outline  of 
ilic  spoon  handle  or  cutting  it  enough  to  weaken  it.  Always, 
rather,  adapt  the  animal  to  fill  the  desired  space. 

There  are  several  purposes  the  spoon  can  answer:  First,  as  a 
>I)(H)n  in  camp, especially  when  prizes  are  offered  to  the  camp  that 
makes  most  of  its  own  equipment;  next,  as  a  salable  article; 
third,  as  an  exhibition  article  when  it  is  desired  to  get  up  a  fine 
exhibit  of  handicraft  products  illustrating  camp  life. 

Bird  Boxes  or  Houses 

A  good  line  of  winter  work  is  making  l)ird  boxes  to  have  them 
icady  for  the  spring  birds. 

Two  styles  of  bird  houses  are  in  vogue:  one  a  miniature  house 
on  a  pole,  the  other  is  an  artificial  hollow  limb  in  a  tree. 

First — the  miniature  cabin  or  house  on  a  pole.  This  is 
Ncry  good  for  martins,  swallows,  etc.,  and  popular  with  most 
liirds,  because  it  is  safest  from  cats  and  squirrels.  But  most  of 
us  consider  it  far  from  ornamental. 

It)  make  one,  take  any  wo<xlen  box  about  six  inches  square, 
put  a  wooden  roof  on  it  (a  in  cut),  then  bore  a  hole  in  the  middle 
"t  one  end,  making  it  one  and  one  half  inches  wide;  and  on 
'he  bottom  nail  a  piece  of  2  inch  wood  with  an  inch  auger 
linic  in  it  (b).  Drive  in  a  nail  or  a  perch  below  the  door  and  all 
i>  ready  for  a  coat  of  soft,  olive-green  paint.  .After  this  is  dr\ . 
the  l)ox  is  finished.  When  you  set  it  in  place,  the  end  of  the 
polo  is  shaved  to  fit  tight  into  the  auger  hole  in  the  bottom,  and 
ilio  pole  theti  set  up,  or  fastened  t  >  the  end  of  the  building.  In 
the  latter  case  a  six  or  eight  fool  pole  is  long  enough.  In  some 
!uij,'hborhoods  it  is  necessary  to  put  tin  as  a  «  at  and  rat  guard,  on 
I  Ik-  iM)!e,  as  shown  (c  and  d ).  Some  elaljorate  these  bird  houscs, 
"laking  a  half  dozen  a)m[)artments.  When  this  is  done  the 
pole  g'X-s  right  through  the  lowest  tloor  and  l.t ;  into  a  small  hole 
111  ihr  rtoor  above. 

These  large  apartment  houses  are  very  jKipular  with  the 


-i 


t 


P 


250  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

purple  marlin,  as  well  as  with  the  English  sparrow  if  they  are 

set  up  in  town.  ,  r,.  . 

Ak'xaii'lcr  Wilson  tells  us  that  the  Choctaw  and  Chicasaw 
Indians  uscfl  to  make  bird  houses  for  the  purple  martins  thus: 
"Cut  ofT  all  top  l)ranches  from  a  sapling,  near  their  cabins,  leav- 
ing the  jjfongs  a  f»M)l  or  two  in  length,  on  each  of  which  they  hang 


BIRD    ^OA£S 

a  gourd  or  calaljash  properly  hollowed  out  for  their  conveni 

en«e."  . 

Bui  ihc  wiid-wiHxl  l)ox  or  hollow  limb  is  more  sightly  am 
for  st>me  birds  mote  attractive.  There  are  several  ways  of 
u>ing  the  natural  limb.  One  i>,  lake  a  seven  or  eight  inch 
stick  of  ,!\i.!nut  ;i!)out  twenty  inches  long,  sphl  four  slabs 
ort  il  io),lhen  saw  of!  three  Inchcx  of  each  end  of  the  "core 
and  nail  the  whole  thing  lo^H-lhcr  again  (p  and  i\),  omilling  Uu 
iniddh-  narl  of  the  core. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


251 


Another  way  is  to  split  the  loj,'  in  iiah"  and  scoop  out  the 
intonor  of  each  half  CI  and  m).  When  n.iilcfl  tojjethiT  a«ai?i  it 
makes  a  commofhous  chamber,  about  live  inches  wide  and  a 
f(M)t  or  more  deep. 

Another  plan  is:  Take  a  five-inch  liml)  of  ^reen  chestnut, 
elm,  or  any  other  tougli-barked  tree.  Cut  a  piece  eighteen  inches 
lonR,  make  a  lonj;  bevel  on  one  end  (e).  Now  carefullj-  split  tht 
l)ark  on  one  side  and  peel  it.  Then  saw  the  peeled  wood  into 
three  pieces  (f  p  Id,  leave  out  j?  and  put  the  itark  on  again.  Cut 
a  hole  in  the  bark  on  the  longest  side,  at  the  {)lace  farthest  from 
the  beveled  end  (x  in  e),  and  your  bird  nest  is  linished.  The 
beveled  end  is  there  to  make  it' easily  nailed  up;  when  in  }>!ace, 
it  is  as  at  i.  The  front— that  is,  tlie  side  where  the  door  is-- 
should  always  be  the  under  one;  and  the  door  in  each  case  should 
be  near  the  top. 

Hut  these  methods  presuppose  a  fine  big  stick  of  wocxi.  I 
have  more  often  found  it  convenient  to  work  with  scraps. 

Here  is  one  easy  way  that  I  have  long  used:  I'roni  a  four  or 
tiye  inch  round  log  saw  ofT  two  sections  each  two  inches  thick,  or 
lailmg  a  log,  cut  out  two  circles  from  a  two-inch  plank,  for  lop 
and  bottom  parts  (like  f  and  h);  then  using  six  or  seven  laths 
mstead  of  bark,  make  a  hollow  cvlinder  (j).  Cover  the  hollow 
cylinder  with  a  large  piece  of  bark  and  cut  the  hole  (k).  Cut 
vour  entry  at  the  to[),  half  on  each  of  a  pair  of  laths.  Co\er  the 
\\\w\y  ihing  with  bark  nailed  neall\-  on;  or  failing  the  bark,  cover 
it  with  canvas  and  paint  a  dull  green  mottled  with  black  and 
gray. 

This  last  has  the  advantage  of  giving  most  room  in  a  small 
log.  Oi  course,  if  one  can  lin.i  a  hollow  limb,  al!  this  work  is 
saved,  ily  way  of  variety  this  one  can  be  put  up  hanging  from 
a  nail,  for  which  the  wire  K)op  is  made. 

To  a  great  extent  the  si/e  of  iu.lc  regulates  the  kind  of  bircK,  a> 
most  birds  like  a  tight  fit. 

For  wrens  make  it  about  one  inch;  for  bluebirds  and  tree- 
swallows  one  and  one  half  inches;  for  martins  two  and  one  half 
inches. 

£     rrow-proof  Bird  Box 

W  hen  T  was  a  boy.  1  stumbled  on  a  plan  tor  keeping  sparrows 
iiul  of  bird  boxes  ami  have  rtceiitly  re\  i\ed  it  with  success,  li 
« onsists  in  making  a  conspicuous  trap  door  to  co\er  the  entrant 
hole.  Watch  for  a  sparrow  tu  enter,  then  pull  the  >triiig,  catch 
ilie  sparrow  and  use  him  as  si-eiiis  best. 

After   one   or    two   sjjarrows   have   been   captured   in    this 


ASH 


'a*- 
% 


252  Woodcraft   Manual  for  Boys 

wav  their  friends  becouK  suspicious  of  the  device  (-.er  the 
door  and  will  not  enter  a  lusting  box  with  such  an  obvious 

Thus  the  sparrow's  intelligence  is  turned  against  himself.    Our 
native  birds,  having  no  evil  experience  with  the  trap,  do  not  fear 

'  The  trap  door  is  shown  on  the  Woodcraft  Bird  Box,  which  is 
one  made  as  already  described  by  slabbing  a  round  log,  cutting 
(  ut  the  core,  then  nailing  it  together  again.  -    ,       .  • 

The  'wig  or  wire  at  one  side  carries  the  weigh i  ot  the  string 
which,  otherwise,  might  close  the  *i.>or  during  1  heavy  wind. 


[Hin^e 


V.  p      Sictton  of 

^^       how.'tht   il»t>s 
^re  s/i!'*/  off. 


t,-!"" 


k^^v^or^jt  ^JrA'^^n^^ 


When  the  string  is  firmly  pulled,  the  twig  gives  and  the  door  is 
nulled  down  over  the  hole. 

riie  advaiiiages  of  the  Woodcraft  Bird  Box  over  the  other 

kinds  an : 
It  is  cheap. 
It  is  picturesque. 
It  is  observational. 
It  is  sparrow-proof. 

Books  Fecommended 

Making  of  a  Hoi.i.ny.  Tree,  by  E.  T.  Scton,  Country  Lifr  in  Arr.o'a. 

""  PeS^c  'vfui:.  HoxKS.  by  B.  S.  Bowdbh  ^special  leane,*    Audubo,, 
S.x.iy.  1974  Broadway,  New  York,  IS  cents  per  dozen 

;       .:.  «latt'    ■■'•At-t      ^f^it- »ii ^j  JJ-    ,• 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


353 


For  latest    ideas  send  to  The  Jacobs  Bird  House  Company.  404  So. 
Washmgton  Street,  Waynesburg,  Pa.  '»  -t-^ 


Knots 

The  following  are  standard  knots  that  an  accomplished  camper 
should  know.  Remember,  a  perfect  knot  is  one  that  neither 
jambs  nor  slips.     .Sec  pages  254,  255. 

Blazes  and  Signs 
Blazes 

First  amonfj  the  trail  signs  that  are  used  by  Woodcrafters, 
Ituiians.  and  white  hunters,  and  most  likely  to  be  of  use 
to  the  traveler,  are  axe  blazes  on  tree  trunks.  Among 
these  some  may  vary  greatly  with  locality,  but  there  is  one 
tliat  I  ha\e  found  ever\\vhere  in  use  with  scarcely  any 
variation.  That  is  the  simple  white  spot  meaning,  "Here  is  the 
Ir  lil." 

'I'he  Indian  in  making  it  may  nick  off  an  infinitesimal  speck 
of  bark  with  his  knife,  the  trapper  with  his  hatchet  may  make 
It  as  big  as  a  dollar,  or  the  settler  with  his  heavy  axe  may  slab 
otT  half  the  tree-side;  but  the  sign  is  the  same  in  principle  and 
in  meaning,  on  trunk,  log,  or  branch  from  Atlantic  to  Pacific 
and  from  Hudson  .Strait  to  Rio  Grande.  "This  is  your  trail," 
;t  clearly  says  in  the  universal  language  of  the  woods. 

Ihere  are  two  ways  of  employing  it:  one  when  it  appears 
on  back  and  front  of  the  trunk,  so  that  the  trail  can  be  run 
both  ways;  the  other  when  it  appears  on  but  one  side  of  each 
tree,  making  a  bliiui  trail,  which  can  be  run  one  way  only,  the 
l)lind  trail  is  often  used  by  trappers  and  prospectors,  who  do 
not  wish  any  one  to  follow  their  back  track. 

But  there  are  tree'ess  regions  where  the  trail  must  be  marked; 
regions  of  sage  bnish  and  sand,  regions  of  rock,  stretches  of 
-tone,  and  level  wastes  of  grass  or  sedge.  Here  other  methods 
must  be  enipkiyetl. 

.\  well-known  Indian  dcvite.  in  the  brush,  is  to  break  a  twig 
and  leave  it  hanging  (snond  linf). 

Among  stones  and  rocks  the  recognized  sign  is  one  stone 
sfl  on  top  ul  another  (lop  line)  am'  in  places  where  there  is  noth- 
ing but  grass  the  custom  is  to  twi-t  a  tussock  into  a  knot  {third 

I  he-"  igns  also  are  used  in  the  whole  country  from  Maine 
lu  California. 


:l 
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VJTMW- 


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MICROCOPY    RESOLUTION    TEST   CHART 

lANSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2l 


1.0 


I.I 


12.8 


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140 


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[2.5 
2.2 

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A  APPLIED  IK/MGE     inc 

^r  16=,3    East    Mam    Street 

r-S  Rocneste',    New    To'h         1*609       uSA 

JS  (716)    48i  -  030U  -  Phone 

^=  (716)    288      5989  -  To), 


254 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


S 

I*- 


Reef  knot  or  square 
kjiot:  never  slips  or 
jambs:    easily   loosed. 


Kowline:  a  noose  that 

neither  iambs  nor " 

slips. 


Binder  knot,  for  joiB- 
lag  heavy  cord,  etc. 


-ft 


Anchor  bend. 


Slip  knot,  running 
Doose,  or  halter  knot^ 


Kalie  reef  or  grannjr: 
always  bad. 


The  fctertsaa's 
knot.  It  never 
slips:  is  easily 
opened  by  pull- 
ing the  two  short 
cadi. 


Weaver's  knot  or  sheet 

bend,  for  joining  small 

cords. 


Two  half-hiubeak 


Fixed   loop  in  middU 
of  a  cord. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


255 


Tfaaber  bitch:  otnoot 
•Up  otiunh:  easily 


BlMkmlt^tch. 


Beckct  hitah.  for  ioia. 
iacacord  ud  •  rop*. 


Picket    rope  with 
balf-gruoy  u4  « 
balfbitch. 


C«iTfck  bend,  (or  joia- 
IOC  Urge  rope*. 


Wu-MdlMhisfi  biddeacnd. 


Clort  hitch. 


256 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


W.I 


,3f- 


'tir 


»f 


SbCHS  AHB  B1LAZ3ES 

•5i§nj'  ia  Jtoncj" 

j^.            '4^1^...          .^ai;^  r^^^^'- 

ThiJ  is  the  Trail        Tura  to  the  Ri<!ht       Turn  to  the  Left  Iinpcrt»ntViri.l»3 

Signs  in  Tw\gs 

Thi*w  the  trail          TurntotheRijht        Turn  to  the  Left  Important  Varr.inJ 

J^ignJ"  in  Gra^J" 

ThJi/thV Trail        Turn  to  the  Hijht        Turn  to  the  Left  ImportantVamins 


i^ignj-  in  Blajej 


1 


Thix  iJ  the  Trail        Turn  to  the  Rishf      Turn  to  the  Left         Important  Warninj 

Code  for  iTmoke  J'ignaU  , 


■fe'  Si-  -■ - 


Camp  iJ  Here       1  am  lojt.Help!  Good  Newj  All  come  to Count.l 

Jbme  Jpccial  BJa3e5  \xse3i  by  Hunterj  Gv  Jurveyorj 


ATrapto     ATrapto      CampUto    CampUto     Special     Adirondaek     Jfurpjjrori 
Risht-  Left  Right  Left  5p*c..l        L.«H.r. 


■mMi£iti^mmis^iM'-^''^am 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  257 

In  running  a  trail  one  naturally  looks  straight  ahead  for 
t lie  next  sign;  if  the  trail  turned  abruptly  without  notice  one 
might  easily  be  set  wrong,  but  custom  has  provided  against 
ihis  The  tree  blaze  for  turn  "to  the  right"  is  sho.vn  in  No. 
.  fourth  row;  "to  the  left"  in  No.  3.  The  greater  length 
..t  the  turning  blaze  seems  to  be  due  to  a  desire  for 
tmphasis  as  the  same  mark  set  square  on  is  understood  to 
mean  Look  out  there  is  something  of  special  importance 
lure.  Combined  with  a  long  side  chip  it  means  "very  import- 
ant; here  turn  aside  "  This  is  often  used  to  mean  "camp  is 
dose  by,  and  a  third  sign  that  is  variously  combined  but  alw-avs 
uiih  the  general  meaning  of  "warning"  or  "something  of  great 
importance  is  a  threefold  blaze.  (No.  4  on  fourth  line.)  The 
.  ombination  (No  i  on  bottom  row)  would  read  "Look  out  now 
lor  something  of  great  importance  to  the  right."  This  blaze 
[have  often  seen  used  by  trappers  to  mark  the  whereabouts 
ot  their  trap  or  cache. 

Surveyors  often  use  a  similar  mark-that  is,  three  simple 
spots  and  a  stripe  to  mean,  "There  is  a  stake  close  at  hand," 
while  a  similar  blaze  on  another  tree  near  bv  mean,  that  the 
slake  IS  on  a  line  between. 


Stone  Signs 

These  signs  done  into  stone-talk  would  be  as  in  the  too  line 
of  the  cut.  *^ 

These  are  much  used  in  the  Rockies  where  the  trail  goes  over 
-tony  places  or  along  stretches  of  slide-rock. 

Grass  and  Twig  Signs 

In  grass  or  sedge  the  top  of  the  tuft  is  made  to  show  the 
J.rection  to  be  followed;  if  it  is  a  point  of  great  importance 
ihree  tufts  are  tied,  their  tops  straight  if  the  trail  goes  straight 
"n;  otherwise  the  tops  are  turned  in  the  direction  toward  ■  hich 
the  course  turns. 

The  Ojibways  and  other  woodland  tribes  use  twigs  for  a 
j,'reat  many  of  these  signs.  (See  second  row.)  The  hanging 
broken  twig  hke  the  simple  blaze  means  "This  is  the  trail." 
he  twig  rle^n  broken  off  and  laid  on  the  ground  across  the 
ine  of  march  means,  "Here  break  from  your  straight  course 
and  go  in  the  line  of  the  butt  end,"  and  when  an  especial  warn- 
|«?  IS  meant,  the  butt  is  pointed  toward  the  one  following  the 
trail  and  raised  somewhat,  in  a  forked  twig.    If  the  butt  of 


JT*!'  '^\"*:»?F^i  /^  i^rwop'^n'mms^^ 


•.•f^s?"^Y  ^m^aiiMmmw^^J!^ 


«; 
^'., 


258 


Woodcraft  Mantial  for  Boys 


the  twig  were  raised  and  pointing  to  the  left,  it  would  mean 
"Look  out,  camp,  or  ourselves,  or  the  enemy,  or  the  game 
we  have  killed  is  out  that  way."  With  some,  the  elevation 
of  the  butt  is  made  to  show  the  distance  of  the  object;  if  low 
the  object  is  near,  if  raised  very  high  the  object  is  a  long  way 

These  are  the  principal  signs  of  i  trail  used  by  Wood- 
crafters,  Indians,  and  hunters  in  most  parts  of  America.  These 
are  the  standards— the  ones  sure  to  be  seen  by  those  who  camp 
in  the  wilderness. 


Smoke  Signals 

There  is  in  addition  a  useful  kind  of  sign  that  has  been  men- 
tioned already  in  these  papers— that  is,  the  Smoke  Signal. 
These  were  used  chiefly  by  the  Plains  Indians,  but  the  Ojibways 
seem  to  have  employed  them  at  limes. 

A  clear  hot  fire  was  made,  then  covered  with  green  stuff 
or  rotten  wood  so  that  it  se  t  up  a  solid  column  of  black  smoke. 
By  spreading  and  lifting  a  blanket  over  this  smudge  the  column 
could  be  cut  up  into  pieces  long  or  short,  and  by  a  preconcerted 
code  these  could  be  made  to  convey  tidings. 

But  the  simplest  of  all  smoke  codes  and  the  one  of  cliief 
use  to  the  Western  traveler  is  this: 

One  steady  smoke — "Here  is  camp." 

Two  steady  smokes — "I  am  lost,  come  and  help  me." 

I  find  two  other  smoke  signals,  namely : 

Three  smokes  in  a  row — "Good  news." 

Four  smokes  in  a  row — "  All  are  summoned  to  council." 

These  latter  I  find  not  of  general  use,  nor  are  they  so  likel> 
to  be  of  service  as  the  first  two  given. 


Signal  by  Shots 

The  old  buffalo  hunters  had  an  established  signal  that  is  yet 
used  by  the  mountain  guides.    It  is  as  follows: 

Two  shots  in  rapid  succession,  an  interval  of  five  seconds 
by  the  watch,  then  one  shot;  this  means,  "where  are  you?" 
The  answer  given  at  once  and  exactly  the  same  means  "Here 
I  ar  1;  what  do  vou  want?  "  The  reply  to  this  may  be  one  shot , 
which  means,  ''AH  right;  I  only  wanted  to  know  r/nere  you 
were."  But  if  the  reply  repeats  the  first  it  means,  "  I  am  in 
serious  trouble;  come  as  fast  as  you  can." 


•••^sw^'-'i 


Ti'm.'y/r>?^&^. 


0jassR^r' 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 
Tramp  Signs 


259 


Among  the  many  signs  and  blazes  doing  active  service  in 
our  ct.es,  just  as  their  predecessors  did  in  the  wilderfie^s  a  e 
the  signs  of  tramps  and  Gypsies.  ' 

These,  no  doubt,  vary  from  time  to  time,  but  they  must  be 

£.t"JwTf'Zn'.';'''  '"  '^'"'"P  ?«^^  "PP^^^  ^"  ^he  American 
£^\amn€r  ot  January  30,  1910.     It  is  accredited  to  Professor 

?1  Mcr/h'''fi^'^\^;^"".U"^^^^^'ty^  ^"d  Chief  of  Pol  ce 
weLS&d^^^^^^^^^  ^-  ^-     '^  ^-«  ^^e  following'a: 


^vn  twndyf        iz 

hire,  ^a^y      » 

Cohy'.TolUtthxn 

Coi\si^bti,  or 
Judge's  />o</se 

THisCAmP  iiSiff  * 

^A*«  /«v  WorA      _ 
for  n*tUi 

Alt  right  mi  . 

V^r^/i  ro/ihm& 

=  }io  lfS& 


I 


C/i/^4 


x^    -  OLcl  woman. 

WV\    ^  Vlt/oi/5 

To  these   the  Reverend  Horace  E.  Clute,  of  New  York   in 
i)ecember  6,  1914,  issue  of  the  same  paper  adds:  '  "^ 


81. 


^  i'^'-'KSL- 


%. 

'*,^ 


% 


a6o 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


0  .^co^^or^w  v^-i;;:x:J- 


edited  by  MarUn  Luther  in^^?9,  i^  on<,       l  ^^^^  .^ 

and  instructive   records   ol    Vagranis, 

ivventv-eicht  well-known  groups.  T..orr,r^- 

Hpihen  ffives  the  foUovving  blazes  u^    -  oy  \  agrants,  Tramp., 
He  thtMi  g'\e^^^^;"'  "'"^  f  > ,  not  know  that  these  are  used  in 

or  ^i<?"'^h^'-V"u^"£'^r  i  Jare  in  use  and  some  of  these  marks 
America  but  the  same  ideas  art  m  "-"y  .        .        ^  . 

arfrliuch  like  the  corresponding  ones  m  the  American  List. 


e 


□ 


Religious  but  kind. 

Stop.  If  you  are 
selling  what  they  happen 
to  want,  they'll  buy; 
they  are  cute. 

Mind  the  dog;  may 
give  you  in  charge. 

Cross  sticks  put  by 
C.ypsies  and  tramps  at 
the  junction  of  roads  to 
show  in  which  direction 
their  friends  have  gone 
before  them;  the  long 
limb  pointing  the  way. 


Go  in  this 
the  other  roa^ 


"■ctiDn; 
good. 


Spoiled;     too     many 
vagrants  call. 


0DanRerous;  liki'l\-   to 
be  given  in  charge. 

XToo     poor;     give 
nothing. 


O 


Good;  safe  for  some- 
thing if  you  don't  talk 
much. 


How  to  Raise  Money 

A  good  Woodcrafter  always  "travels  on  his   own   steairu'' 
utn' vou  w.nt  to  go  f -ping  don't  go  round  be^g  "gjo^^^^^ 
cash,  but  earn  it.     And  a  good  time  to  do  th.s  is  in  tut  wini 
when  vou  are  forced  to  stay  indoors.  :.  ^nUncr 

now>  One  wav,  much  in  the  line  of  our  work,  is  mak  ng 
some  bird  houses:  I  know  a  number  of  persons  who  would 
dadlv  put  up  bird  houses,  if  they  could  get  them  easily. 
'  You  c"n  Sher  sell  them  in  a  lot  to  a  man  who  has  akeady  a 
shop  for  garden  stuff  or  hardware,  or  put  them  on  a  hand  cart 
and  sell  them  at  much  better  prices  yourself.    It  is  useless  to 


^Sl^' 


-ction; 
good. 


manv 


I 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


261 

lake  them  to  a  farmer,  or  to  folks  in  town,  but  a  ready  sale  will 
U-  found  amouK  the  well-to-do  in  the  suburbs,  in  a  counTrv 
lown  or  among  the  summer  residents  of  the  comurv  Thr 
MHiple  boxes  might  fetch  50  cents  each,  the  more  elabo  ate  %J^ 
-  .S2.00  accordmg  to  the  labor  they  hax'e  cosTyou 

Another  way  is  the  manufacture  of  Indian  stuff  «„rK  o 
'^^"/^"'■^'bhx'^-'>ark  boxes,  baskets,  rustic  seat^^^^ 

I  hese  methods  may  be  used  by  the  individual  or  bv  the  tribe 


"»»? 


■^■;ri*'T  jpy 


CHAPTER  IV 
FRIENDS  IN  THE  OUT  OF  DOORS 


Kow  to  Know  the  WUd  Things 
Sixty-four  Common  WM  Flowers 
The  Woodcraft  Boy  in  the  Forest 
Fifty  Common  Forest  Trees 


The  Stars 

Forty  Birds 

Snakes  Good  and  Bad 


Tmr 


t 


CHAPTER  IV 
FRIENDS  IN  THE  OUT  OF  DOORS 

How  to  Know  the  Wild  Things 

All  boys  want  to  know  the  ways  and  things  of  Nature.  The 
difficulty  is  to  know  wh  e  to  begin.  There  are  so  many  kinds  of 
llowers,  ferns,  birds,  trees,  grasses,  bugs,  insects,  fish,  rocks,  etc., 
that  one  is  confused  and  hardly  knows  where  to  begin  his  search 
for  knowledge. 

The  trail  is  not  so  hard  to  UrA  as  it  was  a  few  years  ago,  for  to- 
day there  are  plenty  of  blazes  on  its  trees  and  the  footway  is  well 
worn  and  cleared  of  logs— that  is  to  say,  there  are  plenty  of  good 
handbooks,  not  to  speak  of  fellow  travellers,  who  help  by  pointing 
to  the  blaze  that  perhaps  escaped  our  eye,  and  who  are  wearing 
the  pathway  smooth. 

But  one  must  make  a  start,  and  it  is  well  to  get  a  few  general 
rules  in  mind.  First,  take  one  thing  at  a  time.  Second,  "Look 
in  the  book."  Have  a  simple  but  comprehensive  guide  book  (if 
possible  one  that  you  can  own)  that  tells  in  simple,  clear  language 
the  main  facts.  Later,  you  will  want  to  go  into  more  scie  »ific 
study.  Third,  make  a  record  in  a  notebook  of  what  you  st  id 
either  make  drawings  or  preserve  sf)ecimens.  Fourth,  ii  ^  )u 
have  a  friend  "who  knows"  get  information  from  him  ui  to  the 
specimen  you  have  seen  or  have  in  your  possession. 

The  best  way  to  begin,  supposing  yo-  c  "-e  alone,  I;  with  the 
flowers.    They  are  so  easy  "  to  catch  "an..  ,  reserve. 

Get  a  good  handbook  of  flowers.  Reed's  is  the  smallest,  simplest, 
and  best  for  beginners  (Dana's,  Blanchan's,  or  Lounsbury's  are 
also  good )  and  either  a  big  scrap  album  or,  better,  a  1 2  by  1 8  inch 
portfolio  with  twenty  or  thirty  loose  sheets  of  heavy  white  or 
gray  paper  to  fit;  also  a  tin  case,  any  big  tin  will  do;  but  you  can 
buy  a  properly  made  one  for  about  a  dollar. 

Botanical  enthusiasm  is  always  at  its  height  just  when  you  find 
the  first  spring  flower.  Suppose  then,  in  March,  you  have  found 
the  liverleaf  in  its  blue  bloom. 

Take  up  one,  leaf  and  flower;  put  it  in  your  tm  case;  that 
will  keep  it  perfectly  fresh  for  many  hours.    At  home,  take  a 

265 


266 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


r 

'St?- 


bundle  of  old  newspapers  as  dry  as  possible,  lay  the  plant  flat  on 
one  of  them,  spreading  the  flower  as  you  wish  it  to  remain,^  put 
the  other  papers  on  top  and  then  a  board;  last,  a  heavy  weight. 

If  the  room  and  the  papers  are  dry,  the  plant  will  be  dx!ed  in 
three  days.  Then  stick  it  on  one  of  the  sheets  in  the  portfolio 
with  a  few  strips  of  paper  across  it  here  and  there.  Then  write 
the  time  and  place  on  the  sheet,  also  the  name  as  soon  as  you  can 
find  it.  And  it  is  easy  to  get  the  name  when  you  have  the  speci- 
men.    There  is  sure  to  be  some  botanist  within  reach. 

If  you  gather  and  preserve  half  a  dozen  wild  flowers  each  time 
you  go  out  in  the  season,  you  very  soon  have  the  fifty  that  are 
needed  to  win  you  a  coup. 

But  vou  are  also  getting  something  else — a  lot  of  pleasant 
friends  that  you  will  remember  and  be  glad  to  see  as  long  as  you 

live. 

Of  course,  there  arc  some  plants  that  are  much  harder  to  handle 
than  the  Uverleaf,  such  as  the  jewelweed,  which  are  so  juicy 
that  they  must  be  reset  on  new  dr>'  paper  perhaps  two  or  three 
times.  Some  have  roots  so  big  that  they  are  better  left  off,  and 
some  are  so  big  that  one  must  select  a  small  example  or  take 
only  a  sprig;  but  always  get  the  flowers,  if  possible. 

The  Trees  are  also  very  easy  because  they  may  be  found  in 
town  as  well  as  in  country.  Their  flowers  are  usually  up  high 
and  come  in  the  spring.  They  may  be  difficult  to  see,  but  if  one 
studies  the  leaves,  the  bark,  and  the  general  shape  of  the  tree, 
they  will  be  readily  identified,  so  that  one  can  see  and  know  an 
old  friend  at  considerable  distance.  The  leaves  and  flowers  may 
be  preserved  in  the  same  way  as  the  flowers. 

The  best  tree  books  are  by  Keeler,  Apgar,  Hough,  Sargent . 

Britton,  etc. 

The  Birds  are  the  true  love  of  every  young  naturalist,  and  the 
only  reason  for  giving  them  third  place  is  that  they  are  harder  to 
study  than  flowers  and  trees. 

You  cannot  walk  up  to  the  bird,  at  once  note  its  every  color 
spot,  and  so  find  who  he  is.  You  must  make  hasty  notes  through 
an  opera  glass  and  then  turn  to  a  handbook,  unless  you  have  a 
bird-sharp  friend  with  you  or  a  specimen  in  your  hand. 

Therefore,  oh,  bird  lover,  begin  with  a  notebook,  a  field  glass, 
and  a  copv  of  Reed's  Bird  Guide.  Later  when  you  really  get 
acquainted  with  the  birds  vou  will  want  Chapman's  Handbook. 
These  books  give  a  sketch  of  the  habit  and  range  as  well  as  ;i 
description  of  the  plumage,  nest,  and  eggs. 

The  Quadrupeds,  or  Animals,  as  they  are  commonly  called,  ai\; 
the  most  interesting  of  all  to  most  people;  but  are  the  hardest  ot 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


267 


i 


all  to  study  because  they  are  so  seldom  seen.  Partiv  due  to 
Mian's  endless  pursuit,  the  wild  fourfoots  are  nearly  all  nocturnal 
IM.U-;  but  they  are  there,  and  far  more  numerous  than  vou  would 
imagine. 

If  you  live  in  New  York  City,  for  example,  vou  mav  be  sure  that 
within  five  miles  of  the  City  Hall  you  ca'n  find 'twenty  wild 
quadrupeds  living  their  li\es  as  they  always  did.  Thus,  there 
arc  muskrats  along  the  Bronx  and  Harlem  rivers  in  the  salt 
marshes;  there  aie  red,  gray,  and  living  squirrels,  as  well  as  chip- 
munks, in  most  of  the  parks.  There  are  plenty  of  woodchucks  in 
Westchester  County,  although  1  do  not  know  of  any  within  the 
Ijve-mile  radius.  Of  course,  there  are  deermice  and  short-tailed 
field  mice,  and  jumping  mice  in  most  of  the  large  parks  or  along 
the  Jersey  shore  of  the  Hudson;  and  where  there  are  mice  there 
are  weasels,  and  where  there  are  weasels  there  are  mink. 

The  cottontail  rabbit  is  common  in  some  of  the  large  parks  and 
in  most  of  the  near  woodlands,  and  there  are  at  least  three 
species  of  shrew  and  mole  within  the  limits. 

If  we  go  a  little  farther  into  Westchester  Count  \  or  Jersev,  we 
-hall  enter  the  region  of  the  skunk,  the  fox,  the  common  deer,  the 
coon,  and  the  possum. 

So  that  the  New  York  naturalist  has  a  large  opportunity  among 
the  quadrupeds;  and  the  resident  of  Chicago,  Boston,  or  Philadel- 
phia is  just  as  well  off;  while,  of  course,  the  countrv  girl  has  all  the 
world  before  her. 

But  we  seldom  see  the  things,  how  are  we  to  know  that  the\- 
are  there? 

By  the  tracks  chiefly.  The  mud,  the  dust,  or  the  snow  will  tell 
next  morning  much  about  the  creature  that  passed  in  the  night, 
aiul  in  time,  about  all  that  dwell  near  by. 

"Life  Histories  of  Northern  Animals'"  by  Ernest  Thompson 
Seton,  is  the  only  book  that  gives  a  full  acc'ount  of  the  common 
animal-^  and  their  tracks;  but  a  good  book  .n  Tracks  and  Track- 
ing har  been  published  b>-  J.  Brunner. 

Th'.  difficulties  in  the  way  of  the  student  of  mammals  are  per- 
haps the  largest  of  all,  but  the  rewards  are  as  great;  and  every 
skull,  every  skin,  every  good  track  drawing,  is  a  little  victory  that 
will  give  you  pleasure  to  see  as  long  as  you  live. 

Insects  are  easily  studied  and  preserved.  A  collection  of 
iiuttcrfiies,  made  according  to  instruction  in  the  "Butterfly 
book,"  Doubleday,  Page  &  Company,  b  easUy  begun;  whit 
beetles  and  other  orders  of  bugs,  if  less  interesting,  are  yet  more 
easily  made. 

In  general,  to  those  who  would  know  the  wild  things:  Keep  a 


latti 


s 

.-> 

lav 

■r 


268  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

journal  of  your  notes, sketches, and  photos;  get  a  good  handbook; 
collect  specimens— and  you  have  the  three  basic  things.  All  the 
rest  will  be  in  measure  of  your  perseverance. 

SIXTY-FOUR  COMMON  WILD  FLOWERS 
Of  the  United  States  and  Southern  Canada 

In  preparing  this  list,  Britton  and  Brown's  "  111.  Flora  of  the 
Northern  U.  S.  and  Canada"  has  chiefly  been  consulted,  but  free 
use  has  been  made  of  the  works  of  Neltje  Blanchan,  Alice  Louns- 
bury,  and  Chester  A.  Reed. 

The  student  is  advised  to  color  each  flower  from  nature  as  the 
opportunity  occurs,  using  water  colors  over  the  outline  given. 
They  are  grouped  here  to  correspond  with  the  eight  plates. 

1.    Blue  Flowers 

Liverleaf ,  or  Hepatica  (Hepatica  triloba) .  A  lovely  lilac  or  blue, 
the  first  of  the  spring  flowers  in  most  regions.  Blooms  m  the 
woods  from  March  to  May,  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba  and 
southward.  . 

Blue-eyed  Grass,  Blue  Star,  or  Star  Grass  (Stsyrmchium 
angustifolium).  A  bright  blue  flower  of  the  Iris  family;  found  in 
rich  meadows  from  Newfoundland  to  British  Columbia  and 
southward  halfway  to  the  Gulf;  blooms  May  to  August. 

Bluebell,  Harebell,  or  Hairbell  (Campanula  rotundifoha). 
Found  on  rocky  places  and  uplands  nearly  everywhere  south  of 
the  Middle  States.     Blooms  all  summer. 

Common  Violet,  or  Heartsease  {Viola  cuccullaia).  The  heart 
ghape  of  the  leaf  was  held  to  be  the  proof  of  its  power  to  set  the 
heart  at  ease.  In  rich  ground.  Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota  and 
southward  nearly  to  the  Gulf  States.     Blooms  in  spring. 

Bird's  foot  Violet  ( Viola  pedata).  So  called  from  the  shape  of 
its  leaves.     Dry  ground;  Maine  to  Minnesota  and  southward. 

Lupine  {Lupinus  perennis).  Drysoil,fromMaine  to  Minnesota 
and  southward.     Early  summer. 

Self-heal,  or  Heal-all  (Prunella  vulgaris).  Dry  ground  every- 
where; blooming  May  to  October. 

Vervain,  Blue  Vervain,  or  Wild  Hyssop  (Verbem  hcstata).  In 
moist  ground  everywhere;  blooms  June  to  September. 

Chicory,  or  Succory  (Cichorium  Intybus).  Flowers  bright  blue 
or  sometimes  white.  The  roots  roasted  and  ground  make  a 
wholesome  substitute  for  coff'cc.    Originally  came  here  from 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


269 


270 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


Europe.    Now  found  generally  in  the  eastern  U.  S.    Blooms 
July  to  October. 

Fringed  Gentian  {Gsntiana  crinita).  Bright  blue ;  rarely  while. 
Rich  meadows,  Quebec  to  Minnesota  and  southward  halfway  to 
Gulf .    Blooms  September  and  October. 


r 


"'8 


II.    White  Flowers 

Bloodroot  (Sanguinaria  Canadensis^.  Noted  for  bleeding 
when  cut.  Its  root  furnished  the  Indians  with  a  red  paint.  In 
rich  woods,  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba  and  southward. 
Blooms  April  and  May. 

May  Apple,  or  Wild  Mandrake  {Podophyllum  peltatum).  In 
low  woods;  southern  Ontario  to  Minnesota  and  southward. 
Flowers  in  May;  fruit  ripe  in  July  or  August  and  wholesome. 

Starflower  C'"  'entalis  Americana),  In  damp  woods  from 
Labrador  westward  and  south  to  the  Middle  States.  Blooms  in 
May  and  June. 

Indian  Pipe  {M:>notropa  uniflora).  In  rich  woods  nearly  all 
U.  S.  and  southern  Canada.  Blooms  from  June  to  August.  The 
whole  plant  white  or  occasionally  pink. 

Saxifrage  {Saxifraga  »  rginiensis).  In  dry  rotky  woods,  New 
Brunsv  ick  to  Minnesota  and  southward  to  Georgia.  One  of  the 
early  flowers  of  spring.    Blooms  March  to  May. 

Ox-eye  Daisy  {Chrysanthemum,  Leucanthemum).  In  pastures 
ihroughout  most  of  the  area,  as  a  troublesome  weed  from 
Europe.  In  bloom  May  to  November.  The  white  rays  sur- 
round a  bright  yellow  disk. 

Big  White  TriUium,  or  Wake-robin  {Trillium  grandifiorum). 
In  woods,  Quebec  to  Minnesota  and  southward.  Blooming  in 
May  and  June. 

Boneset  {Eupatorium  perfoliatum).  In  wet  places,  New- 
Brunswick  to  Manitoba  and  southward.  Blooms  July  to  Sep- 
tember; flowers  white,  but  sometimes  blue. 


III.    Pink,  or  White  Streaked  with  Pink 

Trailing  Arbutus  {Epigcea  repens).  In  sandy  or  rocky  woods; 
generally  distributed  in  eastern  America.  Blooms  in  spring, 
March  to  May. 

T'vin-flower  {Linnea  borealis).  In  cold  woods  of  the  northern 
half  of  the  continent  and  southward  along  .he  high  mountains. 
Blooms  June  to  August. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


271 


Spring  Beauty  {Claytonia  Virginica).    In  moist  wood  through- 
out  eastern  America.    Blooms  March  to  Mav 
Queen  Orchid,  or  Showy  Lady's  Slipper  {Cypt^pedium  reginae). 


'TlvViyfe  fU vi/'f rs] 


lU^'?      -r- 


III  swamps,  Nova  ScotLa  to  Minnesota  and  south  to  Geonria. 
Blooms  June  to  Septembci .  ^^^«Kia. 

Purple  Moccasin  Flower  (Cypripedium  acaule).     In  sandy  or 


t- 


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1; 

a- 


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273 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


^;^& 


rocky  woods;  Newfoundland  to  Minnesota  and  south  to  the 
Middle  States.     Blooms  May  and  June. 

Rose  Pihk  {Sabbatia  angularis).  In  rich  soil  New  York  to 
Ontario  and  south  to  the  Gulf  States.    Blooms  July  and  August. 

Showy  Orchis  (Orchis  spectabilis).  In  rich  woods,  New  Bruns- 
wick to  Minnesota  and  southward  to  the  Aliddle  States.    Blooms 


:.PinlforV/iitc   stm.J<td    wi1h  TmiCX 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  273 

in  April  and  June.  Flowers  violet  or  purple  streaked  with  white 
t)r  light  purple. 

Mountain  Laurel  (Kalmia  lalifolia).  In  sandy  or  rock  y  woods, 
New  Brunswick  and  Ontario,  southw^./a.  Blooms  May  and  June! 

Pink  Azalea  {Arulca  nudiflo.  i).  1  dry  woods,  Maine  to 
Illinois  and  southward.    Blooms  in  April  and  May. 

IV.    White,  or  Greenish  White  Flowers 

Plantain,  R;bgrass,  or  WTiiteman's  Foot  (Plantago  major) 
Everywhere  in  our  region.  Blooms  all  summer  long  as  well  as  in 
spring. 

Queen  Anne's  Lace,  or  Wild  Carrot  (Daucus  carota).  Every- 
where; brought  from  Europe.  "The  original  of  the  cultivated 
carrot,"  B.  &  B.    Blooms  all  summer. 

Yarrow,  or  Milfoil  {Achillea  millefolium).  Generally  di'^- 
inbuted.    Blooms  June  to  November. 

Grass  of  Parnassus  {Parnassia  CaroUniana).  In  low  meadows 
New  Brunswick  and  Manitoba  and  southward  to  the  Middle' 
States.    Blooms  June  to  September. 

Solomon's  Seal  {Polygonatum  biflorum).  In  woods.  New 
Brunswick  to  Ontario  and  southward.  Blooms  April  to  July. 
Its  roots  show  seal-like  impression,  whence  the  "ame. 

False  Solomon's  Seal,  Wild  Spikenard,  or  Zigzag  {Vagnera 
racemosa).  United  States  and  south  Canada  generally.  Blooms 
May  to  July. 

Stickweed,  Cleavers,  or  Bedstraw  {Galium  mollugo).  Gen- 
erally distributed  in  fields  in  the  Northeastern  States.  It 
tlowers  all  summer  long.     There  is  a  kind  with  a  yellow  flower. 

Pennsylvania  or  Canada  Anemone  {Anemone  Canadensis). 
Labrador  to  the  Plains  and  southward  to  Kansas  on  low  ground 
Blooms  all  summer. 

Wind  flower  (.1  nemone  quinquifolia).  In  low  woods.  General 
fast  of  the  Rockies.  One  of  the  early  spring  flowers.  Blooms 
Apnltojune. 

Rue  Anemone  {Syndesmon  Ihalidroides).  In  woods,  Atlantic 
to  Minnesota  and  south  to  Kansas.  White,  but  often  pinkish. 
One  of  the  earliest  spring  flowers.    Blooms  March  to  June. 

V.    Yellow  Flowers 

Celandine  {Chelidonium  majus) .  A  straggler  from  Euro{  ;  now 
common  along  roadsides  in  eastern  U.  S.  Blooms  April  to  Sep- 
tember,    its  juice  is  a  strong  yellow  dye. 


1 


m 


^H 


274 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


W15 


t. 


..t 


Dlack-eyed  Susan,  or  Cone-flower  {Rudbeckca  hirla).  In  fields 
Quebec  to  the  Plains  and  southward.  Blooms  May  to  Septem- 
ber. 


^\\i:\Vh\U 


rrce-nisK  Wktti.  Tlowtrs] 


or    CItXw'Oi 


Yellow  Star-gras.   {Hypoxis  hirsuta).    In  dry  soil,  Maine  to 
the  Plains  and  southward.    Blooms  May  to  October. 
Jewelweed,  Touch-me-not,  or  Silverleaf  {Impatiens  biflord).  In 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


275 


moist  ground,  Nova  Scotia  to  Alaska  and  southward.    Blooms 
July  to  October, 

Yellow  ToadHax,  or  Butter  and  Eggs  (Linaria  Linaria).  In 
dry  waste  places,  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba  and  south  to  the 
Middle  States.    Blooms  June  to  October. 


It  ItUoW  fUu/ers 


Cl^\> 


Lvenmg  Primrose  {Onagra  biennis).  In  dry  soil,  Labrador  to 
the  Rockies  and  south  to  Florida .  Blooms  from  June  to  October. 
Opens  chiefly  at  night. 

Adder's  Tongue,  or  Dog-tooth  \'iolcL  [Erylhranium  Ameri- 
caniimy     In  moist  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Slinnesota  and  south- 


s 


'.« 


276 


Woodcraft  Mantial  for  Boys 


ward.  One  of  the  earliest  spring  flowers;  blooms  March  to  May. 
Possibly  the  name  was  Adderstung,  from  the  blotched  appear- 
ance of  the  leaves. 

Yellow  Lady's  Slipper  (Cypripedium  hirsulum.)  In  woods, 
Newfoundland  to  British  Columbia  and  southward  at  least  to 
Middle  Slates.     A  smaller  variety  is  recognized.     It  blooms 

May  to  July.  »  1      • 

Goldenrod  {Solidago  Canadensis).  Found  from  Atlantic 
to  the  Plains  and  southward.  The  emblem  flower  of  America. 
Blooms  August  to  November.  There  are  some  fifty  species  of 
Goldenrod  recognized  in  America,  so  that  it  is  expert  work  to 
classify  them. 

VI.    Red,  Purple,  or  Scarlet  Flowers 

Cardinal  Flower  {Lobelia  cardinalis).  In  moist  soil,  New 
Brunswick  to  the  Plains  and  southward.  Blooms  July  to 
September.     Brilliant  red  or  scarlet,  rarely  white. 

Red  Lily,  or  Wood  Lily  (Lilium  Philadelphicim).  In  dry 
woods,  Maine  to  Manitoba'and  southward  to  the  Middle  States. 
Blooms  June  and  July.  . 

Turk's  Cap  Lily  {Liliiim  superbum).  In  wet  meadows,  Maine 
to  Minnesota  and  southward  halfway  to  the  Gulf.  Blooms 
July  and  August.  ,  ,     xt 

Columbine  {Aquilegia  Canadensis).  In  rocky  woods,  Nova 
Scotia  to  the  Plains  and  southward.     Blooms  April  to  July. 

Fire  Pink  {Silene  Virginicn  In  dry  woods.  New  York  to 
Minnesota  and  southward  to  iviiddle  States,  Blooms  May  to 
September.  .      s      t 

Painted  Cup,  or  Indian  Paint-brush  {Castilleja  cocctnea).  In 
moist  meadows,  Maine  to  Manitoba  and  southward  halfway  to 
the  Gulf.  Blooms  May  to  July.  The  flowers  are  yellowish  and 
inconspicuous;  the  scarlet  is  chiefly  on  the  upper  leaves. 


A  Secret 

You  see  that  flaming  painted  cup 
The  rich  low  wood  beside; 
Remember  this,  wheree'er  it  grows 
A  painted  warrior  died. 

Pitcher  Plant  {Sarracenia  purpurea).  In  peat  bogs,  Labrador 
to  the  Rockies  and  southward  up  high.  It  blooms  in  May  and 
June. 


•«■  ^Tir^-'-^^w^Tsxiv 


^^?T^n»^'^P! 


sr 


i^w-f 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  377 

•    ^f  ^?'"^'"'"OswegoTta('^>/wrr/,/^/,/vm^).     In  moist  soil, 
Ml  the  Kast  from  Ontario  to  (.eorgia.     Blooms  Julv  and  Seo- 

Redcap,  or  Purple  Flowering  Raspberry  {Rulnis  nhratus ).    On 


[Vf/5e4.Pur/iJ€ .  or}S'c^rU±Fli 


f'7^^MC~ 


oive«' 


theedgeofwomjs,NovaScotiatoMichiganandsouthwardhalfvvav 
10  tne  (jult.    Blooms  from  June       '  ~ 

far  more  than  its  berry,  which  is 

together  with  a  little  fruit  pulp. 


10  tne  Uulf.    Blooms  from  June  to  August.  Its  blooms  are  worth 
ff^ri'^I!  }?1  ^^\^.':Vl^  which  is  a  thin  red  cap  of  fine  gravel  held 


:ut- 1 /,  T  V:.' k- «:.    ..   k-. -]»^.flL.'i*'iJ 


278 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


r 

V 


r 


Trumpet  Creeper  (Tecoma  radkans).  In  moist  woods,  New 
Jersey  to  Illinois  and  southward  to  Texas.  Blooms  August  anfl 
Septembtr. 

VII.  Brownish  Purple  Flowers 

Wild  Ginger  {Asarum  Canadense).  In  rich  woods,  New  Bruns- 
wick to  Manitoba  and  southward  halfway  to  the  Gulf.  Blooms 
.\pril  and  Mav.     Its  roots  are  llavored  like  ginger. 

Jack-in-the-pulpit,  or  Indian  Turnip  [Arisacma  trtphyllium). 
In  moist  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota  and  southward  to  Gulf 
States.  Its  r(K)t  is  frightfully  acrid  ..nd  pungent  when  raw,  but 
when  boiled  becomes  wholesome  a-ud. 

Red  Trillium,  or  Smellv  Wakt-robin  {Trillium  erectum).  In 
woods.  No\a  Scotia  to  James'  Bay  and  Manitoba,  thence  south- 
ward halfwav  to  the  Gulf.  Its  color  varies  from  dark  purple  to 
pink,  green,'  or  white.  It  blooms  from  April  to  June.  The 
name  Wake-robin  is  supposed  to  mean  that  it  wakes  when 
the  rol)in  comes.  It  has  a  verv  bad  smell  and  in  consequence 
country   bovs  call  it  by  simple,  sincere,  but  very  vernacular 

names.  .^ 

Skunk  Cabbage  (Spatliycma  foctida).  In  swamps,  Nova 
Scot  ia  to  Minnesota,  sout.iward  to  the  Gulf  States.  Its  bloom  is 
the  lirst  of  all  the  spring  llowers,  in  moist  localities,  for  it  sends 
its  big  egg-slKiped  and  purple-mottled  bloom  into  the  cold  world 
as  early  as  February,  long  before  its  leaves  will  venture  forth.  In 
March  and  April  it  is  still  in  flower. 


VIII.    Pink  Flowers 

Wild  Geranium,  or  Crane's  Bill  {Geranium  maculatum).  In 
woods,  Newfoundland  to  Manitoba  and  southward  nearly  to  the 
Gulf.  Blooms  from  April  to  July.  The  name  Crane's  Bill  is 
from  the  shape  of  the  seed  pod. 

Fire  Weed,  Epilobium,  or  Spiked  Willowherb  {Chamaenawn 
angustijolium).  In  dry  sunny  places,  Labrador  to  Alaska,  and 
southward  at  least  halfwav  to  the  Gulf.  So  called  because  of  its 
commonly  springing  up  after  a  forest  fire.  Blooms  June  to 
September. 

.Milkweed  {Asclepias  purpurascens).  In  dry  sunny  places 
Massachusetts  to  Minnesota  and  southward  halfway  to  the  Gulf. 
Blooms  June  to  August. 

Spotted  Pipfssiwa  {Cliimophila  macidata).     In  dry  woods. 


■.^*"    'dlVj'^Ti 


'.I^ti 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


379 


i 


Maine  to  Minnesota  and  southward  nearly  to  the  Gulf  States. 
Blooms  June  to  August. 


VJ{. Brownish  Turtle   YUwers 


SKvnK       ^v  iir' 


Books  Recommended 

Flower  Guide,  Chester  A.  Reed.  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.  $r.oo 
Ol'r  Early  Wild  Flowers,  Harriet  L.  Kteler.  Scribners.  $1.50 
How  TO  Know  the  Wild  Flowers,  Mrs.  \Vm.  Starr  Dana.  S2.00 
How  To  Know  the  Ferns,  Frances  Theodora  Parsons.     Scribners.    $1 .50 


*  vw^r     • 


rsnriv    FiC< 


Trrs 


280  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

The  Woodcraft  Boy  in  the  Forest 

I  suppose  there  never  was  a  boy  or  girl  who  did  not  love  trees. 
I  remember  a  little  prairie  boy  in  my  young  days  whose  idea  of 
heaven  was  a  big  tree  on  the  prairie  with  an  angel  under  it 
who  never  said,  "I  don't  know"  when  asked  a  question^  A 
tree  has  always  been  a  blessed  and  glorious  thing  to  me.  Often 
I  feel  the  axe  chopping  into  my  own  soul  when  I  see  it  laid  to 
some  splendid  tree  that  has  been  selected  for  destruction.  Let 
everv  Woodcraft  Boy  commit  to  mind  that  lovely  httle  poem 
by  Jovce  Kilmer  originally  appearing  in  "Publications  of 
Poetry',"  and  printed  in  Boys'  Life,  October,  1913. 

I  think  that  I  shall  never  see 

A  poem  lovely  as  a  tree, 

A  tree  whose  hungry  mouth  is  pressed 

Against  the  Earth's  sweet  flowing  breast, 

A  tree  that  looks  at  God  all  day 

And  lifts  her  leaf>  arms  to  pray, 

A  tree  that  may  in  summer  wear 

A  nest  of  robins  in  her  hair. 

Upon  whose  bosom  snow  has  lain: 

Who  intimately  lives  with  rain. 

Poems  are  made  by  fools  like  me, 

But  only  God  can  make  a  tree. 

There  are  only  three  things  that  can  justify  the  destruction  of 
a  tree.    These  are:  we  need  its  lumber,  we  need  its  room,  or  it 

is  breeding  plague.  .      .-    ,  .      ,     . 

How  verv  seldom  nowadays  are  we  justified  in  destroying 
little  trees,' and  above  all,  what  a  fearful  crime  becomes  the 
roaring,  racing,  raging  hell  known  as  a.  forest  Jire. 

Four  fifths  of  .America's  forests  have  been  destroyed  by  wild 
f^res,  w-  ich  were  in  most  cases  preventable— in  aU  cases  lamen- 
table. For  besides  destroying  the  trees  it  destroyed  thousands 
of  human  beings,  millions  of  beautiful,  harmless  birds  and  other 
wild  creatures,  and  utterly  ruined  the  soil  of  the  country  be- 

"^No  one  with  an  ounce  of  patriotism"  will  be  responsible  for  a 
wild  fire.  Wild  fire  is  the  demon  that  we  strike  at  in  our  sixth 
law.  Oh,  Woodcraft  Boy,  never,  never  forget  your  vow  U) 
face  and  fight  all  wild  fire  in  the  woods.  It  is  far  worse  m 
some  wavs  than  fire  in  town.  For  there  you  are  sure  to  ha.e 
competent  firemen  ready  at  hand,  but  the  forest  fire  may  sprea( 
out  over  a  county  before  its  presence  is  fully  realized,  and  yet 
a  single  Woodcraft  Boy  on  the  spot  when  first  it  begms  may  stop 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


28z 


it  with  a  bucket  of  water,  the  blow  of  a  shovel,  or  even  of  a 
stick. 

These  are  some  of  the  rules  that  lead  to  safety: 

yever  build  a  big  fire.  There  is  a  certain  t>pe  of  madman  who 
thinks  a  camp  is  incomplete  without  a  "bonfire."  All  such 
folk  should  be  in  jail.  No  Woodcrafter  ever  builds  a  bonfire. 
It  is  wasteful,  uncomfortable,  unsocial,  dangerous,  and  criminal. 

Let  your  fire  be  the  Uttle  fire  of  the  cook  or  the  Council  Ring. 
Do  not  build  it  on  piles  of  logs,  rotten  wood,  or  rubbish,  nor 
near  them,  nor  on  bog.  Try  to  have  it  on  the  bare  ground; 
and  so  that  you  can  go  all  around  it  on  bare  ground. 

In  windy  weather  or  dangerous  places  dig  a  hole  or  wall  up 
the  fire  with  stones,  sods,  green  logs,  sand,  or  other  things  that 
do  not  burn. 

Never  leave  a  camp  or  the  campfire  without  extinguishing 
every  spark,  using  water  and  plenty  of  it,  if  you  love  your  country 
(ir  the  good  green  woods.  Never  leave  the  campfire  burning 
even  for  a  short  time  without  some  one  there  to  guard  it. 

Never  throw  down  burning  matches  or  lighted  cigars  or 
cigarettes.     I  supf)ose  half  of  the  fires  come  from  this  cause. 

These  are  offered  you  as  Woodcraft  rules,  offered  that  your 
acceptation  may  rest  on  love  of  the  thing  protected.  But  do 
not  forget  that  any  breach  of  this  is  listed  as  crime  in  the  law 
of  the  land  and  may  be  visited  by  heavy  pains  and  penalties. 

liut  we  hope  that  the  Woodcraft  Boy  will  not  need  to  think 
of  anything  but  the  beauty  of  the  blessed  woods  and  be  ready 
and  eager  at  all  times  to  do  his  share  toward  keeping  these 
for  the  joy  of  having  them. 


:.vf 


FIFTY    COMMON    FOREST    TREES    OF    EASTERN 
NORTH  AMERICA 


White  Pine 

Red  Pine,  Canadian  Pine,  or 
Norway  Pine 

Long-leaved  Pine,  Georgia  Pine, 
Southern  Pine,  Yellow  Pine 

Tamarack,  or  I  irch 

White  Spruce 

Hemlock 

Balsam  Tree 

Bald  Cypress 

Arbor-vitae,  or  White  Cedar 

Quaking  Asp,  or  Quiver  Leaf 

Black  Willow 

Balsam  Poplar  or  Balm  of  Gilead 

Cottonwood 

Black  Walnut 

White  Wahiut 

Pecan 

Shagbark  or  Shellbark 

Mockernut 

Pignut  Hickory 

Gray  Birch,  or  Aspen-leaved 
Birch 

White,  Canoe,  or  Paper  Birch 

Yellow  Birch,  or  Gray  Birch 

Ironwood,  or  Hop  Hornbeam 

Blue  Beech,  or  American  Horn- 
beam 

White  Cik 


Yellow  Oak,  or  Chestnut  Oak 

Red  Oak 

Scarlet  Oak 

Black  Oak,  or  Golden  Oak 

Pin  Oak,  or  Swamp  Oak 

Beech 

Chestnut 

White  Elm,  Water,  or  Swamp  Elm 

Slippery  Elm 

Osage  Orange,  or  Bow-wood 

Tulip  Tree,  White-wood,  or  Yel- 
low Poplar 

Sassafras 

Sweet  Gum,  Star-leaved  Gum,  or 
Liquidambar 

Sycamore,  or  Buttonwood 

Red-bud,  cr  Judas  Tree 

Sugar  Maple,  Rock  Maple  or 
Hard  Maple 

Silver  Maple  or  Soft  Maple 

Red,  Scarlet,  Water,  or  Swamp 
Maple 

Box  Elder,  or  Ash-leaved  Maple 

Basswood,  White-wood,  or  Lin- 
den 

Sour  Gum,  Black  Gum,  Pepper- 
idge,  or  Tupelo 

White  Ash 

Black  Ash,  Hoop  Ash,  or  Water 
Ash 


HIM 


FIFTY  COMMON  FOREST  TREES  OF  EASTERN 
NORTH  AMERICA 

White  Pine,  or  Weymouth  Pine 

{Pinus  Strobtis) 

A  noble  evergreen  tree,  up  to  175  feet  high.  The  lumber- 
man's prize.  Its  leaves  are  in  bunches  of  5,  and  are  3  to  5 
inches  long;  cones  4  to  8  inches  long.  Wood  pale,  soft,  straight- 
grained,  easily  spUt.    Warps  and  checks  less  than  any  other  of 


* 


our  timbers.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  24  lbs.  (a  cubic  foot  of  watei 
weighs  63  lbs.).  Minnesota  and  Manitoba  to  Nova  Scotia  and 
Pennsylvania. 

Red  Pine,  Canadian  Pine,  or  Norway  Pine 

{Pinus  resinosa) 

F.vergreen;  somewhat  less  than  the  White  Pine,  with  leaves 
4  to  6  inches  long,  in  bunches  of  2,  comes  i^  to  2\  inches  long. 
Wood  darker,  harder,  and  heavier.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  30 
lbs.     Range  as  above. 

Long-leaved  Pine,  Georgia  Pine,  Southern  Pine,  Yellow 
Pine,  or  Hard  Pine 

{Pinus  palustris) 

A  fine  tree,  up  to  100  feet  high;  evergreen;  found  in  great 
forests  in  the  Sou..nern  States;  it  supplies  much  of  our  lumber 
no\v;ar  mc  '  of  uur  turpentine  lar,  and  rosin.  Wood  strong 
and  h         a.  cuJj.'    ''TOt  weighs  4.   lbs.     Its  leaves  are  to  to  lO 

285 


286 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


■-if 


Red  Pine 


Long-Leafed  Pine 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


287 


inchc-  long,  and  are  in  bunches  of  3's;  cones,  6  to  10  inches  long. 
Range,  Virginia  to  Louisiana  and  Horida. 


Tamarack,  Larch,  or  Hackmatack 

(Larix  larin'ita) 

A  tall,  straight  tree  of  the  northern  swamjis  vol  often  found 
nourishing  on  flry  hillsides.  One  of  the  few  conifers  that  shed 
all  their  leaves  each  fall.  Leaves  I  to  i  inch  long;  cones  I  to 
]  inch.  Wood  very  resinous,  heavy,and  hard,  "a  hard,  soft  wood" 
very  durable  as  posts.  In  Manitoba  I  have  seen  tamarack  fence 
posts  unchanged  after  twenty  years'  wear.  It  is  excellent  for 
firewood,  and  makes  good  sticks  for  a  rubbing-stick  fire.  A  cubic 
foot  weighs  39  lbs.  Found  north  nearly  to  the  limit  of  trees; 
south  to  northern  Xew  Jersey  and  Minnesota. 


White  Spruce 

(Picea  Caitademis) 


Evergreen;  60  to  70  or  e\en   150  feet  high.     Leaves  .',  to  ■,' 
inch  long;  cones  I. ^  t  .  2  inches  Ion.;,  arc  at  the  tips  of  the  branches 

and  deciduous;  the 
twigs  smooth. 
Wood  white,  light, 
soft,  weak,  straight- 
grained,  not  dur- 
able; a  cubic  foot 
weighs  25  lbs.  Its 
roots  afford  the  wal- 
lop or  cordage  for  canoe-building  and  camp  use  generallv. 
North  to  the  limit  of  trees  east  of  Rockies,  south  to  Dakota, 
\\  isconsin,  and  Maine. 

Hemlock 

[Tsugd  CatiaJensis) 

tvergreen;  00  to  70  feet  high;  occasionallv  100;  wood  pale, 
soft,  coarse,  splintery,  not  durable.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  20 
lbs.  Bark  full  of  tannin.  Leaves  I  to  i  inch  long;  cones  about 
the  same.  Its  knots  are  so  hard  that  they  quickly  turn  the 
edge  of  an  a.\e  or  gap  it  as  a  stone  might; 'these  are  probably 


288  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

the  hardest  vegetable  growth  in  our   woods     Wisconsin  to 
Nova  Scotia  and  south  on  the  mountains  to  Georgia. 


Ht^ 


•*■ 


Hemlock 

Balsam  Tree,  or  Canada  Balsam 

{Abies  balsamea) 

Evergreen;  famous  for  the  bUsters  on   its  trunk,  yielding 
Canlda  bal4m  which  makes  a  woodman's  plaster  for   cuts 


Balsam 

or  a  waterproof  cement;  and  for  the  exquisite  odor  of  its  boughs 
which  also  supply  the  woodman's  ideal  bed     lis  flat  leafagei. 
di^  inctive.     Wcid  pale,  weak,  soft,  perishable^    V"^'^.^^' 
weighs  24  lbs.    New  Alberta  to  Newfoundland  and  south  to 

Virginia. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 

Bald  Cypress 

{Taxodium  distichum) 


389 


A  fine  forest  tree,  up  to  150  feet,  with  thin  leaves  somewhat 
like  those  of  Hemlock,  half  an 
inch  to  an  inch  long;  cones 
rounded  about  an  inch  through. 
Sheds  its  leaves  each  fall  so  is 
"  bald  "  in  winter.  Noted  for  the 
knees  or  upbent  roo'  hat  it 
develops  when  growin  /ater. 

Timber  soft,  weak,  b„.  ^arable 
and  valuable;  a  cubic  foot  weighs 
27  lbs.  In  low  wet  country  of 
Mississippi  Valley  and  Southeast 
coast. 

Arbor-vits,  or  White  Cedar 

{Thuya  occidentalis) 

Evergreen;  50  to  60  feet  high.     Wood  soft,  brittle,  coarse- 
gramed,  extremely  durable  as  posts;  fragrant  and  very  light  (the 


lightest  on  our  list).     Makes  good  sticks  for  rubbing-stick  fire. 
A  cubic  foot  weighs  only  20  lbs.    The  scale-like  leaves  are  about 


r 


290  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

6  to  8  to  the  inch,  the  cones  hah"  an  incb  long  or  less      Man- 
Lba  to  Nova  ScoUa,  and  Pennsylvania;  south  on  mountains  to 
North  Carolina. 
Quaking  Asp,  Quiver  Leaf,  Aspen  Poplar,  or  Popple 

{Popitlus  tremiiloides) 

A  small  forest  tree,  but 
occasionally  100  feci  high. 
Readilv  known  by  its  smootii 
bark,  'of  a  light  green  or 
whitish  color.  The  wood  is 
pale,  soft ,  close-grained ,  weak , 

perishable,  and  light.  A 
cubic  foot  weighs  25  lbs. 
Good  onlv  for  paper  pulp, 
but  burn's  well  when  sea- 
soned. When  green  it  in 
so  heavy  and  soggy  that 
it  lasts  for  days  as  a  fire 
check  or  back-log.  Leaves 
i^  to  2  inches  long.  Can- 
ada and  Northern  States. 

Black  Willow 

{Salix  nigra) 
The  common  Willow  of  stream-banks,  usually  20  to  40  feet 
,.i,h    soriimes  100.    Bark  nearly  black.    Its  long,  narrow, 


'^^ 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  zgi 

>Tllo\v-grfpn  shining  loaves  are  sufTicienlly  distinctive.  A  dectn- 
iion  of  Willow  hark  and  roots  is  said  to  be  the  best  known  sub- 
stitute for  quinine.  Xoted  for  early  leafing  and  late  sheddi.ig; 
ica\  cs  3  to  6  inches  long.  Wood  pale,  weak,  soft,  close-grained ;  a 
cubic  foot  weighs  28  ll)s.  Manitoba  to  Nova  Scotia  and  south 
to  Gulf. 

Balsam  Poplar,  Balm  of  Gilead,  or  Tacamahac 

{Populus  halsamifera) 

I-'ifly  or  60  feet  ordinarily,  but  sometimes  100  feet  high. 
Bark  roiijh  and  furrowed.     The  great  size  of  the  buds  and 


their  thick  shiny  coat  of  fra^'rant  gum  are  strong  marks.  Wood 
much  as  in  the  preceding,  but  weighs  2,?  Ibs-  a  cubic  foot. 
Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long.     Canada  and  Northern  States. 


Cottonwood 

{Populus  ddtoides) 

Small  and  rare  in  the  Northeast.  Abundant  and  large  in 
A\  est;  even  150  feet  high.  Wood  as  in  other  poplars  but  weighs 
24  lbs.  a  cubic  10  )t.  Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long.  Maine  to  Georgia 
and  west  to  .Alberta. 

Black  Walnut 

{Juglans  nigra) 

A  magnificent  forest  tree  up  to  150  feet  high;  usually  much 
smaller  in  the  Iiast.  Wood  a  dark  purplish  brown  or  gray; 
hard,  close-gral:     ',  strong;  very  durable  in  weather  or  ground 


292 


Woodcraft  ^lanual  for  Boys 


ir-' 


t: 


Fruit  of  black  walnut. 


Fruit  of  butternut 


Both  life  size. 


^ 


\ 


It 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  293 

work,  and  heavy.     A  cubic  f(K)t  wvikHs   5S  lbs.     Leailels   1 1 

to  7^ ;  and  s  to  5  inches  long.  Fruit  nearly  round,  i '  to  ^  inches 

m  diameter.     Ma.s.sachusetts  to  Minnest)ta  and  south  to  Miss- 
issippi. 

White  Wahiut,  Oil  Nut,  or  Butternut 

(Juglans  cinerea) 

Much  smaller  than  the  last,  rarely  100  feet  high;  with  much 
smonther  bark  and  larger,  coarser,  compound  leaves,  of  fewer 
leatltis  but  the  petioles  or  leaflet  stalks,  and  the  new  twigs  are 
covered  with  sticky  down.  ' 


The  wood  is  light  brown,  soft,  coarse,  not  strong  but  very 

rcheslLL"  r'S'^  ""^  ^'■^.""^  '^^'^■'  "ght;  leave!  15  to^ 
ruii  nWnn^'  ^^^^^'.'\^^  }9  in  number  and  ^  to  s  inches  long; 

-i  to  EssTp^i.'"^'"  '""^-  ^^^^-^  ^-^-  '^  ^^-"-^  -d 


Pecan 

{Hicoria  Pecan) 

Xo\^\fjl''^\^'^T^  '-r  '•"  •"'•''  "^^^^^^  =°^5  ^5""g  =^trcams.  up 
Jm  '.v,  V\^^'^^^=  ^^"^^"5  ^«f  its  delicious  nuts,  thev  are 
nTh"  C^  thm  shelled;  fruit,  oblong,  cylindrical,' x^  {o  .f 
to  rcnnH^"  .  '  -"^r  f^  ''"^^  ^hen  mature;  leaflets  11 
foo  Lt  K  '^  Pk^  ""^^^^  ^'',"S'  ^°^  hard  and  brittle,  a  cubic 
toot  weighs  45  lbs.    Central  Mississippi  Valley 


294 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


Pecan 


Shagbark,  Shellbark,  or 
White  Hickory 

(Ilicoria  ovata) 

A  tall  forest  tree  up  to 
1 20  feet  high.     Known  at 

once  bv  the  great  angular  .  •     .       i 

"labs  of  bark  hanging  partly  detached  from  its  mam  trunk 

forced  ott  d\  tnt 
growth  of  wood,  but 
too  tough  to  fall.  Its 
leaves  are  S  to  14 
inches  long,  with  5 
to  7  broad  leaflets. 
The  wood  is  very 
light  in  color,  close- 
grained,  tough,  and 
elastic.  It  makes 
an  excellent  bow;  is 
the  best  of  fuel.  A 
cubic  foot  weighs  52 
lbs.  Dakota  to  Maine 
and  south  to  Missis- 
sippi. 

Mockemut,  White  Heart,  or  Big-bud  Hickory 
{Hkoria  alba) 

A  tall  forest  tree,  up  to  100  feet.     Wood  much  like  that  of 
Shagbark,  but  not  quite  so  heavy  (51  lbs.).     Its  bark  is  smooth 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  295 

ind  furrowed  like  that  of  the  Pignut.  Its  leaves  are  like  those  of 
the  Shagbark,  but  it  has  7  to  q  leaflets,  instead  of  5  to  7;  it  has 
a  large  terminal  bud  ^  to  f  of  ar  inch  long,  and  the  leaves  have  a 
rosinous  smell.  Its  nut  in  'le  r.u  Jv  h,  rearlv  2  inches  long;  the 
nut  sheU  is  4-ridged  towarc  t.ie  Doiiu ,  ha.  .  Verv  thick  shell,  and 
small,  sweet  kernel.    Mair.'  ;c  Okiahom.i  and  Florida. 


Pignut  Hickory 

{Hicoria  glabra) 
A  tall  forest  tree;  100  and  up  to  120  feet  high.     Wood  much 
as  in  the  Mockernut;  bark  smooth  and  furrowed;  not  loose 


Piates.    Leaves  8  to  12  inches  long.    Nut  slightly  ornot  at  all 
angular,  very  thick  shelled;  the  pear  shape  of  fruit  is  a  strong 


If 

■s 


296  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

feature,  ij  to  2  inches  long.    Maine  to  Nebraska  and  south  to 
the  Gulf. 

Gray  Birch,  or  Aspen-leaved  Birch 

(Belula  populifolia) 

A  small  tree  found  on  dry  and  poor  soil;  rarely  50  feet  high. 
Wood  soft,  close-grained,  not  strong,  splits  in  drying,  useless  for 


weather  or  ground  work.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  36  lbs.  Leaves 
2  to  3  inches  long.  It  has  a  black  triangular  scar  at  each  armpit. 
Quebec  south  to  Maryland. 

White,  Canoe,  or  Paper  Birch 

{Belula  papyrifera) 

A  tall  forest  tree  up  to  80  feet  high;  the  source  of  bark  for 
canoes,  etc.    One  of  the  most  important  trees  in  the  northern 


^ 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


297 


forest  Besides  cam  cs,  wigwams,  vessels,  und  paper  from  i(s 
liark.  it  furrishes  syrup  from  its  sap  and  the  inner  bark  is  used 
.is  an  emergency  food.  Every  novice  rediscovers  for  himself 
that  the  outer  bark  is  highly  inflammal  'e  as  well  as  waterproof, 
and  ideal  for  fire-lighting.  Th.  ^h  so  n.jch  like  the  Gray  Birch, 
it  is  larger,  whiter,  and  with  but  small  black  scars  at  each  limb, 
rhe  timber  is  much  the  same,  but  this  weighs  .^7  lbs.  Its  leaf 
and  catkin  distinguish  it;  the  former  is  2  to  3  inches  long.  All 
Canada  and  south  to  Illinois. 


Yellow  Birch,  or  Gray  Birch 

(Betula  lutea) 

\  forest  tree,  of  30  to  50  feet  in  height.     Bark  obviously  birch, 
but  shaggy  and  gray  or  dull  yellow.     Wood  as  in  the  others,  but 


reddish.     A  cubic  foot  weighs  41  lbs.     Leaves  3  to  4  inches  long. 
Minnesota  to  Newfoundland  and  south  to  Virginia. 

Ironwood,  Hard-hack,  Leverwood,  Beetle-wood,  or  Hop 

Hornbeam 

(Ostyra  Virginiana) 

\  small  tree;  20  to  30,  rarely  50,  feet  high;  named  for 
it-  hardness  and  its  hoplike  fruit.  Bark  furrowed.  Wood 
lough,  close-grained,  unsplitable.  One  of  the  strongest, 
heaviest,  and  hardest  of  timbers.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  over 
51  lbs.  That  is,  it  comes  near  to  Shagbark  Hickory  in  weight 
and  perhaps  goes  beyond  it  in  strength  and  hardness.    Leaves 


.»-iS»t  >r?i:K  ■ 


298 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


1 

J        .in- 


■■*( 


3  to  5  inches  long.    Fruit  i^  to  2*  inches  long.    Dakota  to 
Nova  Scotia  and  south  to  Gulf. 


Iron  wood 


Blue  Beech,  Water  Beech,  or  American  Hornbeam 

{Carpinus  Caroliniana) 

A  small  tree,  lo  to  25,  rarely  40,  feet  high;  bark  '.mooth. 
Wood  hard,  close-grained,  very  strong;  much  hke  Ironwood, 


but  lighter.    A  cubic  foot  weighs  45  lbs.    Leaves  3  to  4  inches 
long.     United  States  east  of  Missouri  River. 

White  Oak 

{Querctis  alba) 

A  grand  forest  tree;  over  100  feet  up  to  150  feet  high.    The 
finest  and  most  valuable  of  our  oaks.    The  one  perfect  timber 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


299 


for  shipbuilders,  farmers,  and  house  furnishers.  Its  wood  is 
pale,  strong,  tough,  fine-grained,  durable,  and  heavy.  A  cubic 
foot  weighs  46  lbs.    I  found  that  when  green  it  weighed  68  lbs. 


to  the  cubic  foot  and  of  course  sank  in  water  like  a  stone.  Called 
white  from  pale  color  of  bark  and  wood.  Leaves  5  to  q  inches 
long.    Texas  to  Minnesota  and  easterly. 

Yellow  Oak,  Chestnut  Oak,  or  Chinquapin  Scrub  Oak 

{Quercus  Muhlenbergii) 

\  great  forest  tree;  up  to  160  feet  high;  wood 
as  usual,  but  the  heaviest  of  all  when  dry;  a  cubic 
foot  weighs  54  lbs;  when  green,  it  is  heavier  than 


300 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


r 


water,  and  sinks  at  once.  It  is  much  like  the  Chestnut  Oak  but 
its  leaves  are  narrower,  more  sharply  saw-edged,  and  its  acorns 
much  smaller,  about  half  the  size.  Its  acorns  ripen  m  one  sea- 
son. Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long.  Louisiana  to  Iowa  and  east- 
erly to  Massachusetts. 

Red  Oak 

{Quercus  rubra) 

A  fine  forest  tree,  70  to  80,  or  even  140,  feet  high.     Wood 
reddish  brown.    Sapwood  darker.     Hard,  strong,  coarse-grained, 


luavv.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  41  lbs.  It  checks,  warps,  and 
(loesnoi  stand  for  weather  or  ground  work.  The  acorn  takes 
two  si-asons,to  ripen.  Apparently  all  those  oaks  whose  nuts 
take  tuv  seasons  to  ripen  have  wood  that  soon  rots.  The  low, 
tlat  shape  of  the  cup  is  distinctive;  in  fact,  it  has  no  cup,  it  has 
a  saucer;  leaves  4  to  8  inches  long.  Missouri  to  Minnesota 
and  east  to  Atlantic. 


Scarlet  Oak 

{Quercus  coccinea) 

Seventy  to  80  or  even  160  feet  high.  Scarlet  from  its  spring 
and  auiu'mii  foliage  color.  The  leaves  are  a.  little  like  those  of 
the  black  Oak.  but  are  frondlike  with  three  or  four  deep,  ncany 
even,  cuts  011  each  side,  f  he  acorns  of  this  can  be  eaJly  matched 
among  those  of  the  .  -k  Oak,  but  the  kernel  of  the  Scarlet 
is  white,  that  of  the  Black  is  yeUow;  they  take  two  seasons  to 
ripen.     Wood  much  as  in  Red  Oak  but  weighs  46  lbs.  per  cubic 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


301 


foot.    Leaves  4  to  8  inches  long.    Massachusetts  to  Georgia 
and  Iowa. 


Scarlet  Oak 

Black  Oak,  Golden  Oak,  or  Quercitron 

{Quercus  vdutina) 

Si'venty  to  80  or  even  150  feet  high.     The  outer  bark  is  \ery 
rough,  bumpy,  and  blackish;  inner  bark  yellow.     This  yield's 


a  yellow  dye  called  quercitron.  The  leaf  is  of  the  Scarlet  Oak 
f^tyle,  but  has  uneven  cuts  and  usually  a  large  solid  area  in 
the  outer  hali.     The   wood   is   hard,   coarse-grained,  checks, 


« 

k,-,. 


'.»v 


t 


302  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

and  docs  not  stand  for  weather  or  ground  work.     A  cubic  foot 
weighs  44  \hs.     Wisconsin  to  Maine  and  south  to  Gulf. 

Pin  Oak,  or  Swamp  Oak 

{Querais  palustris) 

Fifty  to  70  or  even  120  feet  high,  in  swampy  land.     VVotxl 
hard,  coarse-grained,  very  strong  an<l  tough.     Will  not  stand 


exposure  next  to  ground.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  34  lbs.  Its 
acorns  take  two  seasons  to  ripen.  Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long. 
In  moist  woods  and  along  swamp  edges.     Massachusetts  to  Iowa 

and  Arkansas. 

Beech 

{Fagus  grandifolia) 

In  all  North  America  there  is  but  one  species  of  Beech.  It 
is  a  noble  forest  tree,  70  to  80,  and  occasionally  1 20,  feet  high; 
readilv  distinguished  by  its  unfurrowed  ashy  gray  bark.  Wood 
hard, 'strong,  tough,  close-grained,  pale,  heavy.  Leaves  3  to  4 
inches  long.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  43  lbs.  Wisconsin  to  Nova 
Scotia  and  south  to  Gulf. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 

Chestnut 

{Castanea  dentala) 


303 


•A  noble  tree,  60  to  80  or  even  100  feet  high.  A  cubic  foot 
of  the  wood  weighs  28  lbs.  Leaves  6  to  8  inches  long.  Mass- 
achusetts to  Indiana  and  Mississippi. 

White  Elm,  Water,  or  Swamp  Elm 

{Uhnns  Xmcricana) 

A  tall,  splendid,  forest  tree;  commonly  100,  occasionally  120, 
feet.  Wood  reddish  brown;  hard,  strong,  tough,  very  hard  to 
split.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  41  lbs.  Soon  rots  near  the  ground. 
Lea\es  2  to  5  inches  long.  Manitoba  to  Nova  Scotia  and  south 
to  Gulf. 

Slippery  Elm,  Moose,  or  Red  Elm 
(Ulmus  fulva) 

Smaller  than  White  Elm,  maximum  height  about  70  feet. 
Wood  dark,  reddish,  hard,  close,  tough,  strong;  durable  next 


1.  WTiite  Elm 

2.  Slipper}'  Elm 

3.  Cock  Elm 

4.  Wahoo  Elm 


304 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


305 


the  grounci;  heavy;  a  cubic  foot  weighs  43  lbs.  Its  leaves  are 
liir^i'r  and  rougtur  than  those  of  the  former.  Four  to  8  inches 
long,  and  its  buds  are  hairy,  not  smooth.  Maine  to  Minnesota 
and  south  to  Guli. 

Osage  Orange,  Bodarc  (Bois  D'arc),  or  Bow-wood 

{ToxyUni  pomifenim) 

A  small  tree,  rarely  60  feet  higii.     Originally  from  the  middle 
Mississippi  Valley,   now  widely  introduced  as  a  hedge  tree. 


lamous  for  supplying  the  best  bows  in  America  east  of  the 
Rockies  Wood  is  bright  orange;  very  hard,  elastic,  enduring 
and  heavv.      Leaves  ^  to  6  inches  long.      A  cubic  foot  weighs 

48  lbs. 


Tulip  Tree,  White- wood,  Canoe  Wood,  or  Yellow  Poplar 

{Liriodendron  tulipifera) 

One  of  the  noblest  forest  trees,  ordinarily  100  feet,  and  some- 
times 150  feet,  high.  Noted  for  its  splendid,  clean,  straight 
lolunin;  readilv  known  bv  Ifjif,  ^  to  6  inches  long,  and  its  tulip- 
like flower.  Wood  soft,  straight -grained,  brittle,  yellow,  and 
\ery  light ;  much  used  where  a  broad  sheet  easily  worked  is 
needed  but  will  not  stand  exposure  to  the  weather;  is  poor  fuel; 
a  ilry  cubic  foot  weighs  26  lbs.  Mississippi  to  Atlantic,  Lake 
Ontario  to  Gulf.     See  page  307. 


3o6 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

Sassafras,  or  Ague  Tree 

{Sassafras  sassafras) 


Usually  a  small  tree  of  dry  sandy  soil,  but  reaching  125  feet 
high  in  favorable  regions.  Its  wood  is  dull  orange,  soft,  weak, 
coarse,  brittle,  and  light.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  31  lbs.  Very 
durable  next  the  ground.  Leaves  4  to  7  inches  long.  Maine 
to  Iowa  and  Te.xas  to  Atlantic    See  next  page. 

Sweet  Gum,  Star-leaved,  or  Red  Gum,  Bilsted,  Alligator 
Tree,  or  Liquidambar 

(Liquidambar  styracifiua) 

A  tall  tree  up  to  150  feet  high  of  low,  moist  woods,  remark- 
able for  the  corky  ridges  on  its  bark,  and  the  unsplitable  nature 


of  its  weak,  warping,  p  -'shable  timber.  Heart-wood  reddish 
brown,  sap  white;  heav>  weighing  37  lbs.  to  cubic  foot.  Leaves 
3  to  5  inches  long.     Massachusetts  to  Missouri  and  south  to  Gulf. 

Sycamore,  Plane  Tree,  Buttonball,  or  Buttonwood 

(Plata  nus  occidentalis) 

One  of  the  largest  of  our  trees;  up  to  140  feet  high;  commonly 
hollow.     Wood  light  brownish,  weak;  hard  to  split;  heavy  for 


,\n 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


307 


3o8 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


r^ 


8r.« 


V 


its  strength.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  35  lbs.  Little  use  for  weather 
work.  Famous  for  shedding  its  bark  as  well  as  its  leaves. 
Leaves  4  to  9  inclies  long.     Canada  to  the  Gulf. 


Re4-bud,  or  Judas 
Tree 

{Cercis  Canadensis) 

Small  tree  of  bottom 
lands,  rarely  50  feet  high; 
so  called  from  its  abundant 
spring  crop  of  tiny  rosy 
blossoms,  coming  before 
the  leaves,  the  latter  2  to 
6  inches  broad.  "Judas 
tree"   because   it  blushed 

when  Judas  hanged  himself  on  it  (Keeler).     Its  wood  is  dark, 

coarse,  and  heavy. 
A  cubic  foot  weighs  40  lbs.    Maryland  to  Iowa  and  southward . 

Sugar  Maple,  Rock  Maple,  or  Hard  Maple 

(Acer  saccharum) 

.\  large,  splendid  forest  tree,  80  to  120  feet  high;  red  in  an 
tumn.     Wood  hard,  strong,  tough,  and  heavy  but  not  durable. 


Tilings  to  Know  and  Do  309 

A  cubic  foot  weighs  43  lbs.    It  enjoys  with  Beech,  Hickory, 
etc.,  the  sad  distinction  of  being  a  perfect  firewood.    Thanks 
to  this  It  has  been  exterminated  in  some  regions. 
Bird's-eye  and  curie    Maple  are  freaks  of  the  grain.    Leaves 


.^  to  5  inches  long.    Its  sap  produces  the  famous  maple  sugar. 
Manitoba  to  Nova  Scotia  and  south  to  Gulf. 

Silver  Maple,  White,  or  Soft  Maple 

(Acer  saccharinum) 

Usually  a  little  smaller  than  the  Sugar  Maple  and  much 
inferior  as  timber.    Wood  hard,  close-grained.    A  cubic  foot 


weighs  33  lbs.    Leaves  5  to  7  inches  long.    This  tree  produces 
'  little  sugar.     It  is  noted  for  its  yellow  foliage  in  autumn. 


-7***^SS 


I 

■■a 


310  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

Nova  Scotia  to   Minnesota   and   south    to   Oklahoma    and 
Georgia.  „    , 

Red,  Scarlet,  Water,  or  Swamp  Maple 

(Acer  rubrutn) 

\  fine  tree  the  same  size  as  the  preceding.  Noted  for  its 
naming  crimson  foliage  in  fall,  as  well  as  its  red  leaf-stalks, 
flowers,  and  fruit  earlier.  Its  wood  is  light-colored,  tmged 
reddish,  close-grained,  smooth  with  varieties  of  gram,  as  m 
Sugar  Maple;  heavy.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  39  lbs.  Leaves  2 
to  6  inches  long.    Quebec  to  Minnesota  and  south  to  Gulf. 


Box  Elder,  or  Ash-leaved  Maple 

{Acer  Segundo) 

A  small  tree,  40  to  50  up  to  70  feet  high  found  chieAy  «ta 
streams.     VVoo<l  pale,  soft,  close-grained,  light.     A  cubic  fool 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


3" 


weighs  27  lbs.  Poor  fuel.  Makes  paper-pulp.  Leaflets  2 
to  4  inches  long.  Massachusetts  to  British  Columbia  south  to 
Mexico  and  Alabama. 

Basswood,  White-wood,  Whistle-wood,  Lime,  or  Linden 

{Tilia  Americana) 

A  tall  forest  tree  60  to  125  feet;  usually  hollow  when  old. 
Wood  soft,  straight-grained,  weak,  white,  verv  light.  A 
cubic  foot  weighs  28  lbs.  It  makes  a  good  dugout  canoe  or 
sap  trough. 


The  hollow  trunk,  split  in  halves,  was  often  used  for  roofing. 
I'oor  firewood,  and  swn  rot-,  makes  good  rubbing-sticks  for 
t  rut  ion  fire.  Its  inner  bark  supplies  coarse  cordage  and  mat- 
li'ig-  Its  buds  are  often  eaten  as  emergency  food.  Leaves  2 
'•>  5  inches  wide.  Manitoba  to  Nova  Scotia  and  south  to 
Itxas. 


•si-     i'  ^3 
'7^     ,.    .  • 


Sm-   ^    7 


%. 


312  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

Sour  Gum,  Black  Gum,  Pepperidge,  or  Tupelo 

(A'v55a  sylvatica) 

A  forest  tree  up  to  no  feet  high;  in  wet  lands.    Wood  pale, 
very  strong,  tough,  unsplitable,  and  heavy.     A  cubic  foot  weighs 


40  lbs  Used  for  turner  work,  but  soon  rots  next  the  ground. 
Leaves  .'  to  5  inches  long.  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin  and 
south  to  Gulf. 

White  Ash 
\^l-)d.\iiius  Aimrimnu) 

\  fine  forest  tree  on  moist  soil;  70  to  90  or  even  130  feet 
high.     Wood  pale  brown,  tough,  and  elastic.     Used  for  handles, 


.^ 


springs,  bows,  also  arrows  and  spe...s;  hcavy.     A  cubic  foot 
weighs  41  lbs.     Soon  rots  next  the  ground.     Called  white  for 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


313 


thf  silvery  under  sides  of  the  leaves;  these  are  8  to  12  inches 
long;  each  leaflet  3  to  5  inches  long.  Mississippi  Valley  and 
cast  to  Atlantic. 


Black  Ash,  Hoop  Ash,  or  Water  Ash 

(Fraxinus  nigra) 

A  tall  forest  tree  of  swampy  places;  70,  80,  or  rarely  100  feet 
high.    Wood  dark  brown,  tough,  soft,  coarse,  heavy.    A  cubic 


A 


loot  weighs  39  lbs.  Soon  rots  next  to  the  ground.  Late  in  the 
spring  to  leaf,  and  early  to  shed  in  the  fall.  The  leaves  are  12 
to  16  inches  long;  its  leaflets,  except  the  last,  have  no  stalk,  thev 
number  7  to  1 1 ,  are  2  to  6  inches  long.  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba 
and  south  to  Virginia. 


Books  Recommended 

Trees  of  the  Northern  United  States,  Austin  C.  Anear.     Price,  $1 .00 
•rr.cncan  Book  Co. 

f  ,|™,,fo^STER's  Manual,  or  Forest  trees  of  Eastern  North  .America,  a 
uiiy  Illustrated  Manual  with  map  showing  range  of  each  species.  Bv 
irncst  Thompson  Seton,  published  bv  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.,  net,$.so. 

OiR  Native  Trees,  b^  Harriet  1-.  Keeler.  1900.    Charles  Scribncrs 
ions.  New  York  rtv.    Pnn^itr^ 


'■JB'        It 


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t 

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t 

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'■'« 

f* 

314  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

THE  STARS  AS  THE  CAMPER  SEES  TKEM 

(See  Plate  of  Stars  and  Principal  Constellations) 

So  far  as  there  is  a  central  point  in  our  heavens,  that  point 
is  the  Pole-star,  Polaris.  Around  this  star  all  the  stars  in  the 
sky  seem  to  turn  once  in  twenty-four  hours. 

It  is  easily  discovered  by  the  help  of  the  Big  Dipper,  or  Great 
Bear,  known  to  everv  country  boy  and  girl  in  the  northern 
half  of  the  world.  This  is,  perhaps,  the  most  important  star 
group  in  our  sky,  because  of  its  size,  peculiar  form,  the  fact 
that  it  never  sets  in  our  latitude,  and  that  of  its  stars,  two, 
sometimes  called  the  Pointers,  always  point  out  the  Pole-star. 
It  is  called  the  Dipper  because  it  is  shaped  like  a  dipper  with 
a  long,  bent  handle. 

Why  it  is  called  the  Great  Bear  is  not  so  easy  to  explain. 
The  classical  legend  has  it  that  the  nymph,  Calisto,  having 
violated  her  vow,  was  changed  by  Diana  into  a  bear,  which, 
after  death,  was  immortalized  in  the  sky  by  Zeus.  Another 
suggestion  is  that  the  earliest  astronomers,  the  Chaldeans, 
called  these  stars  "the  shining  ones,"  and  their  word  happened 
to  be  very  like  the  Greek  arktos  (a  bear).  Another  explanation 
is  that  vessels  in  olden  days  were  named  for  animals,  etc.  They 
bore  at  the  prow  the  carved  effigy  of  the  namesake,  and  if  the 
Great  Bear,  for  example,  made  several  very  happy  voyages  by 
setting  out  when  a  certain  constellation  was  in  the  ascendant, 
that  constellation  might  become  known  as  the  Great  Bear's 
constellation.  Certainly,  there  is  nothing  in  its  shape  to  justify 
the  name.  Very  few  of  the  constellations,  indeed,  are  like  the 
thing  they  are  called  after.  Their  names  were  usually  given 
for  some  fanciful  association  with  the  namesake,  rather  than 
for  resemblance  to  it. 

The  Pole-star  is  really  the  most  important  of  the  stars  in  our 
sky;  it  marks  the  north  at  all  times;  all  the  other  stars  seem  to 
swing  around  it  once  in  twenty-four  hours.  It  is  in  the  end  of 
the  Little  Bear's  tail;  this  constellation  is  sometimes  called  the 
Little  Dipper.  But  the  Pole-star,  or  Polaris,  is  not  a  very  bright 
one,  and  it  would  be  hard  to  identify  but  for  the  help  of  the 
Pointers  of  the  Big  Dipper. 

The  outside  stafs  (Alpha  and  Beta)  of  the  Dipper  point  nearly 
to  Polaris,  at  a  distance  equal  to  about  five  times  the  space  th  . 
separates  these  two  stars  of  the  Dipper's  outer  side. 

Indian  names  for  the  Pole-star  are  the  "  Home  Star,"  and  "The 
Star  That  Never  Moves,"  and  the  Big  Dipper  they  call  the 
"Broken  Back." 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


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i  -^ 


V 


316  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

The  Great  Bear  is  also  to  be  remembered  as  the  hour-l^nd 
of  the  woodman's  clock.  It  goes  once  around  the  North  Star 
in  about  twenty-four  hours,  the  same  way  as  the  sun,  and  lor 
the  same  reason— that  it  is  the  earth  that  is  going  and  leavmg 

them  behind.  , 

The  time  in  going  around  is  not  exactly  twenty-four  hours, 
so  that  the  position  of  the  Pointers  varies  with  the  seasons, 
but ,  as  a  rule,  this  for  Woodcraft  purposes  is  near  enough.  The 
bowl  of  the  Dipper  swings  four  fifths  of  the  width  of  its  own 
opening  in  one  hour.  If  it  went  a  quarter  of  the  circle,  that 
would  mean  you  had  slept  a  quarter  of  a  day,  or  six  hours. 

Every  fifteen  davs  the  stars  seem  to  be  an  hour  earlier;  in 
three  months  they  "gain  one  fourth  of  the  circle,  and  in  a  year 
"ain  the  whole  circle. 

According  lo  Flammarion,  there  are  about  seven  thousand 
slars  visible  to  the  naked  eye,  and  of  these  twenty  are  stars  of 
the  first  magnitude.  Fourteen  of  them  are  visible  in  the  latitude 
of  New  York,  the  others  (those  starred)  belong  lo  the  South  Polar 
re«non  of  the  sky.  The  following  table  of  the  brightest  stars  is 
taken  from  the  Revised  Harvard  Photometry  of  1908,  the  best 
authority  on  the  subject. 

The  First  Twenty  Stars  in  Order  of  Brightness 


1. 

2. 

.^• 

4- 

5- 
6. 

7- 
8. 

9- 
10. 
II. 
12. 

i.V 
M- 
'5 

lO. 

n- 
18. 

19. 

20. 


Sirius,  the  Dog  Star. 

*Canopus,  of  the  Ship. 

*Aipha,  of  the  Centaur. 

Vega,  of  the  Lyre. 

Capella,  of  the  Charioteer. 

Arcturus,  of  the  Herdsman. 

Rigel,  of  Orion. 

Procyon,  the  Little  Dog-star. 

*Achernar,  of  Eridanus. 

*Beta,  of  the  Centaur. 

Altair,  of  the  Eagle. 

Betelgeuze,  of  Orion's  right  shoulder. 

*Alpha,  of  the  Southern  Cross. 

Aldebaran,  of  the  Bull's  right  eye. 

Pollux,  of  thf  Twins. 

Spica,  of  the  Virgin. 

Antares,  of  the  Scorpion. 

Fomalhaut,  of  the  Southern  Fish. 

Deneb,of  theSwan. 

Regulus,  of  the  Lion. 


ii 

\i 
1 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  317 

Other  Constellations 
Orion 

Orion  (0-ri-on),  with  its  striking  array  of  brilliant  stars, 
Hetelgeuze,  Rigel,  the  Three  Kings,  etc.,  is  generally  admitted 
to  be  the  finest  constellation  in  the  heavens. 

Orion  was  the  hunter  giant  who  went  to  Heaven  when  he 
died,  and  now  marches  around  the  great  dome,  but  is  seen  only 
in  the  winter,  because,  during  the  summer,  he  passes  over  during 
daytime.  Thus  he  is  still  the  hunter's  constellation.  The  three 
stars  of  his  belt  are  called  the  "Three  Kings." 

Sirius,  the  Great  Dog-star,  is  in  the  head  of  Orion's  Hound, 
the  constellation  Cant's  Major,  and  following  farther  back  is  the 
Little  Dog  star,  Procyon,  the  chief  star  of  the  constellation 
Cants  Minor. 

In  old  charts  of  the  stars,  Orion  is  shown  with  his  hounds, 
hunting  the  bull,  Taurus.  This  constellation  is  recognizable 
by  this  diagram;  the  red  star,  Aldebaran,  being  the  angry  right 
eye  of  the  Bull.  His  face  is  covered  with  a  cluster  of  little  stars 
called  the  Hyades,  and  on  his  shoulder  are  the  seven  stars,  called 
Pleiades. 

Pleiades 

Pleiades  (Ply-a-des)  can  be  seen  in  winter  as  a  cluster  of  small 
stars  between  Aldebaran  and  Algol,  or,  a  line  drawn  from  the 
back  bottom,  through  the  front  rim  of  the  Big  Dipper,  about 
two  Dipper  lengths,  touches  this  little  group.  They  are  not  far 
from  Aldebaran,  being  in  the  right  shoulder  of  the  Bull.  They 
may  be  considered  the  seven  arrow  wounds  made  by  Orion. 

Serviss  tells  us  that  the  Pleiades  have  a  supposed  connection 
with  the  Great  Pyramid,  because  "about  2170  b.  c,  when  the 
beginning  of  spring  coincided  with  the  culmination  of  the  Plei- 
ades at  midnight,  that  wonderful  group  of  stars  was  visible  just 
at  midnight,  through  the  mysterious  southward-pointing  passage 
of  the  PjTamid. 

Cassiopeia 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  Pole-star  from  the  Big  Dipper, 
and  nearly  as  far  from  it,  is  a  W  of  five  bright  stars.  This  is 
tailed  Cassiopeia's  Chair.  It  is  easily  found  and  visible  the 
year  round  on  clear  nights. 

Thus  we  have  described  ten  constellations  from  which  the 
Woodcrafter  may  select  the  number  needed  to  qualify,  namely. 


3i8 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


Hi 

V 


the  Little  Bear  or  Little  Dipper,  the  Bif  Tipper  or  Big  Bear, 
Cassiopeia's  Chair,  Orion,  the  Bull,  Orion's  Hound,  Orion  s 
Little  Dog,  the  Pleiades  and  the  Hyades;  the  Lyre  (later). 

The  Moon 

The  moon  is  one  fourth  the  diameter  of  the  earth,  about  one 
fiftieth  of  the  bulk,  and  is  about  a  quarter  of  a  million  miles 
away.  Its  course,  while  very  irregular,  is  nearly  the  same  as 
the  apparent  course  of  the  sun.  It  is  a  cold,  solid  body,  without 
any  known  atmosphere,  and  shines  by  reflected  sunlight. 

the  moon  goes  around  the  earth  in  twenty-seven  and  a  quarter 
(lays.  It  loses  about  fifty-one  minutes  in  twenty-four  hours; 
therefore  it  rises  that  much  later  each  successive  night  on  the 
average,  but  there  are  wide  deviations  from  this  average,  as, 
for  example,  the  time  of  the  Harvest  and  Hunter's  moons  in  the 
fall,  when  the  full  moon  rises  at  nearly  the  same  time  for  several 
nights  in  succession. 

According  to  most  authorities,  the  moon  is  a  piece  of  the 
earth  that  broke  away  some  time  ago;  and  it  has  followed  Us 
mother  around  ever  since. 

The  hole  it  left  in  its  place  is  supposed  to  be  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean. 

The  Stars  as  Tests  of  Eyesight 

In  the  sky  are  several  tests  of  ejesight  which  have  been  there 
for  some  time  and  are  Hkelv  to  be.  The  first  is  the  old  test  of 
Mizar  and  Alcor.  Mizar,  the  Horse,  is  the  star  at  the  bend  of 
the  handle  of  the  Dipper.  Just  above  it  is  a  very  small  star 
that  astronomers  call  Alcor,  or  the  rider. 

The  Indians  call  these  two  the  "Old  Squaw  and  the  Pappoose 
on  Her  Back."  In  the  old  world,  from  very  ancient  times,  these 
have  been  used  as  tests  of  eyesight.  To  be  able  to  see  Alcor 
with  the  naked  eye  means  that  one  had  excellent  eyesight.  So 
also  on  the  plains,  the  old  folks  would  ask  the  children  at  night, 
"Can  you  see  the  pappoose  on  the  old  squaw's  back?"  And 
when  the  youngster  saw  it,  and  proved  that  he  did  by  a  right 
description,  they  rejoiced  that  he  had  the  eyesight  which  is  the 
first  requisite  of  a  good  hunter. 

THE    PLEIADES 

One  of  the  oldest  of  all  eye  tests  is  the  Pleiades.    Poor  eyes  see 
a  mere  haze,  fairly  good  see  five,  good  see  six,  excellent  see  seven. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  319 

The  rarest  eyesight,  under  the  best  conditions,  see  up  to  ten; 
and,  according  to  Flammarion,  the  record  with  unaided  eyes  is 
thirteeen. 

VEGA,   OF   THE   LYRE 

If  one  draw  a  line  from  through  the  back  wall  of  the  Dipper, 
that  is,  from  the  back  bottom  star,  through  the  one  next  the 
handle,  and  continue  it  upward  for  twice  the  total  length  of  the 
Dipper,  it  will  reach  V^ega,  the  brightest  star  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  sky,  and  believed  to  have  been  at  one  time  the  Pole-sttir 
—and  likely  to  be  again.  \'ega,  with  the  two  stars  near  it,  form 
a  small  triangle.  The  one  on  the  side  next  the  North  Star  iscalled 
Kpsilon.  If  you  have  remarkably  good  eyes,  you  will  see  that 
it  is  a  double  star. 

THE   NEBULA   IN   ORION's   SWORD 

Just  about  the  middle  of  Orion's  Sword  is  a  fuzzy  light  spot. 
This  might  do  for  blood,  only  it  is  the  wrong  color.  It  is  the 
nebula  of  Orion.  If  you  can  see  it  with  the  naked  eye,  you  are 
to  be  congratulated. 


ON   THE   MOON 

When  the  moon  is  full,  there  is  a  large,  dark,  oval  spot  on  it 
to  the  left,  as  you  face  it,  and  close  to  the  east  rim,  almost  half- 
way up;  this  is  the  Plain  of  Grimaldi;  it  is  about  twice  the  size 
of  the  whole  State  of  New  Jersey;  but  it  is  proof  of  n  pair  of  ex- 
cellent eyes  if  you  can  see  it  at  all. 

Books  Recommended 

The  Book  OF  Stars,  b\  R.  F.|r' ■;  s.    D.  Appleton&Co.    Piicc,|i.oo 
Around  the  Yeak  With  thk  ...  .rs,  by  Garrett  P.  Serviss.    Harpers. 
Price,  $1.00 


Vf 


BIkbo 


Fnrty  B 


rus 


I  lat  £v' 
hite-he» 


The  ualdEagi" 

Eagle 
Golden,  or  War  .'  ag 
RedUili  •  Ha     .,    rH   Th«WK 
XheBarr-  1,  o;  Hoot  Owl 
Great  Hr     ('d  Owi  at  Ov 

Screech  «   ^ 

TurxeyVi    -are,  0    du.  arc 
Loo  a 

Co  mi     n  Seagu/ 
Pelicft 

WUd  .  ack,  talUrd 
Woo<*  Di  ck,  L  ^un^Tie 
Wild   Go  se,  Canai 

Honker 


T 
ed 


U' 


ifte^    should  Know 


Swai. 
Bittern 


uai. 
uffe 


>lue  Ht 

fi    Bob 
>us 


1 

iie 
T  Partridge 


ingbird 


V  V        oecke- 
-r,  hhol 

!  Hu 

Kx.  -»   ^. 

Bh       y 

C        ion  Crow 

Bobolink,  ir  Reedbird 

Baltimore  Oriole 

Purple  Grackle,  or  Crow  Black- 
bird 

Saowbird 

Song-Sparrow 

Scarlet  Tanager 
,  01      Purple  Martin 

fiam  Swallow 

Mockingbird 

Catbird 

Common  House  Wren 

Chickadee 

Wood  Thrush 

Robin 
Bluebird 


J  St 


'4r  ■    , ;  ■ 


L 


.-Jf'^i.^.^.  '^K 


BIRDS 

Forty  Birds  That  Every  Woodcrafter  Should  Know 

InD  f'^/'l'f'  ""  jK^'^'-^f^'ded  Eagle  (Halueetus  leucocep- 
halus,  ,,  the  emblem  of  America.  It  is  three  to  four  feet  from 
Deak  to  tail,  and  six  or  seven  feet  across  the  wings.  When  fully 
adult  It  IS  known  by  its  white  head,  neck,  and  tail,  and  the  brown 

u^th^^uS  wtite"  ^°""^ '' ''  '"^  ^'^'^'  '^^'^"^  ^"^  '"^^^"^ 

The  only  other  eagle  found  in  the  United  States  is  the  Goldeu 
orU  ar  Eagle  {AquUa  chrysaetos).     This  is  a  little  larger.     Wh"n 

les  S  '  tI'^"'.''  ^'  ""V^L^'^  '^'  ^^^^  h^«  «f  ^"  '"ore  or 
hnf  nf  th;  Pp 'ilfi^  ""{  ^^^  y°""8  birds  is  somewhat  like 

ha   of  the  young  Bald  Eagle;  but     .e  two  species  may  always 

be  distmguished  by  the  legs.    The  War  Eagle  wears  leggings- 

Hjc  Bald  Eagle  has  the  legs  bald,  or  bare  on    the  lower 

h.l'^^'ii  ^'^"'*'  '^  ^'^"^-^^  ^B^o  borealis).    The  common 
Th   K    .  America  are  very  numerous  and  not  easy  to  distinguish. 
I  he  best  known  of  the  large  kinds  is  the  Redtail.    This  is  fbout 
uo  feet  long  and  four  feet  across  the  wings.    In  general  it  is 
lark  brown  above  and  white  beneath,  with  dark  brown  mark 
he  tail  IS  clear  reddish  with  one  black  bar  across  near  the  tip 
n  young  birds  the  tail  is  gray  with  many  small  bars.     It  has 
^^.'^^"T"^'  notchcil  on  the  inner  web.    The  legs  are  bare  of 
Wrf'   °'.^  fPf'tf^X^  ^^  ^^^-    ^'  '^  ^«'"'^«n  in  North 
e^^d    kiS  ""^  ^'  ^?f ^  "'  "P  ^°  mid-Canada.    It  does  much 
fli;     }f^  mice  and  msects.    It  is  noted  for  its  circling 
flight  and  far-reaching  whistle  or  scream.  ^ 

Tke  Barred,  or  Hoot  Qui  (Strtx  varia).     This  Owl  is  known 

i  irre?  1     '  tl^"""."  °^  ^T''  '^^  ^'^'^'^  ^^^'^  ^"^  ^he  plumage 

twentv  Sr  ^'  '^'''  ^"^  ;^"''>''  '^l^^'  ^hat.     It  is  aboSt 

uentv  inches  long,  m  general  gray^brown  marked  with  white 

1  »'.mT  n  /k'"'  "'  ^"^  ^'^^'"^i  '^  '^  ^^  "°^^i^^^  o^'  in  o"r  woods." 
i^^'ei't^S  p£s"  ''  ^•"^"^  "P  ^°  ^'^^"^  '-'^"^^  5o 

323 


'Wf      -^    '«,! 


>6 


324 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


Great  named  Owl,  or  Cat  Owl  (Bubo  Virgimauus).  This  is 
the  largest  of  our  Owls.  Al)out  twenty-four  inches  lon^  and 
four  feel  across  the  wings.  It  is  known  at  once  by  its  great  ear 
tufts,  its  vellow  eves,  its  generally  barred  phimagc  of  white, 
black  and  buff,  and  its  white  shirt  front.  This  is  the  winged 
t  ieer  of  the  woods.  Noted  for  its  destruction  of  game  and  poul- 
trv,  it  is  found  throughout  the  timbered  parts  of  North  America. 

'Screech  Oivl  (Otus  asio).  This  is  not  unlike  the  Horned  Owl 
in  shape  and  color  but  is  much  smaller— only  ten  inches  long. 
Sometimes  its  plumage  is  red  instead  of  gray.  It  feeds  on  mice 
and  insects  and  has  a  sweet  mournful  song  in  the  autumn— its 


BaU  Eagle  RcduOcd  Hawk  or  Henhawk 

lament  for  the  falling  leaves.  It  is  found  in  the  timbered  parts 
of  North. \merica. 

Turkey  V  id  tare,  or  Buzzard  (Catliartrs  aura).  1  he  lurkey 
\ultureis  alxmt  two  and  a  half  feet  long  and  alwut  six  feel 
across  its  wings.  It  is  black  everywhere  except  on  the  under 
side  of  the  wing  whith  !»  gray,  and  lite  head  which  is  naked  am! 
red  It  is  known  at  once  bv  the  naked  hearl  and  neck,  and  is 
famous  for  its  splendid  flight.  It  is  found  from  Atlantic  to 
Pacific  and  north  to  the  Saskatchewan.     It  preys  on  carrion. 

In  the  Southern  Stales  is  another  species— the  Black  V  uliurc 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


325 


Barred  or  Hoot  Owl. 


Great  Homed  Owl. 


Turkey  Vulture  or  Bucsud. 


Screech  OwL 


t.  ■=-, 


4 


•TJi 


326 


Wocicraft  Manual  for  Boys 


or  Carnoi.  Crow-which  is  somewhat  smaller  and  wears  its 
cLt  rXr  up  to  its  ears  instead  of  low  on  the  neck;  also  its  com- 

^^t'iln^Ga^'Z'^rt  The  common  Loon  is  known  by  its 
sizt^fhiny^o  Ses  long  and  about  four  feet  across  the  wmgs 
-and  its  brilliant  black-and-white  p lumagj..  I  '^.'if  ?^/^°J  '^ 
skill  as  a  fisher  and  diver.  Us  weird  roUmg  call  is  heard  on 
every  big  lake  in  the  country.  ,,  . 

cLrln  SeaguU  {Larus  ar.cntatus).    The  common  Seagull  .^ 
twenty-four  inches  long  and  four  feet  across.    The  plumage  1. 


Loon 


Common  SeaguU 

white  with  blue-gray  back,  when  adult;  but  ^P'^h^t)^^wn  *h^^^ 
voune  and  with  black  tips  to  the  wmgs.  Its  b^k  is  yeUow 
S  red  spot  on  the  loweV  mandible.    It  is  found  throughout 

""T^icTiPeiecanus  erytHrorhynchos).  The  white  Pelican  is 
known  at  once  by  its  great  size-about  five  ^et  bng  a'ld  eigM 
feet  across  the  wings— by  ts  long  beak,  its  pouch,  and  its  teei 
:  y  w  blir  Its  pluma'ge  is  white,  but  the  -^'^l^P^^rS^"-'^ 
It  is  found  in  the  interior  of  America  up  to  Great  Slave  Lake. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


327 


lis 
)m- 

its 
ngs 
rits 
,  on 

His 
;e  ii 


when 
-ellow 
ghout 

:an  i:' 

eight 

s  feet 

black. 


.  i  Pelican 
Wild  Duck,  or  Mallard  (A  nas  platyrhynchos).  Of  all  our  num- 
erous wild  ducks  this  is 
the  best  known.  It  is 
about  twenty-three 
Inches  long.  Its  bottle- 
green  head,  white  col- 
lar, chestnut  breast, 
penciled  sides,  and 
curled-up  tail  feathers 
Wild  Duck  or  Mallard  ^e=.         identify  it.     The  female 

is  streaky  brown  and 

je 
tame  ducks  are 


irriv     ^^  ;   .•       j  •      ti  -  "  a<-»caKy   urown  an< 

.^'?Hc  fo-il'°""?.'".^"P^^^.t5>V^f  r^^^"^'  "P  »°  ^he  edg, 
•lescendedr"  '  '"  "^"'^  ^'""^  ^^'"'^  ^^'"^  ^"^^^^  an 

'luckt  f£;  Z^Z"""^"-  ^'^  /^'-^  '^'"'''^-  This  beautiful 
vacated  li.t.1^'"  '"^h^\.^°"g-  I^^  head  is  beautifully 
\ariegated,  bottle-green  and  white.    Its  eye  is  red.  its  breast 


328 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


^ 

? 

n^r 

^. 

«»,. 

* 

t 

t.t- 

"  ;t: 

t 

■  V 

"* 

4. 

«* 

■Hf 

Wood  Duck,  or  Summer  Duck     "'iis- 


pumlish  chestnut,  checkered  with  white  six,ts,  wWle  its  sides 
ire   buff   with   black   i>enciHngs.     This  .s  one  of  the  wildest 

and    most    beautiful    of 
ducks.       It  nests  in  hol- 
low   trees   and    is    found 
in  North  America  up  to 
about  latitude  50  degrees. 
Wild      Goose     {Branta 
Canadensis).      This    fine 
bird   is  about  three  feet 
long.     It-  head  and  neck 
are     bh    r; ;     its     cheek 
patch    white;    its    body 
gray;  its  tail  black  with 
white  coverts  above  and 
below.     It    is    found    up 
to  the  .\rctic  regions,  and 
breeds    north    of    about 
latitude  45  degrees.    It  is 
easily  tamed  and  reared 
in  captivity. 

Swan.  There  are  two 
kinds  of  Swan  found  in 
America:  The  Trum- 
peter (Olor  buccinator), 
which  is  almost  extinct, 
is  very  large  and  has  a 
black  "bill,  and  the  Whis- 
tling Swan  {Olor  Columbi- 
anus),  which  is  smaller 
— about  five  feet  long 
and  seven  feet  across. 
Its  plumage  is  pure  white; 
its  bill  black,  with  a  yellow 
spot  near  the  eye.  It  is 
found  generally  throughout  North  America  but  is  rare  now. 

Bitter  I!  {Boiaurus  hngti^inosus)  This  bird  of  marshes  i<5 
about  twtntv-eight  inches  long  and  can  stand  nearly  three  feet 
high.  Its  general  color  is  warm  yellowish  brown  splashed  with 
dark  brown.  The  black  mark  on  the  side  of  the  neck  is  a  strong 
feature,  and  its  bright  green  legs  and  beak  are  very  distmctive. 
It  IS  famous  for  its  guttural  call  notes  in  the  marshes,  and  is 
found  throughout  North  America  up  to  about  latitude  60  degrees 
in  the  interior. 


V\ilcl  t;iH)se,  Canatia  G<xise,  or  Honker 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


to 


329 

Jefl^^Tr''''""  ^i'"^'"  ^''''^'''^-    'T'^''^  '^•••^  's  commonly 
tailed  Blue  Crane.     Its  great  size  will  distinguish  ii.    It  is 

about  4  feet  from  up  of  beak  to  tip  of  tail.     In  general  it  is 

blue-gray  above,  white  below;  head,  white,  with  black  hind  head 

crest  and  marks  on  neck  and  shoulders.    Its  thighs  are  chest- 


Bittern 


Great  Blue  Heron 


hSvy!!m'ben""''  ^'""^^^^^"^  ^^''^'  A-^^rica  to  the  limit  of 

.leK'^.;t1:;H'''^'f ""'  l-/r,/„/.«„.).    This  famous  and 
leiitate  game  bird  is  alx)ut   icn  inches  long.     Its  olumaee  is 

%s,  on  a  ;\hitc  ground.  Us  whistle  sounds  like  "Bob  White  " 
■sUth  Ont;.o."'^""  ^^■"'''  ■'""'^"  "''  ^"  Massachusetts  and 
hv  ;ff' '  rlf''P'  *f/'"'"f'"'''4'f^  {Bonasn  umbdlus).     It  is  known 

\UlTy^^\r  '^T"  P'^-^^S^'  '^^  broad  and  beautifuTfan 
ail  and  the  black  ruflfs  on  each  side  of  the  neck      It  is  noted 

•■oundt'rh""'  "'""  1  "^"^">-  ■'  '^^-^  -"g--^  -"  to  ifs  mate 
States  ■  ''■"'''''  "'  '^""'^  •^'""'^^'  "«^t'»  «f  Ihc  Gulf 


330 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


K. 

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Dove  {Zcnaidura  mncroura).  This  is  an  abundant  inhabi- 
tant of  the  farming  country  as  far  north  as  wheat  is  now  grown. 
It  is  about  twelve  inches  long,  and  known  by  its  pigeon-like 
look,  and  its  long,  wedge-shaped  tail,  with  black  and  white  marks 
on  the  feathers.  Its  breast  is  soft  purplish  gray.  Its  extinct 
relation,  the  once  plentiful  Passenger  Pigeon,  was  eighteen  inches 
long  and  had  a  reddish  breast. 

Dou'tiv  Woodpecker  {Dryohales  pubcseens).  About  six  and 
a  half  inches  long,  black  and  white.    In  the  male  the  nape  is 


Quail  or  Bobwhite 


Ruffed  Grouse  or  Partridge 


red,  the  outer  tail  feathers  white  with  black  spots.  Carefully 
distinguish  this  from  its  large  relation  the  Hairy  Woodpecker, 
wliich  is  nine  and  a  half  inches  long  and  has  no  black  spots  on  the 
while  outer  tail  feathers.  A  familiar  inhabitant  of  orchards  the 
year  round,  it  is  found  in  woods  throughout  eastern  North 
.\merica. 

Flicker,  or  Ili^hhole  {Colapks  auratus).  This  large  and  beauti- 
ful Woodpecker  is  twelve  inches  long.  Its  head  is  ashy  gray 
behind,  with  a  red  nape  in  the  neck,  and  brown-gray  in  front. 
On  its  breast  is  a  black  crescent.  The  spots  below  and  the  little 
bars  above  are  black,  and  the  under  side  of  wings  and  tail  arc 
bright  yellow.  The  rump  is  white.  Its  beautiful  plumage  and 
loud  splendid  "ciucker"  cry  make  it  a  jciy  iti  every  woodland. 
Il  is  found  throughout  North  America,  east  of  the  Rockies  up 
to  the  limit  of  trees. 

Ruby-throated  Hummingbird  (Troehilus  colubris).  Every 
one  knows  the  Hummingbird.  The  male  only  has  the  throat 
of  ruby  color.     It  is  about  four  inches  long  from  tip  of  beak  to 


■ftji 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  331 

lip  of  tail  This  is  the  only  HuniminKl)ir(l  found  in  the  Xorthern 
States  or  Canada  oast  of  the  Prairies. 

Kingbird  (Tyrannus  tyramms).  'I^his  bird  is  nearly  black 
in  Its  upper  parts,  white  underneath,  and  has  a  black  tail  with 
unite  tip  Its  concealed  crest  is  orange  and  red.  It  is  eight 
an.  a  half  inches  long  Famous  for  its  intrepid  attacks  on  all 
l..rds,  large  and  small,  that  approach  its  nest,  it  is  found  in  North 
Anienca  east  of  the  Rockies,  into  southern  Canada 

Bluejay  iCyamcitta  cristata).  This  bird  is  soft  purplish  blue 
above,  and  white  underneath.     The  wings  and  tail  are  bright 


Dove 


Flicker 


Downy 
Woodpecker 


Kingbird 


332 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


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blue  with  black  marks.  It  is  found  in  the  woods  of  America 
cast  of  the  Plainb  to  about  latitude  55  degrees.  The  Bluejay  is  a 
wonderful  songster  and  mimic,  but  it  is  mischievous  —nearly  as 
bad  as  the  crow  in<lecd. 

Common  Crow  (Conus  brachyrhynchos).    The  Crow  is  black 
from  head  to  foot,  body  and  soul.    It  is  about  eighteen  inches 


llluejuy 


Bobolink, 
or  Reedbird 


long  and  lliirty  wide.  It  makes  itself  a  nuisance  in  all  the  heavily 
wooded  parts  of  eastern  North  America. 

Bobolink,  or  Reedbird  {Dolichonyx  oryzivorus).  This  bird  is 
about  seven  and  a  half  inches  long.  The  plumage  is  black  and 
white,  with  brown  or  creamy  patch  on  nape;  and  the  tail  feath- 
ers all  sharply  pointed.  The  female,  and  the  male  in  autumn, 
are  all  yellow  buff  with  dark  streaks.  Though  famous  for  its 
wonderful  song  as  it  tlies  over  the  meadows  in  June,  it  is  killed 
by  the  thousands  to  supply  the  restaurants  in  autumn  and  ser\'ed 
up  under  the  name  Reedbird.  It  is  found  in  North  America, 
chiefly  between  north  latitude  40  and  5:?  degrees. 

B  'Itimnre  Oriole  (Iitrrus  galbula).  The  Oriole  is  about  eight 
inches  long,  flaming  orange  in  tt)lor,  with  black  head  and  back 
and  partly  black  tail  and  wing  .  The  female  is  duller  in  plum- 
age. Famous  for  its  be  liful  iit-st,  as  well  as  its  gorgeous  plum- 
ige  and  ringing  song,  it  o  abundant  in  eastern  North  Amerita 
in  open  woods  up  to  northern  Ontario  and  Lake  Winnipeg. 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  333 

nn^Kn  r'T  *!''' '""  ?""'.  ^^^^^'"^  {Qtmcdus  quhcala).     This 
northern  ,ir,i  of  paradise  looks  Mack  at  a  distance  but  its  head 

hence  '' bZ  taU ' '    In'    "?  '"  ^''^  '^'.  ^«^  ^^^«^  ^^^  ^  boa!, 
nence    Doat  tail.       In  various  forms  it  s  found  throughout  the 

Eastern  States,  and  in  Canada  up  to  Hudson  Ba^;"'°"«''°"'  "»« 


Baltimore  Oriole 


Purple  Crackle,  or  Crow  Blackbird 


Snowbird    i Plectra phenax    nivalis).    About   six   and   a    half 
crown  te       ^'"i  ''  ^''rl  ^^•'"'  ^^■^^'^'''  ^'th  brown  on  the 

.h  k     Tt\      f -^f  •    '  ^"  ?"^^-  ^^'^'  ^"d  ^^"  a^^  partly 

n  most  of  f.^n"  /'"^  ""'"V"  ^he  Artie  region,  and  is  common 
IZTl  ^'^  .^*^'"P«'-ate  agricultural  A  erica,  during  winter,  wher- 
ever there  is  snow.  *       itti,  wiicr 


Snowbird 


334 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


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Song-Sparrow 


Scarlet  Tanager 


Song-Sparrow  {Mehspiza  mehdia).  The  Song-Sparrow  is 
about  six  and  a  lialf  inches  long — brown  above — white  under- 
neath. It  is  thickly  streaked  with  blackish  marks  on  flanks, 
breast,  and  all  upper  parts.  .Ml  the  tail  feathers  are  plain  brown. 
There  is  a  black  blotch  on  the  jaw  and  another  on  the  middle  of 
tht  breast.    Always  near  a  brook.    It  is  noted  for  its  sweet 


Barn  Swallow 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 


^ 


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nder- 
anks, 
rown. 
die  of 
sweet 


335 

and  constant  song,  and  is  found  in  all  well  wooded  and  watereri 
parts  of  North  America. 

Scarlet  Tanager  (Piranga  erythromclas).  This  gorgeous  bird 
IS  about  seven  inches  long.  The  plumage  of  the  male  is  of  a 
llammg  scarlet,  wuth  black  wings  and  tail;  but  the  female  is  dull 
grctn  m  color.  The  Scarlet  Tanager  is  found  in  the  woods  of 
eastern  America,  up  to  Ottawa  and  Lake  Winnipeg. 

lurple  Martin  (Progne  -^is).  About  eight  inches  in  length, 
with  ,.ng  wings  and  forke<<  .ail,  the  Purple  Martin  is  everv-wherc 
nt  a  shiny  Muish  or  purplish  black.  Like  the  Kingbird  it  attacks 
any  intruder  on  its  lower  range.     This  swallow  is  found  in  the 


Catbird 


Mockingbird 


woofied  regions  of  east  temperate  America,  r.orth  to  Newfound- 
land and  the  .'■  iskatchewan. 

Barn  S'dallo'v  (Ilirumlro  rryt/irogaster).     About  seven  inches 
ong.  this  bir  1  IS  steel-blue  above,  chestnut  on  thro  i  and  breast 
buffy  white  on  belly.     It  is  known  by  the  long  forke. ,  t:  ^l  which 
IS  dark  with  white  sp.  ts.     Famous  for  its  mud  nest.  :    is  found 
in  upcii  tountr>^  about  uarns  m  America  generally 

Mockingbird  {Mimus  polyglottos).  About  ten  inches  long 
-oft  gray  above,  dull  white  ben.ath,  wings  and  tail  black  and 
white,  with  no  black  on  liead-  "le  Mockingbird  is  famous  for 
Its  song,  and  is  found  in  Un   ed  Suxics  north  to  New  Jersey 

Catbird  (Dumetella  Carol inen.us).    Tliis  northern   Mocl:ing- 


33^ 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


•«1 

air 


1 


bird  is  about  nine  inches  long,  dark  slate  in  color,  with  a  black- 
brown  cap,  black  tail,  and  a  red  patch  "on  the  seat  of  its  pants." 
It  abounds  in  the  Eastern  States  and  Canada,  north  to  Ottawa, 
Saskatchewan,  and  British  Columbia. 

Common  House  Wren  {Troglodytes  a'edon).  This  little  fairy 
is  about  five  inches  long;  soft  brown  alx)ve  and  brownish  gray 
below,  it  is  barred  with  dusky  brown  on  wings  and  tail.  It  nests 
in  a  hole,  anc'  is  found  in  wooded  America  east  of  the  Plains, 
north  to  Saskatchewan,  Ottawa,  and  Maine. 

Chickadee  {Penthestes  atrkapillus).  This  cheerful  little  bird 
is  five  and  a  half  inches  long.    Its  cap  and  throat  are  black. 


Common  House  Wren 


Wood  Thrush 


Chickadee 


Us  upper  parts  arc  gray,  its  under  parts  brownish,  its  cheeks 
white,  no  streaks  anywhere.  It  does  not  migrate,  so  it  is  well 
known  in  the  winter  woods  of  eastern  America  up  to  the  Cana- 
liian  region  where  the  Brown-capped  or  Hudson  Chickadee 
takes  its  place.  Its  familiar  song  chickadee  dee  dee  has  given  it 
its  name. 

Wood  Thrush   (Ilylocichla  mustelinus).     About  eight  inches 
long,  cinnamon-brown  above,  brightest  on  head,  white  below, 


.^«.  -^  .^Y* 


f^if'j^^^^^r^^^^^^^^ir 


— ■ 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  337 

with  black  spots  on  breast  and  sides,  this  Thrush  is  distinguished 
from  the  many  thrushes  m  America,  much  Hke  it,  by  the  reddish 
i  ^  T"''  ^^^'I'P^'^  «"  its  under  sides.  It  is  found  in 
the  woods  of  eastern  iNorth  America  up  to  Vermont  and  Minne- 

SOid. 

.  Robin  {PlanesHcus  migratorius).  The  Robin  is  about  ten 
inches  long,  mostly  dark  gray  in  color,  but  with  black  on  head 


Kobin 


J<lui-I>ir(l 


ami  tail;  its  breast  is  brownish  red.  The  spots  about  the  eye 
also  the  throat,  the  belly,  and  the  marks  in  outer  tail  .'eathers 
are  white.  Its  mud  nest  is  known  in  nearly  everv  orchard. 
l;ound  throughout  the  timbered  parts  of  America  north  to  the 
limit  of  trees. 

Bluebird  {Sialia  sialis).  Aljout  se\en  inches  lotig,  brilliant 
f>lue  above,  tiull  ral-brown  on  breast,  white  below.  Found  in 
eastern  North  America,  north  to  about  latitude  50  degrees  in 
the  interior,  not  so  far  on  the  coust. 

Books  Recommended 

WuiK  HiHi,s.  l.vsi,  H,K„s  Kvsi   ..r   R.KK.is.  xn„  I.xm,  Birds  Wist 

.ol..n,1^'p'•      '*■'!"  -^    '^**'''-     '  '"'"••''••''*>•  '■">-'«•  *  t".     I'rue,  $..00  each 
volume.  (Popular.) 

nun.     .\ppleton,  .\.  V.     Price.  $,,.00.     (Technical.)  .    •  •  ■^'    '  nap 

nANr)B()OK  OF  HiBDS  OF  THE  Wkstkhn  U.mtko  States.  bv  Florence 
Merrmm  Hailry.     HouKhlon.  Mifflin  &  Co.     Price.  $3.50.     (iechnicS.) 


K'£^"-^'fX^-' 


m- 


338 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


Bird  Homes,  by  A.  R.  Dugmore.  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.  Price,  $3.50- 
(PoDular.) 

Birds  That  Hunt  and  Are  Hinted,  by  Neltje  Blanchan.  Doubleday, 
Page  &  Co.    Price,  $3.50.    (Popular) 


r 


"1 


1» 


t    '        iid 


SNAKES,  GOOD  AND  BAD 

Snakes  are  to  the  animal  world  what  toadstools  are  to  the 
vegetable  world— wonderful  things,  beautiful  things,  but  fear- 
some things,  because  some  of  them  are  deadly  poison. 

Taking  Mr.  Raymond  L.  Ditmars*  as  our  authority,  we  learn 
that  out  of  one  hundred  and  eleven  species  of  snakes  found  in 
the  United  Slates,  seventeen  are  poisonous.  They  are  found 
in  every  state,  but  are  most  abundant  in  the  Southwest. 

These  may  be  divided  into  Coral  Snakes,  Moccasins,  and 
Rattlers. 

The  Coral  Snakes  are  found  in  the  Southern  States.  Tne>- 
are  very  much  like  harmless  snakes  in  shape,  but  are  easily 
distinguished  by  'heir  remarkable  colors,  "broad  alternating 
rings  of  red  and  black,  the  latter  bordered  with  very  narrow 
rings  of  yellow." 

The  Rattlesnakes  are  readily  told  at  once  by  the  rattle. 

But  the  Moccasins  are  not  so  easy.  There  are  two  kinds: 
the  Water  Moccasin,  or  Cotton -mouth,  found  in  South  Carolina, 
Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  and  Louisiana,  and  the  Copper- 
head, which  is  the  Highland,  or  Northern  Moccasin  or  Pilot 
Snake,  found  from  Massachusetts  to  Florida  and  west  to 
Illinois  and  Texas. 

Ke'-e  are  distinguishing  marks:  The  Moccasins,  as  well  as 
tlic  Rattlers,  have  on  each  side  of  the  head,  between  the  eye 
;tiHl  nostril,  a  deep  pit. 

The  pupil  of  the  eye  is  an  upright  line,  as  in  a  cat;  the  harm- 
less snakes  have  a  round  pupil. 

The  Moccasins  have  a  single  row  of  plates  under  the  tail, 
while  the  harmless  snakes  have  a  <ic'jble  row. 

The  Water  Moccasin  is  dull  clive  with  wide  black  transverse 
.aiuls. 

The  Coppt  rhead  is  dull  ha^el  bruvvn,  marked  across  the  back 
with  dumb-bells  of  reddish  bnnvn,  the  top  of  the  head  more  or 
less  coppery. 

Both  Moccasins  and  Rattlers  ha'  c  a  l!at  Uiangular  head, 
which  is  much  wider  than  the  thin  .etk;  whik  must  harmless 
snakes  ha\  t-  a  narrcw  head  thai  shades  ofT  into  llie  neck. 


"Thi«  anicif  is  tbie6y  d  t.i.lensalion  of  his  ihtrnphlet  on 
I  ua«d  States,    aud  is  made  with  his  ptnru  iiin  ,  li  j^i-rovnl 


'Foisotioiu  Snakn  ol  the 


Things  to  Know  and  Do 

Ty/)cs     of    Voiso-nous  S-nb^KiS 


339 


L 


J 


340 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


Rattlesnakes  are  found  generally  distributed  over  the  United 
Stales,  southern  Ontario,  southern  Alberta,  and  Saskatchewan. 


How  Does  a  Snake  Bite? 

Rememl)er,  the  tongue  is  a  feeler,  not  a  sting.  The  "sting- 
ing" is  done  by  two  long  hollow  teeth,  or  fangs,  through  which 
the  poison  is  squirted  into  the  wound. 

The  striking  distance  of  a  snake  is  about  one  third  the  crea- 
ture's length,  and  the  stroke  is  so  swift  that  no  creature  can 
dodge  it. 

The  snake  can  strike  farthest  and  surest  when  it  is  ready 
coiled,  but  can  strike  a  little  way  when  travelling. 

You  cannoi  disarm  a  poisonous  snake  without  killing  it.  If 
the  fangs  are  remo\ed  others  come  quickly  to  take  their  place. 
In  fact,  a  number  of  small,  half-grown  fangs  are  always  waiting 
ready  to  be  developed. 

In  Case  of  Snake  Bite 

First,  keep  cool,  and  remember  that  the  bite  of  American 
snakes  is  seldom  fatal  if  the  prop)er  measures  arc  followed. 

^'ou  must  act  at  once.  Try  to  keep  the  poison  from 
fretting  into  the  svstem  by  a  tight  bandage  on  the  arm  or  leg 
(it  is  sure  to  be  one  or  the  other)  just  above  the  wound.  Next, 
get  it  out  of  the  wound  by  slashing  the  wound  two  or  more 
ways  with  a  sharp  knife  or  razor  at  least  as  deep  as  the  puncture. 
Squeeze  it — wash  it  out  with  permanganate  of  potash  dissolved 
in  water  to  the  col>  r  of  wine.  Suck  it  out  with  the  hps  (if 
vou  have  no  wounds  in  the  mouth  it  will  do  you  no  harm  there). 
Work,  massage  suck,  and  wash  to  get  all  the  poison  out.  After 
thorough  treatment  to  remove  the  venom  the  ligature  may  be 
removed. 

"  Pack  small  bits  •<  gauze  into  the  wounds  to  keep  them  open 
and  draining,  then  dress  over  them  with  gauze  saturated  with 
any  good  antisej)tic  solution.  Keep  the  dressing  siiturate*! 
.ind  *he  wounds  open  for  at  least  a  week,  no  matter  how  favor- 
.ii>le  nay  be  the  vvmptoms  " 

So'^ie  people  imsider  whiskey  or  brandy  a  cure  for  snake 
hite.  There  is  ^Wity  of  evidence  that  many  have  been  killed 
by  such  rcrricdi*  ,  and  litilc  that  they  have  ever  saved  any  one. 
except  'j^hn\i^  *hf-n  the  \  iclim  was  losing  courage  or  becoming 
<»Wpy 

In  anv  tas*    vind  as  fast  as  vou  can  for  a  doctor.     He  shoul<! 


m  '^-ist.. .  T'a^  -»"!^-».« 


Things  to  Know  and  Do  341 

Hannless  Snakes 

allhoigh  s.,me  .leslroy  a  few  Sk    Vl         T'l:-  ''^"^^ 
BiacKsnake,  the  Milk  Snake,  and  one  or  two  others   will  hitl 


Books  Recommended 


Doubleday,  Page  &  Co., 
Cov- 


The  Reptile  Book.  Raymond  L.  Ditmars 
■  007;  46s  pages,  manv  ills.  Price  $5  50 

er«^,iS(;i{ice '"  ''•^""  ''-"'^^'  ^"^^^^^  S.ejneger,      ._. 

i>^S;:::"'tiTxi[s^i:^^^%-™  ame...  Edward 


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CHAPTER  IV 

COUPS  AND  DEGREES 

WOODCRAFT  EXPLOITS  AND  ACHIEVEMENTS 

The  Woodcraft  League  is  organized  on  the  idea  that  boys  and 
Rirls  who  are  interested  in  outdoor  Ufe  and  in  active  living  will 
continue  along  these  lines  as  they  grow  older.  Many  of  the 
Coups  are  such  as  to  be  within  the  reach  of  Woodcraft  Boys  and 
Uirls  but  the  Degrees  will  in  many  cases  be  available  only  for  the 
older  members  of  the  League.  Woodcraft  Exploits  and  Degrees 
are  standard.  They  include  work  for  both  sexes,  though  each 
sex  will  find  it  desirable  to  select  the  ones  most  fitted  to  it  In 
many  cases,  however,  both  boys  and  girls  may  select  the  same 
Ivxplou  or  Degree.  In  fact,  we  believe  that  a  sharing  of  many 
experiences  would  help  greatly  in  solving  some  of  the  problems 
which  we  are  facing  at  the  present  time. 

Exploits  are  indicated  by  the  wearing  of  the  Coup  or  Grand 
Loup  Badge  each  for  a  single  exploit  as  listed. 

Achievement  is  indicated  by  the  wearing  of  the  Degree  Badge 
or  general  proficiercy  in  any  one  of  the  various  Degrees  in 
V\  oodcraf  t. 

Exploits 

The  Exploits  arc  intended  to  distinguish  those  who  are  first 
class  m  any  department,  and  those  who  are  so  good  that  they 
may  be  considered  in  Lhe  record-making  class.  The  French  word 
coup  has  been  used  by  the  Woodcraft  Movement  for  i6years. 
-No  one  can  count  both  Coup  and  Grand  Coup,  or  get  a  second 
similar  badge  in  the  same  department  except  for  heroism 
mountain  clu  hing,  and  others  that  are  specified  as  "repealers,"' 
in  which  eac     jadge  is  added  to  that  previously  worn. 

.No  Ijadges  are  conferred  unless  the  exploit  has  been  properly 
witnessed  or  proven,  and  approved  by  a  careful  committee. 
Uhen  It  IS  a  question  of  lime  under  one  minute,  only  slop 
w atches  are  allowed.  Badges,  once  fairlv  won,  can  never  be  lost 
lor  subsequent  failure  to  reach  the  standard.  Except  when 
'""^''^•"^  stated,  the  exploits  are  meant  for  all  ages. 

•  ProDouiiced  "Coo." 

345 


346 


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Any  one  counting  Coup,  according  to  i he  i  las^  alxne  him,  may 
count  it  a  Grand  f'oupii  hisown class, unless othtrwiseprovi'led. 

This  list  is  made  by  the  Council  of  (iuidance.  The  exploits  arc 
founded  on  world-wide  standards,  and  with  the  help  of  the  best 
experts.  The  Council  will  gladly  consid<r  a  v  suggestion,  but  it 
must  be  understood  that  no  local  group  has  any  power  to  add  to 
or  vary  the  exploits  in  any  way  whatsoever. 

Badges  for  Coups 

(For  form  of  conferring  coup  badges  sw     ige  j2) 


Coup  (above)  and  Grand  Coup 

The  badge  for  the  Coup  is  an  embrdidercd  eagle  feather. 

The  badge  for  the  Grand  Coup  has  a  red  tuft  embroidered  on 
I  he  end  of  the  Coup  badge. 

In  the  case  of  the  Sagamore  who  has  won  twenty-four  coups  he 
ur  she  is  entitled  to  wear  the  twent>  -four  conventional  eagle 
fiathers  on  a  Council  Robe.  Also  the  Woodcraft  Boy  is  en- 
tiilcil  to  wear  a  war  bonnet  of  twenty-four  eagle  feathers  on  special 
iKcasions  such  as  grand  councils.  A  Sagamore  must  be  at  least 
fourteen  years  of  age. 

CLASS  I-EXPLOITS 

Athletic 
Coups  and  Grand  Coups 

Badges  are  allowed  for  saving  a  human  life  at  'i  k  of  ont's 
own;  it  is  a  roup  or  a  gratul  coup,  at  the  discretion  of  *!u-  Council 

.\  soldier's  war  medals  count  for  a  ^rand  coup  each. 

Courage.  (The  measure  of  courage  has  not  yet  been  dis- 
covered.^ ' 


Coups  and  Degrees 
Riding 


347 


To  rtde  a  horse  one  mile  in  three  minutes,  clearing  a  four- 
foot  hurdle  and  an  oight-foot  water  jump,  counts  coup;  to  do 
It  m  two  mmutes,  clearing  a  five-foot  hurdle  and  a  twelve-foot 
water  jump,  grand  coup. 

Trick  riding.  To  pick  up  one's  hat  from  the  ground  while 
at  full  gallop  on  a  horse  of  not  less  than  thirteen  hands,  counts 

(OUp. 

To  do  it  three  times  without  failure,  from  each  side,  with 
horse  of  at  least  fiftet-n  hands,  counts  grand  coup. 

General  Athletics 

Those  under  ten  are  children;  those  over  ten  and  under 
sixteen  are  boys  or  young  girls;  those  over  sixteen  and  under 
eighteen  are  lads  or  girls;  those  over  eighteen  are  men  or 
women. 

Girls  take  the  standards  according  to  their  ages  up  to  eighteen, 
but  for  athletics  are  never  over  that.  No  matter  what  their 
age,  henceforth  they  continue  in  the  "lad  class,"  and  in  filing 
the  claim  need  only  mention  their  class. 

Men  or  women  over  seventy  return  to  the  lad  class. 

rhe  records  are  given  according  to  Spalding's  Almanac, 
where  will  be  found  the  names  of  those  who  made  them,  with 
•late  and  place. 

\  dash  ( — )  means  "not  open." 

Xo  lest  requiring  violent  exercise  should  be  taken  unless  the 
niember  has  passed  a  general  physical  examination.  The  Guide 
'  f  each  group  should  see  that  this  precaution  is  observed,  and 
especially  so  in  the  case  of  the  girl  members. 

Failure  to  observe  the  condition  of  the  bodv  may  result  in  life- 
long harm. 

Don't  try  for  any  Coup  in  athletics  without  getting  your 
Guides  approval. 


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Athletic  Specialties 

(Open  to  those  only  who  are  over  2:  ) 
Run  10  miles,  coup.  80  m.,  ^  coup.  70  m.,     Record 


353 


IS 

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::  .♦ "  . "    3i 

in  any  tmie. 
-J  grand  coup  in  any  time 

Bicycle  100  miles  in  24  hrs.,  coup 

200      "    in  24  hrs.,  grand  coup 
(Ace.  to  L.  A.  W.  rules) 

Weight-throwing.  Throw  the  56-pound  weight  from  a  7-foot 
circle:  coup,  22  ft.;  grand  coup,  28  ft.;  Rec.  38  ft.  7f  in. 

Dumb-bell.  Push  up  one  so-lb.  dumb-bell  with  one  hand 
to  fuU  arm  length  above  the  shoulder:  15  times  for  coup;  30 
times,  grand  coup;  Rec.  94  times. 

Ditto  with  loo-Ib.  dumb-bell:  5  times,  coup;  10  times,  grand 
coup;  Rec.  20  times. 

Ditto  with  two  loo-lb  dumb-bells  once;  one  in  each  hand, 
same  time,  grand  coup. 

To  turn  a  wheel,  coup. 

Handspring.  Throw  a  tumbler  or  4-Iegged  handspring,  coup; 
throw  a  clean  handspring,  grand  coup. 

Back  handspring.     A  clean  back  handspring,  grand  coup. 

Water  Sports  and  Travel 

(For  swimm'  ig,  rowing,  etc.,  see  classified  athletics  on  a  previous  page.) 

Bathing.  A  coup  for  having  bathed  out  of  doors  in  water 
of  natural  temperature  anywhere  north  ■  '  N.  Lat.  ^o,  or  south 


354 


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of  S.  Lat.  30,  fjr  300  days  in  the  year;  a  grand  coup  for  365 
days. 

Paddle.  Row  or  pole  five  miles  a  day  for  five  successive  days, 
each  day  make  a  note  and  sketch  (or  photograph)  of  some  in- 
teresting scene,  coup. 

Sail  a  boat  without  expert  help  for  fifty  miles  in  one  season, 
coup. 

Run  a  motor  boat  100  miles  on  one  occasion,  that  is,  in  one 
trip,  coup. 

Log-riding.  Tread  a  sawlog  100  yards  in  any  time,  without 
going  overboard,  for  coup;  do  it  100  yards  and  back  in  thirty 
minutes,  for  grand  coup. 

Canoeman.  Single  pa  idle  a  canoe  on  dead  water.  Spill 
the  canoe  and  get  into  her  again,  and  bale  her  alone  counts 
coup. 

A  grat^^  .oup,  spill,  right,  and  bale  the  canoe  alone,  three 
times  in  succession,  and  have  run  a  rapid  that  falls  six  feet 
in  200  yards. 

Canoe-camper.  Have  made  a  continuous  canoe  trip  of  500 
miles,  sleeping  out  every  night,  coup;  1,000  miles  of  the  same, 
grand  coup. 

Saddle-camper.  Have  made  a  continuous  saddle  trip  of 
500  miles,  sleeping  out  every  night,  coup;  1,000  miles,  grattd 
coup. 

Lone-lramper.      Travel    aloii  ^  t,    100    miles,    carry 

outfit,   sleep  out  every  night,  a  grand  coup  for   200 

miles. 

Gang-tramper.  Travel  150  miles  on  foot  with  a  party,  carry 
own  outfit,  sleep  out  every  night,  coup;  a  grand  coup  for  250 
miles. 

Ski-man.  Travel  six  miles  in  an  hour,  forty  miles  in  one 
day,  cover  forty  feet  in  a  jump,  and  travel  500  miles  all  told, 
coup;  travel  seven  miles  in  an  hour,  fifty  miles  in  one  day, 
make  a  fifty-foot  jump,  and  travel  1,000  iniles  all  told,  a  grand 
coup. 

Arctic  Traveler.  A  coup  for  entering  the  Arctic  Circle  by 
sea;  a  gratid  coup,  by  land. 

Tropic  Traveler.  Cross  the  Equator  by  sea  or  rail,  coup;  a 
^rand  coup,  on  foot. 

Motoring.  Have  covered  1,000  miles  within  thirty  days, 
acting  as  your  own  chauffeur  and  mechanic,  coup;  have  covered 
1,000  miles  in  four  days,  100  miles  in  two  hours,  acting  as  your 
own  chauffeur  and  mechanic,  grarul  coup. 

(In  both  cases  garage  privileges  allowed.) 


Coups  and  Degrees  355 

Mountain  CUmbing  (all  Afoot) 

(Not  onen  to  those  under  14.) 
By  Sir  Martin  Conway,  ex-president  of  the  Ali)ine  Club. 
The  exploits  in  this  class  are  repeaters. 

For  those  over  14  and  under  18. 
Coup 

In  Great  Britain—hen  Macdhuie   Ben  Npvk   R««  t 1 

HenCruachan,Snowdon,Scarfell  '     ^"  ^°'"^"''' 

In  £Mro/>e— Vesuvius,  Breithorn 
^^^orth  America-^li.  Washington.  N.  H.;  Electric  Peak, 

Grand  Coup 

In  Europe~Mi  Blanr.  Monte  Viso,  Etna,  Monte  Rosa 

In  ^  orth  .4mmc«-Pike-s  Peak,  Shasta,  Adams 

In  /I «a— Fujiyama;  Tabor. 

Add  to  this  aU  the  list  of  next  group. 

For  all  those  over  i8. 
Coup 
/«  AT^rtf^e-Mt.  Blanc,  Monte  Rosa,  Monte  Viso    Ecrins 

Grand  Coup 

./«  A  orth  America— Mt.  Sir  Donald,  Mt.  Loc^an    Mt    A^ 
smiboine,  Mt   Fairweather,  Mt.  St.  Elias,  Grand  Teton "  m" 

^f\  Any  peak  in  Alaska  over  i3,oo<;  feet  high         ' 
cagua  ^'««'^^«-Chimborazo,  Cotopaxi,  lufmani,  Aeon- 


356 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


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/n  J5io — Any  peak.  19,000  feet  high. 

In  Africa — Any  peak  over  15,000  feet  high. 

Target  Shooting 

(Open  to  men  or  women  only.) 

Everything  that  can  be  said  in  favor  of  firearms  for  use  in  general  sport 
applies  to  the  rifle  only  (and  its  understudy  the  revolver).  The  scatter-gun 
has  no  oflicial  e.xistence  for  us.  It  is  ruination  to  the  marksman's  power  and 
should  be  abolished.  A  rifle  range  is  a  desirable  adjunct  to  all  grown-up 
camps.    Badges  awarded  according  to  the  army  standards. 

Revolver-shot.  Target  4x4  feet.  Bull's-eye  eight  inches 
(counts  four  points).  Inner  ring  two  feet  (three  points).  Outer, 
tlie  rest  of  target  (two  points).     Distance,  thirt\-  yards. 

Ninety-six  shots  divided  in  any  number  up  to  six  days,  one 
hand,  standing:  250  points  count  coup;  300,  grand  coup. 

Half  with  left  hand  only;  half  with  right  only:  230  points,  coup; 
260,  grand  coup. 

Rifleman.  To  be  a  marksman  of  the  highest  rank  but  one, 
according  to  militia  standards,  a  coup;  to  be  an  expert  rifleman 
f)i  the  highest  rank,  a  grand  coup. 

Eyesight 

Spot  the  Rabbit  three  times  out  of  five  at  sixty  yards,  also 
distinguish  and  map  out  correctly  six  Pleiades  and  see  clearly 
the  "Pappoose  (Alcor)  on  the  Squaw's  (Mizar)  back"  counts 
a  coup;  spot  the  Rabbit  three  times  out  of  five  at  seventy  yards 
and  seven  Pleiades  and  the  Pappoose,  counts  a  far-sight  grand 
coup.  (Those  who  habitually  wear  glasses  may  use  them  in 
this  test.)     (See  "Far-sight,"  among  the  games.) 

Make  a  seventy-five  score  in  ten  tries  in  the  game  of  Quick- 
sight,  with  tea  counters,  counts  coup;  a  ninety-five  score  counts 
a  grand  coup.    (See  "Quick-sight,"  among  the  games.) 

CLASS  II— CAMPERCRAFT 

Bee-line.  Come  to  camp  through  strange  woods  from  a  point 
one  mile  off  and  return  in  thirty  minutes,  coup;  in  twenty,  for 
grand  coup. 

Match-fire.  Light  fifteen  campfires  in  succession  with  fifteen 
matches,'^all  in  different  places,  all  with  stuff  found  in  the  woods 
by  one's  self,  one  at  least  to  be  on  a  wet  day,  coup;  if  all  fifteen  are 
done  on  wet  days,  or  if  one  does  thirty,  of  which  two  are  on  wet 
days,  grand  coup. 


Coups  and  Degrees 


....  357 

OUT  a  minu.e  from  s  rETh'  Zi^IhT''  """"  '  ',"'"•• 
"vp;  if  ail  fiftcin  are  done  on  on-    1  ^,    '"«  ,'         "«''. 

|l-s  in  unbroken  ^^c^S^ZZ :^l^Ti  on'^jT  *'"X 
.a__no  case  nrore  than  hal,  ,  ^..^.e^rsirre  tTilaty^j 

minute,  ^ra;k/  co«p  gamering,  coup,  to  do  it  in  one 

in  '  «"ettfes  i„""„rn"e  Si  °'  """^  '"  ^  '""■"-"  P-' 
H.  one  match,  OM  ax e  or  hSef '  ?he  T''-  l*'!?"'^''  ""'-■ 
jumping  and  bubbling  alW.tlurflce         "  "  '"'""^  "'«" 

.si^Tc^dsSci^Winglh^t'd'-  ''""J"  =''--^">"  '" 
forlj -five  seconds  eXgZJ^p '"  "•"'•'  '^'«^'' »  «"-^"  ^'"k^i  in 

anJted?^r1^Sr,t-i^S;;o^Tlri"r  ™""'''' 

.he  £,  c2't  S  un  o"^  r'"'*^ '?  "4"'"^ '™  '"rows  of 

i«...'  Ca^lc^rh^'r^Tr  tfTynrcl!"  h™:   """,""';'■ 
■■successive  throw.s,  |,<,w  a>up  ol  his  f„ ,.,  „  i  m  four 

onfacr?":r4ds'^?^  ""V""^"'  °"^  '<><"■  ""'•■  J-^.  - 
rercentlt^^^^P^'  «»'■  »' average  error,  for  coup, 

-nging  tZ  oile^ince  to  1^^^°*"  UhT  °'  "'"^  """*■ 
''«^8eerror,f„rco„A-sper"c°r„Ksi,^'*'„.      ^'  ""''   " 

»i>l.inioperS.ofa«Se«r«^/T„'  '"'*°""   "r"«' 
tools:  an  axe  and  a  pocke3e"X' '""''  '  f^"^  """••  «""^  "»A 

■5'-  C«,«j.    Know  and  name  if.een  star  groups,  for  coup; 


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358  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

know  twenty  star  groups  and  tell  the  names  and  something  about 
at  least  one  star  in  each,  for  grand  coup. 

Latitude.  Take  the  latitude  from  the  stars  at  night  with  a 
cart  wheel,  or  some  home-made  instrument,  ten  tirnes  from 
Ser^nt  points,  within  one  degree  of  average  error,  for  coup, 
one  half  degree  for  grant/ COM/*.  o«,l  Wal  time 

Traveler  Take  correct  latitude,  longitude,  and  local  tinu, 
coup  Having  passed  the  Royal  Geographical  Soaety  s  exam- 
ination of  "expert  traveler,"  grand  coup. 

Boat-buildel.     Build  a  boat  that  will  carry  two  men  and  that 

can  be  paddled,  rowed,  or  sailed  by  them  five  miles  an  hour, 

coM/>;  six  miles  an  hour,  gra/w/ coM/>.  u  >,;♦>,  at 

Birch  Canoe.     Make  a  birch  canoe  that  has  travele.^  'viUi  at 

least  one  man  aboard,  100  miles  or  more  in  safety,  grani/  coup 

Sign  Talking.    Know  and  use  correctly  207  signs,  coup,  400 

%)ZZ'or%er  Signaling.     Know  this  code  and  signal  as 
wla^rfceive  a'messlge  a  quarter  mile  off,  at  the  rate  ot 
words  a  minute,  coup;  the  same,  at  a  mUe,  twenty-four  words  a 
minute,  grand  coup. 

Morse  Code.    The  same.  ,  ,      .^ 

Trailing.  Know  and  clearly  discrimmate  the  tracks  of  twen.N - 
five  of  our  common  wild  quadrupeds,  also  trail  one  for  a  mile  and 
secure  it  without  aid  of  snow,  '^'>«/'.\si"^larJy  ^»^"^'^,^^,^F,^,^ 
tracks,  and  follow  three  tracks  a  mUe  as  before,  but  for  three 
different  animals,  gra;tJ  coM/>. 

Camper.  Pass  thirty  successive  nights  out  of  doors,  never 
once  sleeping  under  shingles,  but  in  tent,  teepee,  or  bivouac, 
L-verv  night,  coup;  sixty  nights  of  the  same,  grand  coup. 

CooZg.  Cobk  twelve  digestible  meals  for  at  least  three  per- 
sons, using  ordinary  camp  outfit,  coup;  or  twenty-one  meals  and 
in  addition  make  good  bread  each  day,  gro»«f  coup. 

Wilderness  Cooking.  Make  and  bake  bread,  fry  fish  or  meat , 
and  boil  potatoes  or  fish  without  pots  or  pans.  Coup  or  grana 
(<)2//>,  according  to  merit.  ., 

Cabin.  Build  a  habitable  log  cabm  not  less  than  6  x  8,  witn 
wind-tight  waUs  and  waterproof  roof.    Coup  or  grand  coup,  ac- 

'  ° Venf  Ir  Telpee.    Make  a  two-man  tent  or  an  8-foot  teepee  or 
better,  single  handed,  and  set  them  up;  coup  or  grand  coup,  ac- 

^""'iZne.'^ulke  and  run  for  three  days  a  perfect  latrine  in 
army  fashion,  coup  or  grand  coup,  according  to  merit. 
City-hunter.    Find  and  sketch  twenty-five  blazes  and  totem;. 


Coups   and  Degrees 


359 

ill  town  and  tell  where  ycu  found  them.  Indicate  the  distin- 
K'uishingmarksof  policemen, park  policemen,  traffic  squad,  strong- 
arm  squad,  etc.    Coup  or  grand  coup,  according  to  merit. 

Blazes  and  Signs.  Make  the  four  usual  Indian  Signs  or  Blazes 
un  tree  trunk,  in  twigs,  grass,  stones,  give  the  smoke  signals, 
and  add  twenty-five  other  signs  or  pictogruphs  used  by  the 
Indians.    Coup  or  grand  coup,  according  to  merit. 

Herald.  Open  and  lead  the  '"o>:ncil,  light  the  sacred  fire,  per- 
forming the  Peace  Pipe  cc  and  the  Naming  ceremony. 
Know  three  Indian  danc;  a,  and  the  Omaha  Invocation. 
(  oiip  or  grand  coup,  accordii      j  merit. 

Peace  Mess-nger.  Know  loo  signs  of  the  Sign  Language 
and  translate  into  English  from  any  other  language  sentences 
amounting  to  300  word.':,  coup;  know  200  signs  and  translate  from 
two  languages,  grand  coup. 

Have  planned,  made,  and  established  a  Council  Ring,  coup 
or  grand  coup  according  to  merit. 

Map.  Make  a  correct  map  of  a  region  one  mile  long,  one 
(juarter  mile  wide,  such  as  a  mile  of  highway,  taking  in  one 
eighth  of  a  mile  on  each  side,  marking  every  house,  fence,  hill, 
and  prominent  tree,  etc.  When  there  is  a  stream,  indicate  the 
size,  speed,  gallons  it  runs  per  hour,  and  bridges.  Coup  or  grand 
coup,  according  to  merit. 

Su^eat  fge.  Make  and  use  properly  a  Sweat  Lodge  three 
tmies  m  c  week,  in  two  of  the  times  it  may  be  given  to  another 
pt  "son  for  Loup. 

Run  a  Sweat  Lodge  successfully  for  one  month,  treating  at 
li    '  a  dozen  patients,  gratui  coup. 

-^'  u'  and  Arrows.  Make  a  bow  and  six  arrows  that  will  carry 
100  yards,  coup;  150  yards,  grand  coup. 

Tomtom.  Make  and  decorate  a  tomtom;  coup  or  grand 
coup,  according  to  merit. 

Archery 

(Revised  by  Will  H.  Thompson,  of  Seattle,  Wash.) 

^  Make  a  total  score  of  300  with  sixty  shots  (in  one  or  two  meets) 
•o'lr-foot  target  at  forty  yards  (or  three-foot  target  at  thirty 
\  ards) ,  for  coup;  make  400  for  grand  coup. 

Siioot  so  fast  and  far  as  to  have  six  arrows  in  the  air  at  onct, 
Urcoup;  seven  for  grand  coup.  (According  to  Catlin,  the  record 
i.Sei).'iit.) 

lor  children  (under  ten),  to  send  an  arrow  ninety  yards,  coup; 
115  yards,  grand  coup.  For  those  ten  .0  fourteen,  to  send  an 
arrow  125  yards,  roup;  150,  grand  coup.     For  those  fourteen  to 


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Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


eighteen,  to  send  an  arrow  175  yards,  coup;  200,  grand  coup. 

For  those  over  eighteen,  to  send  an  arrow  250  yards,  coup; 

275,  grand  coup. 
To  hit  the  Burlap  Deer  in  the  heart,  first  shot: 
10-14    at  45  yards,  coup;  55  yards,  grand  coup 

14-18  "60    "    "   70   ';     ;;    ; 

Over  18 "  75       "        "      85.     ?     .  ' 

(The  heart  is  nine  inches  across.) 

To  cover  a  mile: 

Children  in  19  shots  for  coup;  15  shots  for  grand  coup 

14-18       "  10     "      "      "         Q 
Over  18   "    8     "      "      "         7 

Long  Range,  Clout,  or  FUght  Shooting 

14-18    Three-foot  target  at  130  yards,  if  possible  on  a  steep 

hillside. 

In  the  target  i^  a  bull's  eye,  and  counts       ...     9 


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Coup  is  for  300  at  sixty  consecutive  shots.    Grand  coup  is  for 
400  at  sixty  consecutive  shots. 

(In  one  or  two  meets.) 
Over  18    Four-foot  target  at  180  yards,  if  possible  on  a  steep 

hillside. 

In  the  target  is  a  bull's  eye,  and  counts       ...     9 


Within   6  feet  of  outside  of  target 

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Coup  for  300  at  sixty  conse'.utive  shots.    Grand  coup  for  400 
at  sixtv  consecutive  shots. 

(In  one  or  two  meets.) 

Fishing 

(Bv    Dr.    Henry   van   Dyke,  Author  of    "LitUe   Rivers,"   "Fisherman's 
•^  Luck,"  etc.) 

(Boys  are  uiose  under  14;  lads  14  to  18;  men  ?8  and  over.) 
(Young  girls  are  those  under  14;  girls,  14  to  18;  women  18  and  over.) 

Tackle-making.     Bovs  and  young  girls:  To  make  a  six-foot 
leader  of  clean  gut,  with  smooth  knots  to  stand  a  strain  01 


Coups  and  Degrees 


361 


tn  e  pounds,  coup.  To  tie  six  dififerent  flies,  of  regular  patterns, 
on  number  eight-twelve  hooks,  and  take  trout  with  each  of 
fhem,  by  daylight  casting  in  clear  water,  grand  coup. 

Lads  and  Girls:  Make  a  bait  rod  of  three  points,  straight  and 
sound,  fourteen  ounces  or  less  in  weight,  ten  feet  or  less  in  length, 
to  stand  a  strain  of  one  and  one  half  pounds,  at  the  tip,  thirteen 
pounds  at  the  grip,  coup.  Make  a  jointed  fly-rod  eight-ten 
feet  long,  four-six  ounces  in  weight,  capable  of  casting  a  fly  sixty 
feet,  grand  coup. 

Fly-fishing.  Boys  and  lads  and  young  girls  and  girls:  Take 
with  the  fly,  unassisted,  a  three-pound  trout  or  black  bass,  on  a  rod 
not  more  than  five  ounces  in  weight,  coup.  Take  a  five-pound 
trout  or  black  bass  or  a  four-pound  landlocked  salmon  under  the 
same  conditions,  graftd  coup. 

Men  and  women:  Hook  and  land  with  the  fly,  unassisted,  with- 
out net  or  gaff,  a  trout  or  landlocked  salmon  over  four  pounds,  or 
a  salmon  over  twelve  pounds,  coup.  To  take,  under  the  same 
conditions,  a  salmon  over  twenty-five  pounds,  grand  coup. 

General  Fishing.  Boys,  lads,  men,  young  girls,  girls,  and 
women.  Take  on  a  rod,  without  assistance  in  hooking,  playing, 
or  landing,  a  trout,  black  bass,  pike,  muscallonge,  grayling,  sal- 
mon, bluefish,  weakfish,  striped  bass,  kingtish,  sheepshead,  or 
other  game  fish,  whose  weight  in  pounds  equals  or  exceeds  that 
of  the  rod  in  ounces. 

Take  under  the  same  conditions  a  game  fish  that  is  double 
in  j)ounds  the  ounces  of  the  rod,  grand  coup. 

Indoor  Fly-casting.  Boys  and  young  girls:  To  cast  a  fly  with 
a  rod  of  five  ounces  or  less,  not  over  ten  feet  long,  forty  feet, 
(oup;  fifty-five  feet,  grand  coup. 

Lads  and  girls:  Sixty-five  feet,  coup;  eighty  feet,  grand  coup. 

Men  and  women:  Eighty  feet,  coup;  ninety-five  feet,  grand 
coup. 

"Every  fish  caught  and  kept,  but  not  used,  is  a  rotten  spot 
in  the  angler's  record"  (H.  v.  D.). 


Bait  Casting 

(Re\-ised  by  Lou  S.  Darling,  of  New  York.    Author  of  "Tournament 
Casting  and  the  Proper  Equipment.") 

With  one-fourth  ounce  dummy  frog,  five-foot  rod,  indoors, 
overhead  casting,  tournament  style: 

Child       class    40  feet  for  coup;     50  feet  for  grand  coup. 
Boys  and 
young  girls "      60   "      "      "        70 


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Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


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Men  and 
Women        "     100   "      "      "  120     "    "       " 
If  out  of  doors  add  10  per  cent,  to  each  of  the  distances  if 
cast  is  made  with  the  wind. 

If  a  wooden  plug  is  used  instead  of  the  dummy  frog  add 
30  per  cent,  to  each  distance. 

CLASS  m-NATURE  STUDY 
Vertebrates 

(Revised  by  Frank  M.  Chapman,  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  New  York  City.) 

Know  and  name  correctly  twenty-five  native  wild  quadrupeds, 
for  coup;  know  and  name  correctly  fifty,  and  tell  something 
about  each,  for  grattd  coup. 

Know  and  draw  unmistakable  pictures  of  twenty-five  tracks 
of  our  four-foot  animals,  for  coup;  of  fifty,  for  grand  coup. 

Know  and  name  correctly  loo  o  our  native  birds  as  seen 
mounted  in  a  museum,  the  female  and  young  to  count  separately 
when  they  are  wholly  different  from  the  male.  Two  hundred 
birds,  grand  coup. 

Know  and  name  correctly  fifty  wild  birds  in  the  field;  100, 

grand  coup. 

Recognize  fifty  wild  birds  by  note;  100  for  grand  coup. 

Know  and  name  ten  turtles;  twenty  for  grand  coup,  with 
something  interesting  about  each. 

Know  and  name  ten  different  snakes,  tell  which  are  poisonous, 
for  coup;  twenty  snakes  for  gra}id  coup. 

Know  and    name   correctly   ten   Batrachians;   twenty   for 

grand  coup. 
Know  and  name  twenty-five  fish;  fifty  fish  for  grand  coup. 

Lower  Forms  of  Life 

(Revised  by  John  Burroughs.) 

Know  and  name  twenty-five  native  land  and  fresh-water 
shells  fiftv  for  grand  coup. 

Know  and  name  twenty-five  moths,  fifty  for  grand  coup. 

Know  and  name  twenty-five  butterflies,  fifty  for  grand  coup. 

Know  and  name  fifty  other  insects,  100  for  grand  coup. 

Know  and  name  correctly,  i.  e.,  with  the  accepted  English 
names,  according  to  anv  standard  authority,  twenty-five  trees, 
and  tell  something  iiilcrcsting  about  them,  fifty  for  grand  coup. 


Coups  and  Degrees 


363 


Know  and  name  correctly  fifty  of  our  wild  flowers,  100  for 
grand  coup. 

Know  and  nime  correctly  twenty-five  of  our  wild  ferns,  fifty 
for  grand  coup. 

Know  and  name  correctly  twenty-five  of  our  native  mosses, 
fifty  for  grand  coup. 

Know  and  name  fifty  common  toadstools  or  mushrooms, 
100  for  grand  coup. 

Make  and  maintain  a  vivarium  (aquarium  with  part  land 
for  turtles,  frogs,  etc.)  successfully  for  six  months  and  keep 
record  of  life  of  inmates.  Dimensions  two  by  four.  Grand  coup 
for  one  year  success  or  unusual  beauty  or  size. 

Keep  ten  records  of  different  birds  when  first  seen,  nesting 
broods  hatched,  flying,  etc.,  in  one  year.  Grand  coup ..  fifteen 
records. 

Dry  and  mount  twenty-five  ferns,  properly  identified.  Fifty 
for  grand  coup. 


Geology,  etc. 

(Revised  by  Prof.  Charles  D.  Walcott,  Secretary,  Smithsonian  Institution.) 

Paleontology,  Know  and  name,  referring  to  their  proper 
strata,  fifty  native  fossils,  100  for  grand  coup. 

Mineralogy.  Know  and  name  fifty  minerals,  for  coup;  or  100 
for  grand  coup. 

Geology.  Know  and  name  and  describe  the  fourteen  great  di- 
visions of  the  earth's  crust,  according  to  Geikie,  also  define 
watershed,  delta,  drift,  fault,  glacier,  terrace,  stratum,  dip,  and 
identify  ten  different  kinds  of  rock,  for  coup.  In  addition  to  the 
first,  define  sediment  metamorphic,  anticlinal,  synclinal,  mo- 
raine, coal,  metal,  mineral,  petroleum,  and  identify  in  all  twenty 
kinds  of  rock,  for  grattd  coup. 


Photography 

I  Ri\  ised  by  A.  RadcUffe  Dugmore,  of  Country  Life  in  America,  New  York.) 

(Photographs  accepted  and  used  at  Headquarters  count  each  a 
(  oup  ur  Grand  Coup,  according  to  merits.) 

Make  a  good  recognizable  photograph  of  any  wild  bird  larger 
than  a  Robin  while  on  its  nest.  With  ima^e  three  inches  long 
grand  coup. 


364 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


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Make  a  good  photograph  of  a  Ruffed  Grouse  drumming,  a 
Prairie  Chicken  dancing,  a  Woodcock  or  a  Wild  Turkey  strutt- 
ing, grand  coup. 

Make  a  good  recognizable  photograph  of  a  wild  animal  in 
the  air,  or  grand  coup,  according  to  merit. 

Ditto  for  a  fish. 

Get  a  good  photograph  of  any  large  wild  animal  in  its  native 
surroundings,  and  not  looking  at  you,  for  coup  or  grand  roup, 
according  to  meri*^. 

(As  these  are  tests  of  woodcraft,  menagerie  animals  di-  not 
count.) 

Photograph  and  negative  of  Council  or  Woodcraft  activities 
that  can  be  used  (need  not  be  developed  by  self)  as  lantern  slide 
and  accepted  by  National  Headquarters.  Coup  or  graiui  coup. 
according  to  merit. 

Photo  and  negative  of  descriptive  dances  as  above  (folk  or 
Indian  dances)— accepted  and  used  by  Headquarters,  coup  or 
grand  coup. 

Photo  and  negative  of  insects  and  butterflies,  moths,  etc., 
in  natural  surroundings — as  above — coup  or  grand  coup,  accord- 
ing to  merit. 

Blueprints  direct  from  flowers  (in  collection  named  and  iden- 
tified as  to  locality  and  season)  coup  for  twenty-five;  grand 
coup  for  fifty. 

CLASS  IV— CRAFTS 

Handicraft 

Coup  or  grand  coup,  according  to  merit 

Make  a  carved  wood  picture  frame  at  least  8  x  lo  inches  ready 
for  picture  with  glass  and  back — Indian  carving  suggested. 

Make  model  teepee,  model  log  cabin,  or  good  miniature  model 
of  Council  King  with  removable  furnishings. 

Make  a  model  of  camp — tents,  teepees,  fireplace. 

Make  a  four-poster  for  willow  bed. 

Make  and  use  a  Navajo  loom — for  blanket  weaving. 

Make  a  decorated  noggin. 

Paint  and  decorate  boards  for  Four  Fires.  Coup  or  grand 
coup  according  to  merit. 

Make,  tlecorate,  and  lire  four  bowls  (Zuni,  Acuina,  San  Do- 
mingo, and  Moquin  style). 

Make  a  set  of  four  candlesticks  and  fire  bowl  for  Good-luck 
Fire. 


Coups  and  Degrees 


365 


Make  a  set  of  tracking  irons. 

Make  a  bracelet  of  hammered  silver  or  piece  of  brass-or  copper 
work  or  silverwork. 

Make  a  set  of  three  metal  hubs,  dies,  or  punches  for  stamping 
on  mcvaUvork. 

Indian  Bed.  Make  an  Indian  bed  of  at  least  sixty  rods,  all 
tied  tight  for  coup.  Make  one  of  eighty  or  more  rods  with  four 
cords  all  straight,  and  bound  at  the  edges,  for  grand  coup. 

Basket.  Make  a  ser  oeable  basket  of  wildwood  materials, 
not  less  than  five  inches  across. 

Weaving.  Weave  a  good  grass  or  rush  rug,  square  and  even, 
not  less  than  i  x  5  if   ., 

Indian  dock.  Make  an  Indian  clock,  that  is,  a  sun-dial,  that 
works. 

Make  a  pair  of  tilting  stools  and  spears  according  to  rules  i.e., 
stools  circular  on  top,  fifteen  '"nches  in.ross,  about  twenty 
inches  high  on  fou-  widespread  legs. 

Make  a  set  of  six  plain  cooking  dislies  cf  clay,  dry  and  prepare 
by  self. 

Agriculture 

Take  honorable  mention  or  second  or  third  prize  for  exhibit 
of  vegetables  or  fruits  or  cereal  graiiis  grown,  at  County,  State,  or 
National  Fair.     Grand  coup  for  first  prize. 

Take  honorable  mention  or  second  or  third  prize  for  domestic 
a-'.inials  exhibited  at  County,  State,  or  National  Fair.  (Cats 
or  dogs  net  included.)     Grand  coup  for  first  prize. 

T'ke  prize  at  any  County,  State,  or  National  Fair  for  chickens, 
geese,  ducks,  guineas,  bees,  silk-worms,  or  animals.  Grand  coup 
for  first  prize. 

Milk  a  cow  twice  a  day  fo  month.  Know  how  to  treat  a 
caked  bag.  Identify  six  diffc  c  kinds  <  i  cattle  and  tell  their 
good  and  bad  points. 

Have  four  window  boxes  of  growing  plants  planted  and  cared 
for  by  self  for  four  months  of  year.  Boxes  must  be  at  least 
24  X  8  inches. 

Have  successful  perennial  vegetable  garden  for  two  years. 
Garden  must  contain  eight  of  the  following:  ispar  gus.  Swiss 
chard,  sorrel  (rumex),  parsley,  leeks,  onions,  spinach,  sage, 
thyme,  mir  t,  horseradish,  cornsalad,  hardy  chives,  and  rhubarb. 
Grand  coup  for  twelve. 

Have  grown  for  one  year  a  coid-frame  of  pansies  or  violets. 


I 


366 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


Grand  coup  for  having  also  started  a  friend  with  plants  ond 
helped  make  and  1x  cold-frame. 

Clear  $25  on  a  half -acre  garden,  after  paying  for  labor.  :  tc. 
in  one  summer. 

Make  a  successful  mushroom  cellar. 


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Home  Craft 

Coup  or  grand  coup,  according  to  merit 

Train  a  class  in  cooking — showing  the  members  and  making 
them  do  it  correctly — for  six  persons  and  give  demonstration  of 
success. 

Spin  enough  cotton,  flax,  wool,  or  hemp  to  make  five  yards 
of  stuff  or  six  pairs  of  socks. 

Weave  ten  yards  of  doth  or  rag-carpet  rug  or  bedspread. 

Prepare,  cook,  and  serve  daintily,  four  ten-course  dinners  for 
a  party  of  not  less  than  four  people.  Everything  must  be  homr 
cooked. 

Serve  practical  and  attractive  meals  to  a  family  of  six  for 
one  month  at  the  rate  of  ten  cents  per  meal  per  person,  a  total 

of  $54-  .       ^.  , 

Prepare  twelve  meals  on  a  tray  for  sick  persons,  usmg  chicken 

broth,  eggnog,  mUk  toast,  and  show  the  value  of  bright  and 

cheerful  serving. 

Knov^  and  be  able  to  buy  and  cook  all  of  the  best  cuts  of 
lamb,  mutton,  beef,  and  pork,  making  sure  meat  is  fresh  and 
cooked  correctly. 

Know  value  of  cereals  and  proper  preparation  of  corn,  wheat, 
rice,  barley,  and  rye  for  bread  and  porridges.  Also  know  about 
the  care  and  feeding  of  infants  from  birth  to  three  years. 

Have  been  a  "little  mother,"  being  a  real  daily  guardian  for 
three  months— dressing,  undressing,  and  caring  for  on  time. 

Act  as  hostess  at  a  formal  luncheon,  dinner,  or  party  of  some 
band  to  at  least  six  people  for  which  the  invitations  were  self- 
made  and  menu  supervised.  Also  plan  and  carry  out  three 
outdoor  picnics  or  entertainments  for  a  dozen  or  more  girls, 
at  which  refreshments  are  served. 

Keep  an  eight-room  house — used  by  not  less  than  four 
people — clean  and  in  order,  caring  for  clothes,  etc.,  arranging 
flowers,  and  assisting  at  meals  for  one  month. 

Do  a  family  washing  and  ironing  for  not  less  than  four  persons 
for  one  month  and  do  all  cleaning  and  pressing  of  suits,  skirts, 
trousers,  etc. 


--jaJWiUUfiBsa 


Coups  and  Degrees 
Drying,  Preserving,  and  Canning  Coups 


367 


Dry  three  pounds  (weight  when  dried)  of  apples,  peaches,  or 
other  fruit,  coup.     Grand  coup,  five  pounds. 

Glace  three  pounds  of  any  kind  of  fruit  (candied  fruit)  coup. 
Grand  coup,  five  pounds  (cherries,  cranberries,  pineapple,  orange, 
etc.). 

Make  three  dozen  glasses  of  jelly  (without  addition  of  any 
artificial  jelly  maker).     Grand  coup  Jive  dozen  glasses. 

Preserve  or  can  three  dozen  quarts  of  any  fruit,  coup.  Five 
dozen  quarts,  ^rand  coup. 

Make  one  pound  gumbo  file'  (sassafras  buds  and  tender 
leaves  dried  and  powdered) .  roup.    Grand  coup,  two  pounds. 

Can  two  dozen  quarts  jluv  vegetable  except  tomatoes,  coup. 
Grand  coup,  three  dozen. 

Make  two  quarts  (four  ways)  of  toma::o  preserve  and 
pickle.  Canned  ripe  and  unripe,  coup.  Six  ways  for  ^rand 
coup. 

Preserve  uncooked  in  cold  water  alone  six  quarts  each  of 
rhubarb  and  green  gooseberries,  coup. 

Take  honorable  mention  or  second  or  third  prize  for  exhibit 
of  Canned  Goods  or  Preserves  at  County,  State,  or  National 
Fair.    Grand  coup  for  first  prize. 

Take  honorable  mention  or  second  or  third  prize  for  exhibit 
of  cooked  foods  at  County,  State,  or  National  Fair.  Grand  coup 
for  first  prize. 

Take  honorable  mention  or  second  or  ihird  prize  for  exhibit 
of  preserves  at  County,  State,  or  National  Fair.  Grand  coup  for 
first  prize. 

Candy  o^.e  pound  each  of  grape-fruit,  orange,  and  lemon-peel, 
coup. 

Candy  one  half  pound  each  of  mint  leaves,  rose  leaves,  violets, 
and  calamus  root,  coup. 

Make  one  pint  elder-flower  water,  cucumber  juice  toilet  water, 
or  witch-hazel  extract.    Materials  must  be  gathered  by  self,  coup. 

Make  one  pint  mullein,  ca.  lomile,  ginger,  a. id  boneset  tea. 
Materials  gathered  by  self.  coup. 

Make  salve  from  brunella  (^elf-heal),  witch  hazel,  or  marigold 
(calendula);  materials  gathered  by  self,  coup. 

Curing  Meat  and  Fish 

Catch  and  prepare  for  cooking  100  pounds,  dressed  weight, 
salt  water  fish.    Firh  must  be  used  and  not  wasted. 


368 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


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Catch,  salt,  and  dry  twenty-five  cod,  hake,  or  haddock,  or 
five  kits  of  mackerel  (about  290  mackere  );  fifty  ior  grand  coup. 

Prepare  and  cure  jerked,  salted,  smoked,  or  spiced,  fifteen 
pounds  of  any  meat  or  fish.    Grand  coup,  twenty-five  pounds. 

Needle  Craft 

Unless  otherwise  stated  coup  or  gratid  coup,  according  to  merit 

Make  an  evening,  graduation,  or  :  arty  dress.  Must  be  a 
complete  success  costing  not  less  than  $10  for  materials. 

Make  a  svmbolic  bead  belt.  , 

Bead  a  pair  of  moccasins  in  symbolic  design,  coup.  If  moccasins 
also  are  made  by  self,  grand  cou/>.  ,    .    u  u  c       i-^i 

Make  leather  case  decorated  in  beadwork  to  hold  fire-stiv.k 
outfit  with  extra  leather  bag  to  hold  tinder  with  symbohc  design. 

Make  a  sleeping  bag  for  winter  sleeping  outdoors. 

Make  a  complete  Council  suit  for  Little  Lodge  member.  11 
of  khaki  should  be  trimmed  in  wash  material  or  beads. 

Knit  a  sweater  suit  for  child;  krit  wristbands  and  collar  ?n 

two  colors.  .       .      ,    .  J 

Make  a  war  shirt  of  good,  authentic  design  and  superior 

workmanship.  ,         ,        ,      ,.     .    • i 

Make  a  pair  of  Indian  leggings  of  good  authentic  design  and 

superior  work.  .  •  1      u 

Make  a  leather  dress  of  good  design  or  a  ceremonial  robe. 
Decorate  a  blanket— appUque  designs  similar  to  Sagamore. 
Make  a  babv's  outfit  complete,  including  bedding,  etc. 
Show  samples  of  the  sixteen  following  stitches: 
Coup:  Basting,    overhanding,    hemming,    running,    felling, 
stitch  and  backstitching,  gathering,  overcasting,  buttonholing, 
sewing  on   buttons,  _  herringbone,   feather,   darnmg  stocking, 

darning  a  tear,  patching.  .   ,     , ,    ,      ,        .     1  • 

Graiid  coup:  Tl.e  above  stitches  and  double  feather,  tucking, 
French  knots,  hemstitching,  cross-stitch,  chain-stitch,  button- 
hole stitch  on  edge  of  blanket,  and  decorative  fan  of  stitches. 

CLASS  V— ENTERTAINER 

Coup  or  grand  coup,  according  to  merit 

Rcc  ile  the  "Star-Spangled  Banner."  The  first  ten  paragraphs 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  the  preamble  to  the  Con- 
stitution, aiid  Lincoln's  Gettysburg  Address. 


fiKmaat.;w.-MJiU'.-,LHk*J^,i.< 


Coups  and  Degrees 


369 


Teach  a  class  of  children  successfully  for  six  months  in  school, 
church,  or  recreation  centre. 

Entertain  younger  jH-ople  on  five  different  occasions— intro- 
fiucing  song,  story,  dance,  and  manual  training. 

Dance  six  good  folk  dances  that  are  solo  dances. 

Give  a  superlative  performance  of  any  of  the  standard  dances 
on  three  public  occasions. 

Give  history  of  woman's  movement  in  this  country,  telling 
what  states  have  woman  suffrage. 

Name  the  ten  Americans  whom  you  consider  greatest  in  our 
history  and  say  why.  Do  not  include  living  people.  Tell 
briefly  of  their  lives  and  work. 

Dancer.  Know  three  Indian  dancing  songs  and  be  able  to 
dance  and  teach  three  standard  Indian  dances. 


CLASS  VI— LIFE  CRAFT 

Red  Cross.  A  grand  coup  for  having  passed  the  Red  Cross 
examination  of  first  aid  to  the  injured. 

Life  Saving.  For  passing  the  U.  S.  Vol.  Life  Saving  Corps 
diploma  test  for  life  sa\ing  in  the  water,  a  coup.  For  the  same 
and  an  actual  rescue,  grand  coup. 

Throwing  Life  Buoy.  For  those  under  eighteen:  To  throw  it 
forty  feet f  within  ten  feet  of  the  mark  is  coup;  the  same  but 
forty-five  feet  within  five  feet  of  the  mark  is  grand  coup.  In 
each  case  it  must  be  thrown  three  out  of  five. 

For  those  o\er  eighteen:  To  throw  it  fifty-five  feet  within 
ten  feet  of  the  mark  is  coup;  sixty  feet  within  five  feet  of  the 
mark  is  grand  coup.     In  each  case  three  times  out  of  five. 


DEGREES  IN  WOODCRAFT 

The  Degrees  in  Woodcraft  are  given  because  of  general  all- 
around  proficiency.  They  co\er  all  phases  of  life  and  enable 
Woodcrafters  to  work  along  lines  which  arouse  the  most  interest 
and  give  the  greatest  pleasure.  Some  subjects  are  of  interest  to 
only  one  sex,  but  all  arc  open  to  both  sexes. 

This  list  is  made  by  the.  Council  of  Guidance.  The  degrees  are 
founded  on  world-wide  standards,  and  with  the  help  of  the  best 
experts.  The  Council  will  gladly  consider  any  suggestion,  but  it 
luust  be  understood  that  no  local  group  has  any  power  to  add  to 
or  vary  the  degrees  in  any  way  whatsoever. 


^E^nzsxsr 


TrsBTTvTfSS^ 


370 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 
Degrees  as  Given  in  the  Woodcraft  League 


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Art  Craftsman 

Art  Metal  Worker 

Athlete 

Backwoods  Handicraft 

Bird  Sharp 

Brother-Sister  Craft 

Business 

Camper 

Camp  Cook 

Camp  Craftsman 

Camp  Doctor 

Canner 

Canoeman 

Carpenter 

Citizen 

Colonial  Housekeeper 

Conservator 

Cradle  Craft 

Dancer 

Entertainer 

Farmer 

Fisherman 

Foodcraft 

Forester 

Frontiersman 

Gardener 

Gleeman 

Handihelp 

Herald 

Home  Cook 

Horseman 

Hostess 


Housekeeper 

Hunter 

Hunter  in  Town 

Indian  Craftsman 

Indian  Lore 

Laundry  Expert 

Life  Craft 

Lightning  Wheeler 

Market  Woman  or  Buyer 

Metal  Worker 

Mountaineer 

Needle  Woman 

Nurse 

Patriotism 

Potter 

Scout 

Scout-Runner 

Seamanship 

Sharpshooter 

Small  Stock  Farmer 

Star  Wiseman 

Stock  Farmer 

Swimmer 

Teacher 

Three  Years'  Service 

Thunder  Handler 

Thunder  Roller 

Traveler 

Village  Scout 

White  Man's  Woodcraft 

Wise  Woodman 

Woman's  Power  in  History 


Degree 
Badge 


Degree  Badges 

The  Degree  Badge  is  an  embroidered 
square  with  a  horn  on  each  side. 

The  Blanket  Degree  badge  is  the  Zuni 
Coil. 


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Art 

Triflsman 


Bird  Sharp 


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Farmer 


Coups  and  Degrees 


Art  Metal 
Worker 


Brother-Sister 
Craft 


Carpenter 


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Conservator  Cradle  Craft 


Fishemun 


Athlete 


Business 


[2 


Camp  Coolt  Camp  Craftsman         CampDoctw 


Dancer 


Foodcraft 


Backwoods 
Handicraft 


Camper 


Canner 


ly  K  B 


Citizen  Colonial 

Housekeeper 


Entertainer 


Forester 


^^  T?!?^r?S*KB?ii»e:j*K^^'!r"¥W*W!iWgK'l»B 


372 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


TTT 


I'rontiersman  Gardener 


Gleemao 


Handihclp 


Herald 


Home  CiTok 


Horseman 


Hostess 


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Housekeeper 


Hunter 


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Hunter  in  Town  Indian  Lore 


Indian 
Craftsman 


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Laundry  Kxpert  Life  Craft 


Lightning 
Wheeler 


Market  Woman      Metal  \\  orker 
or  Buyer 


Mountaineer 


Needle 
W'oman 


Nurse 


Patriotism 


Potter 


Runner 


rr— rssra^'^THSSBTTTrfE^a:^ 


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Scout 


Coups  and  Degrees 


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Seamanship 


373 


Shaipehooter  Small 

Stock  Farmer 


Star  Wiseman  Stock  Fanner 


Teacher 


Three  Yean* 
Service 


Thunder 
Handler 


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Thunder 
Roller 

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Village  Scout  White  Woodcraft         \^se  Woodman 


Traveler 


Woman's 
Power  in 
History 


Claiming  Degrees 

A  Degree  may  be  claimed  al  Counci'  ifter  application  has 

■    ^-   ~  ^orth  the  claim 
U  It  f     :-'-:.i  was  fairly 


been  made  on  a  properly  filled  form  v 
with  sufficient  witnesses  to  prove  lega 
taken.  (See  page  32.) 

The  Degree  Claim  is  certified  by  ti     '.' 
of  the  Council  conferring  it,  and  retu.  ^ 
record  is  kept  in  the  Tribal  Tally. 

None  but  Chartered  Tribes  in  good  s. 
award  either  Coup  or  Degree  Badges. 


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rdiU' Keeper 
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power  to 


"J,  :^"i.-.:  r:   -  tk'.-ti*  :Vj';r  ,    t  r  --^j^^n-.i^^s'-A' 


374 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


Art  Craftsman 

(Moninieio) 

The  Degree  of  Art  Craftsman  may  be  conferred  on 
any  one  who  takes  fifteen  of  these  tests: 
I    Make  a  ceremonial  suit  for  one  s  self. 
—      2    Make  a  ceremonial  belt  of  beadwork  telhng  a  story. 
3.  Make  a  ceremonial  suit  for  younger  Woodcraft  Boy  or 

Cirl 

4   Dress  a  doll  (not  less  than  ten  inches  high)  accurately  m 
Woodcraft  ceremonial  suit,  or  some  other  distinct  outfit. 

<:.  Make  a  gardening  or  artist's  smock  with  smocking. 

6.  Embroider  a  ceremonial  dress,  symbolic  or  Indian  de- 

''^"7.  Make  a  head  band  or  shoulder  strap  or  equivalent  work 

in  quill  work. 

8    Make  five  yards  of  handmade  lace. 

9.  Mak-  and  decorate  a  pair  of  Indian  leggings  or  mocca- 

^*^i^o.  Make  a  leather  cushion  cover  with  beadwork,  or  applique, 
one  of  linen  or  a  woven  cover. 

11.  Weave  a  rug,  Indian  design  preferred.  ,  ,  •    u 

12.  Make  a  box  for  coup  feathers  of  leather  or  of  birch- 
bark. 

13- 
der. 
14. 

'°i6.  Carve  three  useful  articles  such  as  spoons,  forks,  bowls, 
fire  socket,  and  ornament  with  Indian  designs. ,      .  .  , 

17.  Make  a  frame  for  picture  out  of  a  single  piece  of  wood 
eight  inches  by  ten  inches.  ' 

18.  Make  a  tray  in  basketry  complete  with  glass  mounting. 

19  Make  three  pieces  of  silver  work  of  good  design. 

20  Make  three  pieces  of  brass  work  of  good  design. 

21.  Make  and  decorate  a  brass  or  copper  bowl,  vase,  or 

^  ^2T\lake  two  hanging  basket  vases  of  wiUow  or  raffia  suit- 
able for  porch  decoration,  fitted  with  holder  of  glass  or  tm 

23.  Make  a  frame  complete  with  glass  and  bac.t,  for  Wooa- 

24.  Tell  the  meamng  and  name  of  ten  beadwork  designs 
used  bv  .\merican  Indians  such  as  rain,  star,  etc. 


Make  an  attractive  box  or  bag  for  rubbing-sticks  and  tin- 
Decorate  a  blanket,  similiar  to  Sagamore's. 
Make  three   useful   articles  with   burnt  work   decora- 


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Coups  and  Degrees                     375 

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376 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


»  1 


Art  Metal  Worker 

(Dasswabek) 

The  Degree  of  Art  Metal  Worker  may  be  conferred 
on  any  one  who  takes  fifteen  of  these  tests: 

I.  Make  set  of  six  buttons  and  a  pair  of  cufflinks 
to  [match  in  copper,  brass,  German  silver,  or  precious 

metal. 

2.  Make  chain  with  pendants  of  same  metals  as  above.     May 

be  filigree,  Unk,  or  braided. 

3.  Make  a  brass  tray,  picture  frame,  etc. 

4.  Make  bracelet,  band,  link,  or  chain. 

5.  Make  set  of  three  metal  d  •  s  or  hubs  or  punches  for 
stamping  in  the  designs  in  metal  i  :.uch  punches  or  hubs  or  dies 
as  the  Pueblo  Indians  use). 

6.  Make  belt  of  metal— may  be  engraved  plates  or  links  or 
filigree. 

7.  Make  a  ring  with  design  intaglio,  or  semi-precious  stone 

in  setting,  or  enamel. 

Make  set  of  nut  bowl  and  plates. 

Make  bowl  ten  inches  in  diameter. 

Make  tray  at  least  ten  inches  in  diameter. 

Make  large  knocker — Indian  design  or  Colonial. 

Make  four  small  knockers  for  study,  bedroom,  playroom, 
and  music  room,  with  appropriate  design. 

13.  Make  set  of  andirons. 

14.  Make  set  of  fire  shovel,  tongs,  poker,  and  hearthbrush  and 
stand. 

15.  Make  desk  set. 

16.  Make  electric  lamp  stand  for  table,  Indian  design. 

17.  Make  metal  vase,  suitable  for  lampstand  or  for  flowers. 

18.  Make  candlestick  and  matchholder  or  snuffers  and  ex- 
tinguishers. 

19.  Make  candlesticks  and  firebowl  for  the  Four  Fires. 

Backwoods  Handicraftsman 

(Shaginapi) 

The  Degree  of  Backwoods  Handicraftsman  may  be 
conferred  on  any  one  who  takes  seven  of  these  tests: 

1.  Mal;e  a  birch  or  hickory  broom. 

2.  Make  a  hunter's  lamp. 
Make  an  Indian  or  willow  bed. 
Make  a  four-poster  to  carry  the  willow  bed. 


8. 

9- 
10. 
II. 
12. 


3- 
4- 


Make  a  wooden  kneading  trough. 


Coups  and  Degrees 


377 


6.  Make  a  noggin  or  wooden  drinking  cup  of  a  tree  burl. 

7.  Make  a  basket  to  hold  at  least  a  quart  using  raffia,  spruce 
roots,  rattan,  or  other  strong  material. 

8.  Make  a  box  or  vessel  of  birch  bark  tight  enough  to  hold 
any  ordinary  grain. 

calfskin  without  using  a  knife 
or  injuring  the  skin. 

16.  Repair  a  boot   with  a 
patch. 

17.  Make  a  pair  of  mocca- 
sins. 

18.  Build  an  oven   out  of 
doors. 

19.  Weave  a  rug  or  mat. 


9.  Build  a  cabin. 

10.  Make  a  mouse-proof  cup- 
board. 

11.  Build  a  boat. 

1 2.  Make  a  Navajo  loom. 

13.  Build  a  stone  or  brick  bake 
oven. 

14.  Tanapeltw^iththefuron. 

15.  Remove  the  hair  from  a 


Bird  Sharp 

(Bineshi) 

The  Degree  of  Bird  Sharp  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  eight  of  these  tests: 

I.  Identify  fifty  native  birds  in  a  collection. 
(When  the  sexesdiffergreritly.theycounteachasabird.) 

2.  Identify  twenty-five  native  birds  in  the  field. 

3.  Identify  twenty-five  native  birds  by  note. 

4.  Make  a  local  list  of  twenty-five  birds  with  remarks  on 
arrive'  .departure,  abundance,  etc. 

5.  ^lention  twenty  birds  of  great  value  to  agriculture  and 
say  why. 

6.  Name  ten  birds  that  work  in  the  orchard  destroying  the 
bark  lice  and  other  such  pests. 

7.  Keep  a  journal  vith  daily  notes  on  the  nesting  of  a  pair 
of  birds  from  setting  to  fledging. 

8.  Make  and  set  up  two  successful  bird  boxes. 

9.  Make  and  set  up  a  successful  lunch  counter. 

10.  Make  and  set  up  a  successful  bird  balii. 

11.  Tell  what  bird  sanctuaries  are,  and  why  they  are  being 
established. 

12.  Write  an  original  essay  of  500  words  giving  the  life  his- 
tory of  =o»n3  native  bird  that  you  know  well,  telling  when  it 
arrives  in  the  spring,  how  the  male  differs  from  l,ie  female, 
what  its  song  is  like,  what  are  its  haunts,  where  it  nests,  what 
Its  nests  and  eggs  are  like,  when  the  young  are  raised  and  fly,  what 
they  are  like  at  first  plumage,  how  many  broods  are  raised  each 
season,  what  are  its  foods,  its  enemies,  and  its  peculiarities. 


378 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


Brother  or  Sister  Craft 

(Awetna) 


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The  Degree  of  Brother  or  Sister  Craft  may  be  con- 
ferred on  any  one  who  takes  seven  of  these  tests: 
I.  Regularly  take  younger  members  of  the  family 

for  walks  or  hikes  into  fields  or  woods. 

2.  Take  charge  of  younger  members  of  the  family  for  two 
weeks  (not  necessarily  consecutive)  in  the  year,  supervising 
sleep,  food,  and  recreation  successfully. 

T,.  Plan  and  give  successfully  three  parties  for  the  younger 
children  (this  includes  supervising  games  and  behavior). 

4.  Read  regularly  one  hour  a  week  for  three  months  to 
younger  child  any  two  collections  of  children's  stories. 

5.  Teach  at  I'e  ♦^  five  stories  of  merit  to  sister  or  brother 
so  that  the  child  can  in  turn  tell  them. 

6.  Successfully  tutor  brother  or  sister  in  any  study. 

7.  Is  known  as  spending  many  hours  with  the  younger 
members  of  the  family  in  a  helpful  and  kind  way. 

8.  Train  a  brother  or  sister  in  Woodcraft  work  so  that  the 
child  stands  well  in  the  Band  or  Tribe. 

9.  Be  little  mother,  that  is,  the  real  daily  guardian  of  one  or 
more  younger  children  for  three  months,  dressing,  undressing, 
and  washing  them  in  that  time. 

10.  Teach  two  or  more  children  to  sing  a  song,  or  dance,  or 
to  act  in  some  play  for  public  presentation. 

11.  Teach  one  or  more  children  the  alphabet. 

12.  Teach  one  or  more  children  the  notes  in  music. 

IT,.  Lead  an  outdoor  nature  class  of  four  or  more  children 
for  three  months. 

14.  Teach  any  child  the  rudiments  of  another  language. 

15.  Teach  any  child  to  make  a  basket,  a  bird  box,  a  clay  pot, 
a  grass  rug,  or  other  useful  article. 

16.  Teach  a  child  to  sew,  knit,  embroider,  crochet,  or  weave. 

Business 

{A  nokiwin) 

/-  "I      The  Degree  of  Business  may  be  conferred  on  an> 
one  who  takes  fifteen  of  these  tests: 
I.  Write  a  letter  of  appli' ation  for  a  position;  a 
I  letter  ordering  good   and  a  letter  of  acknowledgment. 
2.  Write  good  persona'        .rs  o^  acceptance,  r* .'  et,  and 
sympathy. 


Coups  and  Degrees 


379 


3.  Know  simple  bookkeeping,  explaining  interest,  percentage, 
and  discount. 

4.  Take  dictation  at  the  rate  of  fifty  words  a  minute. 

5.  Transcribe  letters  on  the  typewriter  at  the  rate  of  twenty- 
five  words  a  minute. 

6.  Write  a  good  clear  hand. 

7.  Keep  exact  and  full  account  of  personal  receipts  and  ex- 
penses for  six  months. 

8.  Have  a  clear  record  for  punctuality  for  four  months. 

9.  Be  successful  at  a  position  for  four  months. 

10.  Be  self-supporting. 

11.  Save  10  per  cent,  of  allowance  or  income  for  six  months. 

12.  Plan  detailed  cost  of  living  for  a  family  of  six,  four  being 
children. 

13.  Earn  money  enough  to  go  on  a  vacation  or  to  send  some 
one  else  on  a  vacation  for  two  weeks  or  more. 

14.  A(t  as  treasurer  of  your  Woodcraft  Tribe,  or  Sunday- 
school  class,  etc.,  for  six  months,  keeping  correct  accounts. 

15.  Keep  a  bank  account,  either  for  yourself  or  some  other 
person,  for  six  months;  draw  checks,  endorse  checks,  make 
deposits,  and  balance  check  book  with  bank  book  each  month. 

16.  Write  an  article  of  1,000  words  on  Business  Pensions  and 
Insurance  Systems. 

17.  Describe  the  work  of  three  organizations  interested  in 
labor  conditions  of  men  or  women,  such  as  Trades  Unions, 
National  Consumers'  League,  National  Civic  Federation,  etc. 

18.  Write  a  paper  of  not  less  than  1,000  words  describing 
your  State  Laws  affecting  the  property  rights  of  women,  and 
also  inheritance  laws,  including  right  to  sue  for  damages  in  case 
of  accident  to  child. 

19.  Earn  $25  by  some  industry — flowers,  bees,  tutoring, 
craft  work,  etc. 

20.  Have  earned  Tribal  and  National  dues  by  a  Woodcraft 
exhibition  of  craftwork,  etc. 

Camper 

(Gabeshiked) 

The  Degree  of  Camper  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  ten  of  these  tests:  (the  first  three  being 
required) 

I.  Know  how  to  choose  a  camp  site  and  how  to 
prepare  for  rain. 

2.  Know  how  to  build  a  latrine  \, toilet). 


38o 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


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3.  Know  how  to  dispose  of  the  camp  garbage  and  refuse. 

4.  Light  fifteen  fires  in  succession  with  fifteen  matches,  at 
different  places,  one,  at  least,  on  a  wet  day. 

5.  Put  up  a  two-man  tent  alone,  ten  times,  for  actual  ser- 
vice, ready  for  storms. 

6.  Make  the  fire  with  rubbing-sticks  of  own  preparation. 

7.  Boil  water  in  fifteen  minutes  with  one  match,  one  log,  one 
axe;  one  quart  of  water  in  a  two-quart  pail. 

8.  Make  a  willow  bed,  or  a  rush  mat,  or  an  equally  good 
one  of  wild  material. 

9.  Make  a  waterproof  roof  of  wildwood  materials. 

10.  Cook  twenty-one  digestible  meals  with  ordinary  camp 
outfits,  for  at  least  three  persons. 

11.  Know  how  to  make  a  raft. 

12.  Sleep  out  100  nights  (no  roof  but  canvas);  not  neces- 
sarily consecutive  nights. 

13.  Travel  500  miles,  all  told,  in  canoe,  on  foot,  or  in  saddle, 
while  sleeping  out. 

14.  Have  charge  of  a  camp  of  five  or  more  for  seven  suns 
(one  week)  and  keep  all  going  in  good  shape. 


Camp  Cook 

{Chabakwed) 

The  Degree  of  Camp  Cook  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  si.x  of  these  tests: 

I.  Make  a  good  fireplace  of  wood,  of  stone,  or 
earth. 

2.  Light  fifteen  fires  with  fifteen  successive  matches,  one  on  a 
w  et  day. 

3.  Bake  five  batches  of  good  bread  in  a  Dutch  oven. 

4.  Bake  five  batches  of  good  bread  in  a  frying  pan  before  the 
open  fire. 

5.  Cook  twenty-one  digestible  meals  over  campfire  for  a 
party  of  two  or  more. 

6.  Boil  a  quart  of  water  in  a  two-quart  pail  in  ten  min- 

7.  Cook  a  meal  consisting  of  baked  bread,  fried  meat  or  fish, 
roast  meat  or  boiled  potatoes  without  any  utensils  or  tools  but  a 
halt  het. 

8.  Train  a  dass  in  ( nuking,  showing  and  making  tuem  do  it 
properly. 


iSSri 


Coups  and  Degrees 


381 


.. 


Camp  Craftsman 

(Eokid) 

The  Degree  of  Camp  Craftsman  may  be  conferred 
on  any  one  who  takes  fifteen  out  of  these  tests: 

1.  Have  a  knowledge  of  tanning  and  curing. 

2.  Sole  and  hee'  a  pair  of  boots,  or  shoes,  sewed  or 
nailed,  and  generally  repair  footwear. 

3.  Dress  a  saddle,  repair  traces,  stirrup  leathers,  etc.,  and 
know  the  various  parts  of  harness. 

4.  Patch  a  garment. 
Make  a  lace  or  a  button  of  a  leather  patch. 
Make  set  of  six  camp  chairs  and  a  camp  table. 
Make  a  waterproof  vessel  of  birch  bark. 
Repair  a  broken  boat  or  canoe. 
Repair  a  tent  cover  so  it  will  not  leak. 
Make  an  axe  helve  or  a  hoe  handle. 
Repair  a  leaky  kettle  or  pot. 
Soldc    a  tin. 

Make  a  basket  of  wildwood  materials. 
Make  an  Indian  bed. 
Make  a  grass  mat. 
Fell  a  six-inch  tree  in  sixty  seconds  and  drive  with  it  a 

given  stake. 

17.  Cut  down  a  six-inch  tree,  and  chop  and  split  it  into  stove 
wood,  using  axe  only. 

18.  Cut  and  flat  with  two  true  surfaces  a  log  like  a  railway  tie, 
eight  feet  long,  nine-inch  face, and  six  inches  thick,  using  a.xe  only. 

19.  Distinguish  between  rip  saw,  crosscut,  keyhole  saw,  two- 
handed  crosscut,  and  show  how  they  are  used. 

20.  Show  the  right  and  wrong  way  of  putting  nails  into  two 
boards,  one  of  which  is  to  be  fastened  across  the  other. 

2 1 .  Make  a  boat  or  a  birch  canoe. 

22.  Build  a  log  cabin. 


5- 
6. 

7- 
8. 

9- 
10. 
II. 
12. 

13- 
14. 

15- 

16. 


ffl 


Camp  Doctor 

(Mashkiki) 

The  Degree  of  Camp  Doctor  may  1  conferred  on 
any  one  who  takes  twenty  outof  these  losts:  (the  first 
four  being  required) 

I.  Demonstrate  the  Schaefer  method  of  resusci- 
tation. 


382 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


1^  J 


^    1 

'1  ■■'■ 


Apply  tourniquet  to  a  principal  artery. 

State  chief  difference  between  carbolic  poisoning  and  in- 


2.  Pass  first-aid  tests  of  Red  Cross  Society. 

3.  Know  how  to  treat  for  bad  sunburn. 

4.  Know  poi-^on  ivy,  sumac,  oak,  etc.,  and  the  proper  treat- 
ment for  cases  01  poisoning  by  these. 

5.  Carry  a  person  down  a  ladder. 

6.  Bandage  head  and  ankle. 

7.  Demonstrate  treatment  of  wound  of  the  neck  with  severe 
arterial  hemorrhage. 

8.  Treat  mangled  injury  of  the  leg  without  severe  hem- 
orrhage. . 

9.  Demonstrate  treatment  for  rupture  of  v  ^  vems  ot 
the  leg  with  severe  hemorrhage. 

10.  Show  treatment  for  bite  of  finger  by  mad  dog. 

11.  Demonstrate  rescue  of  person  in  contact  with  electric 
wire. 

12. 

13- 
toxication. 

14.  Write  a  statement  on  the  care  of  the  teeth. 

15.  State  a  principle  to  govern  in  eating,  and  state  in  the 
order  of  their  importance  five  rules  to  govern  the  care  of  the 
health. 

16.  Be  able  to  tell  the  difference  in  effect  of  a  cold  and  hot 
bath. 

17.  Describe  the  effect  of  alcohol  and  tobacco  on  the  growmg 
boy. 

18.  Tell  how  to  care  for  the  feet  on  a  march. 

19.  Describe  the  effect  of  walking  as  an  exercise. 

20.  Know  how  to  treat  sprains. 

21.  Tell  how  athletics  may  be  overdone. 

22.  State  what  the  chief  causes  of  each  of  the  following 
diseases  are:  tuberculosis,  typhoid,  malaria. 

23.  Tell  whpt  should  be  done  to  a  house  which  has  been  occu- 
pied by  a  person  who  has  had  a  contagious  disease. 

24.  Tell  how  they  may  cooperate  with  the  board  of  health  in 
preventing  disease. 

25.  Describe  the  method  used  in  their  community  in  disposing 
of  garbage  and  the  evil  effect  of  flies. 

26.  Tell  how  a  city  should  protect  its  foods:  milk,  meat,  and 
exposed  foods. 

27.  Tell  how  to  plan  the  sanitary  care  of  a  camp. 

28.  State  the  reason  why  school  children  should  undergo  a 
medical  examination. 

29.  Must  know  what  wood  herbs,  etc.,  or  camp  staples  will 


Coups  and  Degrees 


383 


produce  sweat,  purge,  vomit,  or  warmth;  what  will  make  a 
quick  poultice,  which  will  check  diarrhoea,  etc. 

30.  Make,  use,  and  teach  others  to  use,  the  Indian  Sweat 
Lodge. 

31.  Teach  a  class  in  first  aid. 


Canner 

(Atassowin) 

The  Degree  of  Canner  may  be  conferred  on  any  one 
who  takes  eight  of  these  tests: 

I.  Gather  or  personally  select  and  can  twelve  pints 
of  strawberries  or  other  small  fruit  so  that  six  months 
later  they  have  lost  neither  color  nor  flavor. 

2.  Ditto  for  other  fruit  such  as  peaches  and  quinces. 

3.  Ditto  for  vegetables,  such  as  corn,  green  peppers,  onions, 
etc. 

4.  Preserve,  jam,  or  marmalade  twelve  pints  of  fruit. 

5.  Make  three  dozen  glasses  of  jelly  (without  any  artificial 
jelly  maker). 

6.  Can  or  preserve  successfully  three  kinds  of  fish. 

7.  Can  or  preserve  successfully  a  chicken. 

8.  Can  or  preserve  successfully  three  pounds  of  beef. 

9.  Win  a  prize  for  canning,  jelly  making,  or  preserving  at  any 
important  fair. 

10.  Make  three  pounds  of  (any  kind)  glace  or  candied  fruit, 
cherries,  cranberries,  pineapple,  orange,  nuts. 

11.  Spice  three  quarts  of  fruit,  peaches,  pears,  cherries,  etc. 

12.  Make  four  kinds  of  tomato  preserve  (two  ripe  and  two 
green)  and  pickle  watermelon  rinds. 

Canoeman 

(Chemaunigan) 

The  Degree  of  Canoeman  may  be  conferred  on 
any  one  who  takes  fifteen  of  these  tests: 

1.  Tie  rapidly  six  different  useful  knots. 

2.  Splice  ropes. 

3.  Find,  collect,  prepare,  and  use  "wattap,"  that  is  spruce 
roots,  for  c  noe  binding,  etc. 

4.  Find,    -llect,  prepare,  and  use  gum  for  canoe  gumming. 


Use  a  palm  and  needle. 
FHng  a  rope  coil. 


384 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


5  51 

!■'■    <« 
'      1 


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7.  Row,  pole,  scull,  and  steer  a  boat;  also  bring  a  canoe  or 
boat  properly  alongside  and  make  fast. 

8.  Build  a  boat  or  canoe. 

9.  Make  a  paddle  and  paint  it  Indian  fashion. 

10.  Repair  a  boat  or  canoe. 

11.  Know  the  laws  of  mooring,  beaching,  caching,  or  portag- 
ing a  canoe,  also  how  to  sit  in  it  and  how  to  change  seats  with 
another  when  afloat. 

12.  Swim  100  vards. 

13.  Swim  fifty  feet  with  shoes,  pants  or  skirt,  and  shirt  on. 

14.  Sail  any 'two-man  craft  for  200  miles  in  a  season— the 
other  man  not  a  professional  sailor. 

15.  Paddle  (single)  a  canoe  on  dead  water  one  mile  in  twelve 
minutes. 

16.  Spill  a  canoe,  get  in  again  and  bale  it  out  without  help. 

17.  Take  canoe  camper "s  honor,  that  is,  make  a  continuous 
canoe  or  rowboat  trip  of  at  least  500  miles,  sleeping  out  every 

night. 

18.  Have  a  knowledge  of  weather- wisdom  and  tides. 

19.  State  direction  by  the  stars  and  sun. 

20.  Steer  by  compass. 

21.  Teach  a  clasr  to  handle  a  canoe. 

Carpenter 

( Mokodasso-  Win  ini) 

The  Degree  of  Carpenter  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  ten  of  these  tests: 

I.  Know  how  to  drive  a  nail  so  as  not  to  split  a 
board,  also  how  to  sink,  clinch,  or  draw  the  same. 

2.  Know  the  use  of  square,  level,  plumb  line,  mitre,  and 

chalk  line. 

3.  Layoutarightangleby  the3,4,  splan. 

4.  Shingle  a  square— that  is,  a  portion  of  roof— ten  feet  each 

vvav.  .  , 

"5.  Make  any  p'-.in,  useful  piece  of  furmture  m  good  work- 
manship manner.  ,         . 

6.  Make  any  piece  of  carved  piece  of  furniture  in  good  style. 

7.  Toys— make  and  paint  a      t  of  wooden  toys  for  some 

child.  .      ,  , 

8.  Repair  attiy  important  piece  of  furniture  seriously  out  ot 

order.  ,      .       /        j 

9.  Build  a  small  shed  or  cabin  so  as       make  it  safe  and 

weatherproof. 


Coups  ard  Degrees 


385 


10.  Make  a  box  of  dovetailod  comers. 

11.  Make  a  pair  of  tilting  slools  according  to  the  rules;  i.e., 
circular  on  top,  fifteen  inches  across,  about  twenty  inches  high 
on  four  legs,  so  widespread  at  the  bottom  that  they  cannot  upcit. 

12.  Make  a  pair  of  tilling  spears  as  jx-r  "Hirch  Bark  Roll.' 
i,^.  Make  a  rustic  four-poster  for  a  willow  bed. 

14.  Make  boards  for  Four  Fires  so  that  the  sides  fold  up 
around  candle-sticks.     (See  drawing,  page  g.  Girl's  Manual.  ) 


Citizen 

(KUchi-odena-'d'inini) 


I      The  Degree  of  Citizen  may  be  conferred  on  any  one 
who  takes  eleven  of  these  tests: 

I.  Have  a  record  in  your  tribe  as  being  an  intel- 

1  ligent,  thoughtful  member  who  has  at  all  times  been 

public  spirited. 

2.  Hold  an  office  in  your  tribe,  club,  Sunday-school  class, 
etc.,  and  have  a  record  of  being  efficient  and  of  working  for  the 
best  interests  of  the  group. 

3.  Know  the  principal  offices  of  our  city  or  town,  whether 
elccicd  or  appointed,  and  the  term  (  .  office. 

4.  Describe  the  duties  of  these  officers,  also  of  the  city  or 
town  departments  such  as  police,  fire,  etc. 

5.  Do  you  have  any  relationship  with  these  departments? 
Describe  how  a  young  person  would  have  relationships  without 
assuming  the  duties  of  manhood  or  womanhood. 

6.  How  are  the  laws  under  which  you  live  made?  What 
bodies  make  laws  for  you?    Describe  the  process. 

7.  How  is  crime  punished  in  your  city  or  town?  Describe 
process,  civil  and  criminal.  In  each  case  show  steps  till  the  case 
has  reached  the  highest  court. 

8.  Tell  what  effect  the  fear  of  "  snitching  "  or  tale  bearmg  has 
on  running  of  schools  and  of  the  government  in  general. 

9.  Name  the  principal  offices  of  the  state  government. 
Describe  their  duties,  term  of  office,  also  the  duties  of  the  various 
departments. 

io.  Name  the  principal  officers  of  the  National  Government. 
Describe  their  duties,  term  of  office,  also  the  duties  of  the  various 
departments. 

II.  Show  yourself  familiar  with  the  history  and  provisions 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  also  the  Constitution  of  the 
Ignited  States. 


386 


"Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


li.  What  are  the  qualifications  of  voter  in  your  state  or  terri- 
tory? 

13.  Name  the  states  and  territories  in  which  women  have 

equal  rights  with  men. 

14.  Name  those  in  which  they  have  partial  rights. 

15.  Tell  how  a  foreigner  may  become  a  citizen  of  this  nation. 


»     1 


-Li- 


Colonial  Housekeeper 

{Gaidt) 

The  Degree  of  Colonial  Housekeeper  may  be  con- 
ferred on  any  one  who  takes  fifteen  of  these  tests: 

I .  Gather  bay  berries  and  make  four  candles  dipped 
or  moulded,  each  six  inches  long,  for  the  Four  Fires. 
2.  Leach  the  ashes  and  make  a  pint  of  soft  soap. 
T,.  Dye  evenly  four  pieces  of  dress  goods  not  less  than  half  a 
yard  each  of  four  different  colors  or  four  skeins  of  yarn.    Dyes 
may  be  bought. 

4.  Dye  twelve  squares  of  felt  or  white  flannel  each  about  4  x 
4  inches,  each  a  different  color  with  stuff  found  in  the  woods  such 
a-  In.tie^r  It  bark.  f!;olden  oak,  sassafras,  goldenrod  tops,  poke- 
berries  etc.     (Tea  and  coffee  allowed.) 

5.  Make  a  lavender  box,  i.  e.,  grow,  gather,  dry  and  use  the 
lavender  in  a  clothes  chest.  Same  for  lemon  verbena  (trip- 
olium). 

6.  Potpourri — make  one  quart  when  dried  and  spiced. 

7.  Make  one  pint  of  elder-flower  water  or  one  pint  cucumber 
juice  toilet  wash,  or  one  pir  t  of  hazel  extract. 

8.  Gather  and  make  marigold  salve  (calendula)  and  prunella 
salve  (self-heal)  or  witchhazel  salve. 

9.  Make  cherry  balm  of  black  cherry  bark. 

10.  Gather  sassafras  leaves  and  make  a  gumbo  soup. 

11.  Gather  the  sap  and  make  of  it  a  pound  of  sugar,  either 
from  maple  or  ash-leaved  maple. 

12.  Make  two  pounds  of  lemon  or  orange  sugar. 

13.  Make  two  quarts  of  lemon,  citron,  or  orange  peel  or  glace 
fruit. 

14.  Make  four  quails  of  mincemeat. 

15.  Make  four  quarts  of  preserves,  pickles,  or  jellies. 

16.  Brew  sage  tea,  mullein  tea,  boneset  tea,  camomile  tea,  and 
ginger  tea. 

17.  Gather  and  make  half  a  pound  candied  sweet  flag  (cala- 
mus), mint  leaves,  rose  leaves,  or  violets. 


Coups  and  Degrees 


387 


18.  Make  one  half  gallon  of  tutti  frutii. 

19.  Dry  corn,  spice,  salt.  r.  otherwise  preserve  three  kinds  of 
meat  or  fish  for  household  I  .rder. 

20.  Dry  five  quarts  of  fruit,  or  vegetables,  for  winter  use. 

21.  State  what  fruits  can  be  preserved  in  clear,  coM  water 
alone  uncooked,  and  why. 

22.  Knit  or  crochet  any  usable  article  cf  wearing  apparel. 

2.j.  Spin  enough  cotton,  flax,  wool,  or  hemp  to  make  five 
yards  of  stuff  or  half  a  dozen  pairs  of  socks. 

24.  Weave  ten  yards  of  cloth  or  rag  carpet,  or  rug  or  bed- 
spread. 

25.  Cut,  select,  sew,  ball,  and  arrange  for  the  making  of  a 
gfx)d  rag  carpet. 

26.  J  'ake  single-handed  a  rag  rug,  braided  or  hooked. 

27.  Make  applique  quilt  or  patchwork  quilt. 

28.  Make  a  grandmother's  sampler. 

29.  Make,  decorate,  and  stuff  a  pincushion. 

30.  Ditto,  hop  pillow. 

Conservator 

(Ganawenima) 

The  Degree  of  Conservator  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  twelve  of  these  tests: 

I.  Make  and  distinguish  the  most  important  luni- 
-*  ber  trees  of  your  state. 

Name  and  distinguish  the  three  or  four  next  in  rank. 
„    Name  three  trees  that  have  neither  lumber  nor  firewood 
value  but  are  useful  as  shade  trees,  bird  food,  or  bank  binders. 

4.  Know  the  twenty-five  principal  song  birds  of  your  state. 

5.  Know  the  twelve  principal  game  birds  of  your  state. 

6.  Know  the  twelve  principal  four-foots  of  your  state, 

7.  Mention  three  animals  that  serve  no  commercial  purpose 
but  which  ought  to  be  preserved  because  they  are  harmless  and 
give  pleasure  to  all  who  see  them. 

8.  Be  a  member  of  the  Audubon  Society,  or  Agassiz  Associa- 
tion. 

9.  Be  a  member  of  the  local  bird  club. 

10.  Support  such  local  societies  as  aim  to  preserve  or  re-in- 
troduce wild  birds  or  desirable  plants. 

11.  Make  and  put  up  ten  bird  boxes  at  least  one  of  which 
must  be  nested  in. 

12.  Make  and  run  a  bird's  lunch  counter  all  winter,  feeding 
at  least  four  kinds  of  birds  not  counting  the  English  sparrow. 


2. 

3- 


388 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


■■■■  4 
« 


I  ^.  Make  and  run  a  bird  bath  successfully. 

14.  Make  and  run  a  bird  restaurant. 

15.  Write  a  500-word  essay  on  the  value  of  birds  t~  .">»p5 
(See  Bulletin  of  Department  of  Agriculture). 

If).  Write  a  500-word  essay  on  'alue  of  forests  to  in«  if^  vatrr 
supply  (See  Forestry  Bulletins). 

17."  Mention  the  four  chief  natural  resources  of  your  oUL-.. 

1 8.  Mention  and  give  figures  on  the  four  chief  natural  resources 
of  the  United  States. 

iQ.  Describe  the  Sanctuary  Scheme  of  which  the  Yellowstone 
Park  was  the  tirst  great  example,  and  tell  how  it  has  succeeded, 
and  how  far  it  has  been  copied. 

Cradle  Craft 

{Oshki-A  binodji) 


1      The  Degree  of  Cradle  Craftsman  may  be  conferred 

^     on  any  one  who  takes  fifteen  of  these  tests: 
^^-it  I.' How  much  should  a  baby  grow  in  weight  each 

1  week  for  the  first  six  months?    Keep  record  of  some 
baby  for  this  length  of  time. 

2.  How  much  should  a  baby  grow  in  height  duruig  this 

State  what  to  do 


time? 

3.  Give  symptoms  of  tits  or  convulsions. 


in  cither  case. 

4.  Give  symptoms  of  croup. 


^.  v.<«^  .,...!.......- f    How  treated. 

5.  State  how  to  tell  if  a  baby  is  uncomfortable  from  light 
clothing,  pins,  etc. 

6.  Give  three  common  complaints  of  babies,  and  your  reasons 
for  diagnosis  and  treatment  of  each. 

7.  Stale  how  often  a  baby  one  month  old  should  be  fed. 
Three  months;  six  months;  one  year. 

8.  Slate  how  many  hours  a  baby  should  sleep  at  one  month; 
three  months;  six  months;  one  year. 

g.  Take  charge  of  two  children  for  one  week  so  the  mother  can 
take  a  holiday. 

10.  Act  as  Mother's  Helper  for  one  month. 

1 1 .  Make  a  babv's  outfit  complete. 

12.  Stale  which  are  healthier  and  why,  breast  or  artificially  fed 
babies, 

IX,.  Slate  how  much  feeding  a  baby  should  be  given  in  twenty- 
four  hours  at  six  months;  one  year. 

14.  Slate  what  is  the  best  kind  of  milk.  How  cared  for  after 
delivered. 


Coups  and  Degrees 


389 


15.  State  how  milk  is  pasteurized. 

16.  State  at  what  age  a  baby  should  be  given  meat  juices  and 
liow  much  daily.    Prepare  a  meat  juice. 

17.  Tell  the  value  of  fruit  juice  (orange,  prunes,  etc.)  to  a 
baby  s  diet.  At  what  age  should  a  babv  be  given  fruit  juice  and 
how  much  daily? 

18.  State  how  carrots,  spinach,  and  potatoes  should  be  pre- 
pared for  a  baby  and  at  what  age  a  babv  should  eat  vegetables. 

19.  Give  the  care  of  nursing  bottles  and  nipples,  and  a  good 
solution  to  keep  nipples  in. 

20.  State  what  is  the  best  way  to  care  for  artificially  prepared 
food,  and  how  much  should  be  made  at  one  time. 

21.  State  why  nitrate  .  f  silver  should  be  dropped  into  everv 
new-born  baby's  eyes. 

•  ^l'  Vf^*^"^^  P^'^P^'"  "^'^y  °^  bathing  a  month-old  baby— when 
It  should  be  bathed,  temperature  of  water,  room,  etc.  How  to 
test  the  water  without  a  thermometer. 

23.  State  what  should  be  the  care  of  a  babv's  eyes,  mouth  etc 

24.  Know  value  of  fresh  air  for  baby;  danger  of  too  much 
clothing;  of  Iwuncing;  rocking;  pacifiers. 

25  State  at  what  age  children  begin  to  form  habits.  And 
methods  of  training  for  three  habits. 


Dancer 

{Namid) 


The  Degree  of  Dancer  may  be  conferred  on  any  one 
who  takes  six  of  these  tests: 
.         I.  Dance  four  folk   dances  such  as  beansetter, 
-*  ox-dance,  Morris  dance.  Maypole,  ribbon  dance,  etc. 
2.  Dance  a  good  cakewalk. 

T,.  Dance  two  gypsy  dances.     (Spanish  or  Hungarian  gypsy.) 
4.  Dance  four  standard   ballroom  round  dances,  such  as 
waltz,  polka,  Boston,  three-step,  etc. 
S-  Dance  five  modern  dances. 

6.  Dance  one  standard  Scottish  dance,  such  as  Highland  fling 
Scottish  reel,  sword  dance,  and  fire  dance,  or  dance  two  Irish 
dances,  as  jig,  reel,  hornpipe,  double  shuffle,  clog,  etc. 

7-  Dance  two  standard  Indian  dances— as  Lone  Hunter, 
Siorm  Cloud,  Caribou  dance,  Zuni  spring  dance,  etc. 
8.  Dance  two  Greek  dances. 
9-  Dance  the  minuet. 
10.  Dance  the  quadrille,  lancers,  and  Virginia  reel. 


390 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  B  ys 


? 


f 


1 


11.  Lead  in  two  children's  dances  such  as  Sally  Waters,  chair 
dance,  Mulberry  Bush,  A  Hunting  Vie  Will  Go. 

12.  Teach  a  class  at  least  four  dances  representing  four 
different  departments  as  above. 

13.  Dance  two  Japanese  dances.     (One  posture  dance  and 
one  spear  dance.) 

14.  Dance  the  dance  of  the  Golden  Sari,  and  a  fire  dance. 
Note:  Music  of  folk,  dances  and  Indian  dances  can  be  had  on 

Columbia  records.  Education  Department  list. 


Entertainer 

(Tchessakid) 

The  Degree  of  Entertainer  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  fifteen  of  these  tests: 

I.  Tell  entertainingly  a  good  story  to  a  group 
of  young  people  five  different  times. 

2.  Tell  standard  children's  stories  to  a  group  of  not  less 
than  five  one  hour  a  week  for  two  months. 

3.  Recite  well  five  poems,  orations,  or  stories  which  are  in 
keeping  with  the  occasions  and  entertaining. 

4.  Sing  alone  from  memory  the  five  American  folk  songs 
you  like  best.     Tell  why  you  like  them. 

5.  Ditto  for  five  English  folk  songs. 

6.  Ditto  for  five  Scotch  folk  songs. 

7.  Ditto  for  five  Irish  folk  songs. 

8.  Ditto  for  five  folk  songs  of  any  other  nation. 

9.  Act  as  accompanist  at  least  six  times  for  some  public 
event  in  school,  church,  etc. 

10.  Take  part  on  three  or  more  occasions  as  a  member  of  a 
quartet,  glee  club,  chorus,  or  as  a  member  of  an  orchestra, 
band,  etc. 

11.  Play  an  instrumental  solo  at  three  public  occasions. 

12.  Give  a  party,  arranging  program  of  entertainment  and 
refreshments,  the  latter  not  to  cost  more  than  fifteen  cents  per 

person. 

13.  Entertain  younger  people  on  five  different  occasions — in- 
troducing song,  story,  dance,  or  manual  trainine. 

14.  Write  a  play  which  is  used  for  public  performance. 

15.  Do  successfully  six  parlor  tricks  in  sleight  of  hand. 

16.  Do  successfully  six  parlor  tricks  of  impersonation. 

17.  Do  successfully  six  moving  pictures  of  given  subjects 


■ 


Coups  and  Degrees  391 

such  as  Sleeping  Beauty,  Red  Riding  Hood,  Old  Mother  Hub- 
l>arfl,  etc.  (acting  the  story  or  rhyme  out  in  pantomime). 

18.  Put  on  shadow  charades  in  camp  or  shadow  moving  pic- 
lures  with  sheet  and  lantern. 

19.  Take  part  in  folk  dancing  at  three  public  events. 


Fanner 

(Kitigewin) 

The  Degree  of  Farmer  may  be  conferred  on  any  one 
who  takes  nineteen  of  these  tests: 

I.  Explain  the  nature  of  soil,  its  texture  and  need 
of  water  and  air. 

2.  Describe  four  different  kinds  of  soil;  explain  what  these 
lack,  and  how  it  should  be  added  to  make  agriculture  successful. 

3.  State  how  to  decide  what  fertilizer  is  needed  in  a  given 
soil. 

4.  Mention  ten  leading  standard  fertilizers,  and  indicate  their 
peculiar  qualities  and  value. 

5.  Mention  all  the  leading  crops  of  your  neighborhood.    Tell 
how  you  would  rotate  them  and  why. 

6.  State  when  to  sow  wheat,  oats,  rye,  barley,  buckwheat,  and 
when  to  reap  each. 

7.  State  when  to  sow  peas,  corn,  millet,  kaffir  corn,  and  when 
to  reap  each. 

8.  State  when  to  plant  turnips,  potatoes,  and  carrots;  tell 
liow  you  would  rotate  them  and  why? 

9.  State  when  to  sow  clover  alfalfa,  timothy,  tobacco,  and  tell 
how  you  would  rotate  each  and  why. 

10.  Plow  ten  acres  of  land. 

11.  Harrow  ten  acres  of  land. 

12.  Seed  down  ten  acres  of  land. 

13.  Weed  down  ten  acres  of  land. 

14.  Harvest  ten  acres  of  land. 

15.  Cut,  make,  and  harvest  ten  acres  of  hay. 

16.  Describe  the  methods  and  value  of  drainage. 

17.  Explain  the  value  and  best  use  of  stable  manure. 

18.  Make  a  seed  tester  and  test  the  germination  of  three 
kinds  of  crop  seeds,  one  hundred  seeds  of  each  kind.  "Rag- 
baby"  tester  fc.  corn. 

19.  State  why  a  farmer  should  watch  the  United  States 
weather  reports. 

20.  State  why  a  farmer  should  watch  the  market. 


I 


J 


Tf 


'€ 


392  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

21.  State  how  chickens  can  he  made  to  pay  on  a  farm. 

22.  State  how  cows  can  be  made  to  pay  on  a  farm. 
2  4.  State  how  pigs  can  be  made  to  pay  on  a  farm. 

24.  Identify  ten  common  weeds  and  tell  how  to  get  nd  of 

25.  Ideiv  fy  ten  bad  bugs  and  tell  what  they  do  and  how  to 

get  rid  of  them. 

26.  Plan  a  barn  and  tell  why  bank  barns  have  lost  favor. 

27.  Plan  and  construct  successfully  a  silo.  K.xplam  its  ad- 
vantages. ,  r  u    ^      ■ 

28.  State  what  is  the  advantage  of  fall  plowmg. 

29.  State  when  and  whv  one  should  summer-fallow. 

^o.  State  what  is  the  advantage  of  pedigreed  over  rough  stock. 

31.  State  how  you  would  decide  whether  a  given  held  was 
fitted  for  profitable  agriculture,  grazing,  or  forestry. 

32.  Explain  the  reason  clovers  and  certain  legumes  restor- 
nitrogen  to  the  soil.  , 

23.  Have  inoculated  seeds  of  clovers,  cowpeas,  etc.,  an.l 
grown  demonstration  strips  and  compared  the  increase  of  nodules 
on  roots  of  inoculated  plants. 

34.  Explain  the  value  of  Ume  on  poor  land. 


Fisherman 

{Gagoiked) 

The  Degree  of  Fisherman  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  nine  of  these  tests: 

I.  Catch  and  name  ten  different  species  of  fish: 

, ^  salmon  or  trout  to  be  taken  with  flies;  bass,  pickerel, 

or  pike  to  be  caught  with  rod  or  reel,  muskallonge  to  be  caught 

^  2'^"Make  a  bait  rod  of  three  joints,  straight  and  sound,  four- 
teen ounces  or  less  in  weight,  ten  feet  or  less  in  length,  to  stand 
a  strain  of  one  and  a  half  pounds  at  the  tip,  13  pounds  at  the 
grip;  or  else  make  a  jointed  fly-rod  8  to  10  feel  long,  4  to  8  ounces 
in  weight,  capable  of  casting  a  fly  sixty  feet. 

3.  Name  and  describe  twenty-five  different  species  of  hsn 
found  in  North  American  waters,  and  give  a  complete  list  0 
the  fishes  ascertained  by  himself  to  inhabit  a  given  body  «. 

water.  ,  •       t     -u 

4.  Give  the  history  of  the  young  of  any  species  of  wild 
fish  from  the  time  of  hatching  until  the  adult  stage  is  reached. 

5.  Make  a  net  and  catch  a  fish  in  it. 


■^.g/A».v>l 


M 


Coups  and  Degrees 


393 


').  Make  a  turtle  trap  and  catch  a  turtle  in  it. 

7.  Make  a  six-foot  leader  of  clean  gut,  with  smooth  knots 
to  stand  a  strain  of  five  pounds. 

8.  Take  with  the  fly,  unassisted,  a  three-pound  trout,  land 
l«)cked  salmon,  or  bass,  or  a  twelve-pound  salmon,  on  a  rod  not 
more  than  five  ounces  in  weight. 

Q.  Or  else  take  on  a  rod,  without  assistance  in  hooking, 
playing,  or  landing  a  trout,  black  bass,  pike  (musk-  onge), 
grayling,  salmon,  bluefish,  weakfish,  striped  bass,  kingfish, 
sheepshead,  or  other  game  fish,  whose  weight  in  pounds  equals 
or  exceeds  that  of  the  rod  in  ounces. 

10.  Cast  a  fly  with  a  rod  of  five  ounces,  or  'ess,  not  over  ten 
feet  long,  sixty-five  feet.  Or,  with  one  quarter  of  an  ounce 
(lummy  frog,  five-foot  rod,  outdoors  overhead  casting,  tourna- 
ment style,  send  it  eighty  feet  if  under  eighteen,  one  hundred 
and  ten  if  over. 

11.  Swim  a  hundred  yards. 

12.  Paddle  (single)  a  canoe  one  mile  in  twelve  minutes. 

13.  Row  without  help  one  mile  in  ten  minutes. 


Food  Craft 

(Midjim) 


The  Degree  of  Foodcrafter  may  be  conferred  on  any 
^k!^     one  who  takes  ten  of  these  tests: 

_/\_  I.  Know  a  balanced  diet  for  daily  living  that  will 
_ — L  meet  requirements  of  the  body. 

2.  Know  the  value  of  cereals  and  the  proper  preparation 
of  corn,  wheat,  rice,  barley,  and  rye  for  bread  and  porridges,  etc. 

3.  Cook  in  camp  or  at  home  for  a  week  for  four  people. 

4.  Understand  the  terms  proteids,  carbohydrates,  and  tell 
which  foods  contain  them,  in  what  proportion,  and  whether 
available  for  the  human  body  and  whether  easily  assimilated. 

5.  Know  a  balanced  vegetarian  diet  and  prepare  menus  for 
same  for  a  week. 

6.  Know  the  local  wild  plants  available  for  salads  and  pre- 
pare a  salad  of  same. 

7.  Dry  sweet  green  mrn  for  winter  use,  either  in  sun  or  in 
Other  vegetable  may  be  substituted,  if  dried  in  same 


oven 
way. 
'8, 
etc. 


Dry  any  fruits  for  winter  use — apples,  peaches,  cherries, 


'  1 


r 


t 


394  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

9.  Know  how  to  prepare  kumyss  and  whey. 
10.  Know  how  to  prepare  "cottage  cheese."  .  .    ,        , 

II    Bake  five  batches  of  good  bread,  one  to  be  raism  bread. 
12.  Train  a  class  in  cooking,  showing  and  making  them  do 

^^  ?3°^TeU  how  a  city  should  protect  its  food?  milk,  meat,  and 

exposed  foods.  .  .  „„„,^^ 

14.  Write  a  statement  on  the  various  digestive  processes— 

in  the  mouth,  in  the  stomach,  in  the  intestines. 

IS    Know  what  fruits  and  vegetables  can  be  put  up  for  winter 

use  by  the  "cold  water  process"  sealing  without  cooking,    tx- 

plain  why  these  fruits  will  not  spoil.  ,  1 ,     • 

16.  Put  up  for  family  use  fifty  quarts  of  fruits  or  vegetables  m 

""iT^Tut  up  fifty  glasses  of  jelly,  using  no  commercial  article 
to  make  the  fruit  "jell,"  but  if  necessary  using  a  second  fruit  m 
combination  for  that  purpose.    Explain  the  process  of  jellying. 


Forester 

{Miiigwakid) 

The  Degree  of  Forester  may  be  conferred  on  any  one 
who  takes  eighteen  of  these  tests:  ,       ■    ,    r 

I.  Identify  twenty-five  kinds  of  trees  when  in  leal, 
.  or  fifteen  kinds  of  deciduous  (broad  leaf)  trees  m 

winter,  and  tell  some  of  the  uses  of  each. 

2.  Identify  twelve  kinds  of  shrubs. 

3.  Collect  and  identify  samples  of  thirty  kinds  of  wood  and 
1  )f  able  to  tell  some  of  their  uses  and  peculiar  properties. 

4.  Determine  the  height,  and  estimate  the  amount  of  tim- 
ber, approximately,  in  five  trees  of  different  sizes. 

5.  State  the  liws  for  transplanting,  grafting,  spraying,  and 

protecting  trees.  ,    ., ,  ^  c 

6.  Make  a  collection  of  sixtv  species  of  wild  flowers,  terns,  or 
grasses  dried  and  mounted  in  a  book  and  correctly  named. 

'  7.  Recognize  in  the  forest  all  important  commercial  trees  in 

one's  neighborhood.  r    «,    --,-1-    ,nd    -M   f-  n-bn. 

8.  Uistinguisii   the  lumncr  irum  cai^n  ana   <.vi!  i-=    a'  -- 

purpose  each  is  best  suited. 

9.  Tell  the  age  of  old  blazes  on  trees  which  mark  a  boundary 

°\o.  Recognize  the  difference  in  the  forest  between  good  and 


Coups  and  Degrees 


395 


bad   logging,  giving   reasons  why  one  is  good   and  another 
bad. 

i  i.  Tell  whether  a  tree  is  dying  from  injury  by  fire,  by  insects, 
by  disease,  or  by  a  combination  of  these  causes. 

1 2.  Know  what  tools  to  use  in  lumbering. 

13.  Know  how  to  fight  fires  in  hilly  or  in  flat  country. 

14.  Know  the  effect  upon  stream-flow  of  the  destruction  of 
forests  at  head  waters. 

1 5.  Know  what  are  the  four  great  uses  of  water  in  streams. 

16.  Know  what  causes  the  pollution  of  streams,  and  how  it 
can  best  be  stopped. 

1 7.  Know  how,  in  general,  water-power  is  developed. 

18.  Tell,  for  a  given  piece  of  farm  land,  whether  it  is  best 
suited  for  use  as  a  farm  or  forest,  and  why. 

19.  Point  out  examples  of  erosion,  and  tell  how  to  stop  it. 

20.  Estimate  closely  how  much  timber  and  how  much  cord- 
wood  is  in  a  given  acre  of  woods. 

21.  Name  si.x  trees  that  will  float  when  green,  and  six  that 
will  not. 

22.  Know  something  of  the  relation  of  birds  and  quadrupeds 
to  forest  trees. 

23.  Fell  a  six-inch  tree  in  sixty  seconds,  driving  with  it  a 
given  stake. 

24.  Make  100  trees  grow  where  none  grew  heretofore. 

25.  Camp  in  the  woods  for  thirty  nights. 

26.  Teach  a  class  the  rudiments  in  forestry. 


3- 
4- 

5- 

6. 

7- 
8. 

9- 
10. 


Frontiersman 

(Gimab) 

The  Degree  of  Frontiersman  may  be  conferred  on 
any  one  who  takes  eight  of  these  tests: 

1.  Milk  a  cow. 

2.  Interpret  from  any  one  language  into  English, 
a  tree  in  a  given  place. 

Weld  an  iron. 

Temper  a  knife. 

Solder  a  tin. 

Shoot  to  win  honors  with  a  rifle.  ' 

Tie  six  kinds  of  knots.  ' 

Make  a  thread  lashing. 

Use  an  axe  correctly. 


396 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


11 


i 


\f 


Gardener 

(Kitigan) 

The  Degree  of  Gardener  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  fifteen  of  these  tests: 

1.  Do  all  the  work  in  a  successful  flower  garden 
not  less  than  twenty  feet  by  twenty  feet. 

2.  Do  the  same  for  a  fruit  and  vegetable  garden. 

3.  State  what  are  the  ten  most  common  weeds.    Describe 
and  tell  how  to  overcome  them. 

4.  State  what  are  the  ten  most  harmful  insect  pests.    De- 
scribe and  tell  how  to  combat  them. 

5.  Raise  a  crop  of  flowers  or  berries  for  market  and  show  by  a 
balance  sheet  that  it  has  paid. 

6.  Make  a  successful  window  box. 

7.  Raise  a  crop  of  potatoes  on  a  patch  of  one  twentieth  of 
an  acre. 

8.  Raise  half  a  dozen  each  of  two  of  the  following:  cucumber, 
tomatoes,  egg  plant,  pumpkins. 

9.  Distinguish  twenty  different  kinds  of  garden  flowers  and 
tell  where  they  grow  best  and  when. 

10.  Distinguish  twenty  different  kinds  of  small  garden  fruits 
and  tell  how  to  manage  them. 

11.  Distinguish  six  different  kinds  of  apples  and  tell  of  their 
qualities. 

1 2.  Describe  a  cold  frame  and  its  use. 
Describe  a  hothouse  and  its  use. 
State  what  is  layering. 
State  what  is  budding. 
State  what  is  grafting. 
State  what  is  root  pruning. 
Which  do  you  prefer  to  have  in  the  garden — ducks  or 

hens? — and  why? 

19.  Plant  a  plot  with  pedigreed  seed  (furnished  by  the  De- 
partment of  Agriculture)  and  report  fully  on  the  results. 

20.  Make  a  garden  calendar,  stating  the  order  of  bloom,  so 
that  from  April  to  September  there  is  a  flower  for  each  week. 

21.  Have  a  successful  perennial  vegetable  garden — rhubarl). 
asparagus,  mint,  horseradish,  etc. 

22.  Take  a  prize  at  National,  State,  or  county  fair  for  flowers 
or  vegetables  grown  by  self. 

23.  Send  a  bouqueLa  week  to  hospital  or  "shut-in"  or  Flower 
GuUd  from  own  flower-beds  for  six  months. 


hi- 
14. 

15- 
16. 

17- 
18. 


Coups  and  Degrees 


397 


I 


24.  Keep  the  front  garden  in  good  shape,  clean  and  trim  all 
summer. 

25.  Keep  the  back  garden  in  shape. 

26.  Build  a  summer  house  in  it. 

27.  Plant  and  grow  vines  or  trailers  enough  to  cover  the  sum- 
mer house. 

Gleeman,  or  Camp  Conjurer 
(Xagamed) 

The  Degree  of  Gleeman  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  eight  of  these  tests: 

1.  Open  and  lead  the  Council. 

2.  Light  the  Sacred   "ire  with  rubbing-sticks. 
^.  Know  the  Indoor  and  Outdoor  Council  Ceremony. 

4.  Know  the  ceremony  of  giving  names. 

5.  Sing  many  songs,  including  the  Muje  Mukesin,  Omaha, 
Zon-zi-mon-de,  Bark  Canoe,  alone  or  as  a  leader. 

6.  Dance  the  three  standard  Indian  dances. 

7.  Tell  many  stories. 

8.  Know  the  art  of  "making  medicine,"  which  is  the  making 
of  goodfellowship  by  seeking  out  talent,  selecting  and  leading 
it  and  stopping  without  ofTending  those  who  are  not  helpful. 

9.  Know  how  to  conduct  in  initiations  and  have  the  wisdom 
to  stop  them  in  decent  season. 

10.  Know  when  to  sing  the  Good-night  Song  when  good-night 
time  has  come. 

11.  Camp  out  thirty  nights. 

1 2.  Teach  some  one  else  to  run  the  Council. 

13.  Teach  a  dance  to  a  sufficient  number  to  give  it. 


Handihelp 

(Wadokaged) 

The  Degree  of  Handihelp  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  eighteen  of  these  tests: 

I.  Faint  or  varnish  a  door,  wall,  floor,  table,  chair, 
or  any  large  piece  of  furniture. 

2.  Whitewash  or  kalsomine  ,a  ceiling  or  wall. 

3.  Replace  a  gas  mantle. 

4.  Solder  a  joint  and  solder  some  broken  metal  toy. 

5.  Pack  a  spigot. 

6.  Repair  electric  bell. 

7.  Lay  carpets  and  mattings. 


398 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


1  n 


♦  1 


8.  Repair  furniture  or  china. 

9.  Sharpen  five  knives. 

10.  Make  flour  paste  for  wall  papering  and  for  photo-pastii.g 
that  keeps. 

1 1.  Fix  fly-screens  in  windows  or  doors  and  repair  two  or  more 
screens. 

12.  Adjust  a  lock  so  the  latch  works. 

13.  Put  a  new  pane  in  the  window,  puttying  neatly. 

14.  Know  how  to  putty  up  nail  holes  and  fill  cracks  in  floors. 

15.  Build  a  henhouse  for  six  or  more  fowls. 

16.  Make  a  successful  bird  house. 

17.  Make  a  cement  bird  bath. 

18.  Lay  a  straight  stone  and  cement  walk  with  a  corner. 

19.  Make  mortar. 

20.  Build  a  dry  stone  wall. 

21.  Make  whitewash   that  will  not  rub  off   (Government 
recipe). 

22.  Wallpaper  a  room. 


0- 
4- 
5- 


Herald,  or  Crier 

(Bibagcd) 

The  Degree  of  Herald  may  be  conferred  on  any  one 
who  takes  ten  of  these  tests: 

1.  Walk  one  mile  in  eleven  minutes. 

2.  Walk  thirty  m''es  in  twelve  hours. 
Run  100  yards  in  thirteen  seconds. 
Run  one  mile  in  five  and  one  third  minutes. 
Swim  100  yards. 

6.  Sleep  out  thirty  nights. 

7.  Send  and  receive  a  message  in  one  of  the  following  sys- 
tems of  signaling:  Semaphore,  Morse,  or  Myer,  not  fewer  than 
twenty-four  letters  per  minute. 

8.  Make  correct  smoke  signals  meaning  "Camp  is  here," 
"  I  am  Lost,"  "All  well,"  "  All's  come  to  Council." 

9.  Talk  Sign  Talk,  knowing  at  least  200  signs. 

10.  Know  the  twentv-five  signs  and  blazes  of  the  Indian  code. 

11.  Read  and  translate  into  one's  own  language  a  page  or 
conversation  from  some  other  language. 

12.  Cpnduct  a  Council. 

13.  Know  the  ordinary  rules  of  courtesy,  precedence,  intro- 
duction, salutation,  etc. 


■ 


r 


jups  and  Degrees 


399 

14.  Know  the  history  of  the  National  Flag  and  the  proper 
way  of  saluting,  etc. 

15.  Teach  half  a  dozen  persons  to  qualify  in  No.  14. 


Home  Cook 

( Teh  ibakwe — Wiga  mag) 

The  Degree  of  Home  Cook  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  fourteen  of  these  tests: 

I.  Make  up  an  appetizing  and  satisfactory  vege- 
tarian diet  for  one  week  for  a  family  of  four  persons, 

2.  Do  all  cooking  at  home,  three  meals  a  day,  for  one  week 
for  a  family  of  not  less  than  four  persons. 

3.  I'lake  up  satisfactory  menus  and  superintend  cooking 
for  family  of  tjiree  or  four  persons  for  one  month,  preparing  at 
least  one  meal  a  day. 

4.  Prepare  and  pack  a  dainty,  satisfying  picnic  lunch  for  four 
persons. 

5.  Demonstrate  fireless  cooker  successfully  on  meats,  vege- 
tables, cereals,  and  fruits. 

6.  Demonstrate  paper-baj  cookery  and  explain  its  value  on 
not  less  than  four  foods. 

7.  Prepare  and  serve  from  chafing  dish  four  appetizing  dishes. 

8.  Wash  all  dishes  and  utensils  for  the  household  using 
especial  methods  for  silver,  brass,  glass,  china,  aluminum,  copper 
etc. 

9.  Arrange  flowers  and  foliage  for  the  dining  table,  also  for 
sick  rooms,  trays,  etc. 

10.  Understand  proper  hydration  of  cereals,  that  is,  what  pro- 
portion of  water  to  use  in  cooking  rice,  oats,  etc. 

11.  Bake  three  batches  of  light  yeast-raised  bread  and  tell 
importance  of  thoroughly  baking  same. 

12.  Bake  three  batches  of  biscuits,  soda  raised. 

13.  Bake  two  batches  of  pancakes,  one  using  fresh  sweet 
milk  and  the  other  sour  or  butter  milk. 

14.  Make  plain  and  F>ench  pastry  that  will  digest  readily. 

15.  Make  bread  or  biscuits  using  methods  of  four  different 
luuionalities. 

16.  Bake  four  good  sweet  cakes:  layer,  loaf,  ginger,  and  cookies. 

17.  Cook  meat  in  four  ways:  roast,  broil,  fricassee,  and  stew 
or  boil.    Know  which  cut  is  most  suitable  for  each  way. 

18.  Cook  fish  three  different  ways:  broil,  fry,  and  bake. 


'  1 

t^  Jl 

'    1 
I 


400  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

ig.  Cook  up  in  four  acceptable  ways  left-over  meats  sucn  as 
croquettes  or  en  casserole.  ,     ,.,       ...  .,      _„^,„ 

20.  iMake  veal  loaf  or  beef  loaf,  chicken  jelly,  or  other  meats 
known  as  delicatessen  specialties. 

21.  Make  two  meat  soups;  one  must  be  clear. 

22.  Make  two  vepctable  soups;  one  puree. 

21    Make  tv.-i.  milk  soups;  one  tomato  bisque. 

M    Make  a  Welsh  rarebit ;  must  be  short  and  digestible. 

2q.  Make  eight  salads:  three  fruit,  two  vegetable  two  meat 
or  ffsh,  and  one  plain  lettuce.     Prepare  two  dilTerent  dressings. 

26  Cook  eggs  for  family  of  four  in  six  different  ways.  Must 
include  poached,  two-minute  boiled,  and  two  different  omelets. 

27.  Prepare  eight  desserts:  one  gelatine,  two  boded,  two  baked, 
two  frozen,  and  one  mixed  fruit  dessert. 

28  Prepare  four  cold  drinks:  lemon  or  orange  adc,  gingerpop, 
oatmeal  water;  four  different  salads;  six  different  sandwiches; 
two  kinds  of  (  andv  or  nuts;  tea,  coffee,  and  demi  tasse. 

29.  Make  fudge,  peanut  brittle,  butter  scotch,  pulled  molasses 
candy,  and  one  candied  fruit. 


Horseman 

(Bcbamomigod) 

_^  I       The  Degree  of  Horseman  may  be  conferred  on  any 
^^\     one  who  takes  ten  of  these  tests: 
Iff  I.  Show  that  you  are  at  home  m  a  saddle  and 

»  can  ride  at  a  walk,'trot,  and  gallop. 

2.  Know  how  to  saddle  and  bridle  a  horse  correctly. 

3.  Catch  six  horses  in  corral  or  on  range  with  twelve  throws 

of  the  lasso.  , 

4.  Show  how  to  water  and  feed  and  to  what  amount,  and  how 

to  groom  a  horse  properly. 

5.  Show  how  to  harness  a  horse  correctly  m  single  or  double 

harness  and  to  drive.  . 

6.  Pack  100  lbs.  of  stuff  with  diamond  hitch,  to  stay  during 
four  hours  of  travel  or  two  miles  of  trotting. 

-    H  =  'e  a  know'eflt'P  of  \h.e  nower  of  endurance  of  horses 
at  work  and  know  the  local  regulations  concerning  driving. 

8.  Identifv  unsoundness  and  blemishes. 

g.  Know  the  evils  of  bearing  or  check  reins  and  of  ill-til  ling 
harness  or  saddlery. 

10.  Know  two 'common  causes  of,  and  proper  remedies  for, 


Coups  and  Degrees 


401 

lumeiHss,  and  know  to  whom  such  cases  of  cruelty  and  abuse 
should  be  referred. 

11.  Be  able  to  judge  as  to  the  weight,  height,  and  age  of 
horses. 

1 2.  Know  three  breeds  and  their  general  characteristics. 
I .^  Be  able  to  treat  a  horse  for  colic. 

14.  Describe  .symptoms  and  give  treatment  of  horses  for  the 
following:  wounds,  fractures  and  sprains,  exhaustion,  choking, 
lameness. 

15.  Understand  horseshoeing. 

lO.  Clear  a  four-foot  hurdle  and  an  eight-foot  water  jump. 
17.  Pick  up  hat  from  the  ground  going  at  Tull  gallop  on  a  horse 
not  less  than  thirteen  hands  high. 


^i 


2. 


Hostess 

(Ashangekive) 

The  Degree  of  Hostess  may  be  conferred  on  any  one 
who  takes  ten  of  these  tests: 

I.  Know   the  ordinary  rules  of  courtesy,  prece- 
dence, introduction,  salutations,  toasting. 
Have  written   correct   notes  of  invitation,  acceptance, 
declination,  sympathy,  congratulations. 

i,.  .\ct  as  host  at  a  formal  luncheon,  dinner,  or  party  of  some 
kind  to  at  least  si.x  people  for  which  the  invitations  were  self- 
written  and  menus  supervised. 

4.  Plan  and  carry  out  an  outdoor  picnic  or  entertainment 
for  a  dozen  or  more  guests  at  which  refreshments  art  served. 

5.  State  the  reciprocal  duties  of  host  and  guest  J  uing  a  visit 
of  a  week — meeting  trains  punctuallv,  consideration  ot  servants, 
etc. 

6.  Cook  a  chafing-dish  supper  for  four  people  whlcii  is 
digestible  and  sufficient,  in  quantity. 

7.  Tell  stories  and  keep  the  guests  interested,  can  sug- 
gest congenial  amusements,  seeing  to  it  that  no  one  person  Is 
left  out  of  things,  can  also  listen  appreciatively  and  sii-iulate 
the  entertaining  powers  of  others. 

.H  Ri-ie  to  emergencies  and  take  charge  of  party  or  enter- 
tainment during  absence  of  master  of  ceremonies,  and  carry 
same  to  succe-^sful  finish. 

y.  Presi  it  at  a  Council  of  Wootlcraft  Boys  or  Girls,  open- 
ing and  leading  the  Coun*  il. 

10.  Conduct  initiations  wi*'^   '•section  and  kindness. 


..yjji^-^.. 


)  31 

r  m 

^  1 

,  I* 


402  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

11.  Is  known  as  a  dependable  helper  in  entertainments  of 
various  kinds— not  only  in  the  amusement  making,  but  in  the 
work  of  preparation  and  cleaning  up  and  general  quiet  useful- 

ness. 

12.  Know  how  to  prepare  ten  cooling  drinks,  ten  salads, 
ten  candies,  ten  sandwiches,  tea,  coffee,  and  cocoa. 

13.  Arrange  flowers  artistically,  also  table  and  house  decora- 
tions for  different  seasons  and  occasions,  making  use  of  material 
available  out  of  doors  and  not  from  florists. 

14.  Arrange  special  home  entertainments  for  holidays,  etc., 
knowing  the  history,  games,  foods,  and  driaks  proper  to  each 
occasion. 

15.  Know  how  to  give  and  receive  a  toast  to  a  person  or  an 

occasion.  .         n    n    r- 

16.  Know  the  rules  of  visiting  and  card  leavmg,  P.  P  C. 
cards,  and  bread-and-butter  letters. 

Housekeeper 

(Ostiwin) 

The  Degree  of  Housekeeper  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  fifteen  of  these  tests: 

I.  Know  how  to  care  for  floors — hardwood  and 
carpeted— for  walls,  rugs,  draperies,  furniture — up- 
holstered and  varnished — for  pictures  and  books. 

2.  Know  how  to  prepare  a  room  for  general  cleaning,  in- 
cluding windows;  what  cleanser  to  use;  also  method  for  the 
daily  putting  room  in  order  and  dusting;  also  use  of  vacuum 
cleaner. 

3.  Know  how  to  care  for  articles  of  silver,  copper,  glass, 

and  marble. 

4.  Properly  dispose  of  waste  and  garbage  for  the  home  for 
one  week  and  know  its  proper  disposal  by  the  city  and  its  proper 
disposal  in  the  country. 

5.  Make  up  a  bed  witn  draw  sheet  for  very  sick  patient 
and  know  how  to  properly  air  and  change  a  bed,  including  the 
care  of  bedding  from  outdoor  sleeping  porches. 

6.  Air  and  make  up  a  bed  for  a  baby  for  a  month  or  for 
an  aduU;  to  include  changing  of  position  of  mattress,  changing 
of  springs,  and  sunning  of  pillows. 

7.  Wash  and  wipe  dishes  and  leave  dining-room  in 
order  after  one  meal  a  day,  for  one  month.  Air  after  each 
meal. 

8.  Take  entire  cnre  of  one  room  for  one  month,  to  include 


Coups  and  Degrees  403 

sweeping,  dusting,  washing  of  windows,  care  of  flowers  or  plants 
and  what  may  be  desirable  for  attractiveness  of  the  room,  and 
its  proper  ventilation. 

9.  Put  away  clothing,  rugs,  furs,  blankets  for  the  summer 
in  proper  manner  so  they  will  not  be  moth  eaten  or  wrin- 
kled. 

10.  Take  care  of  a  cat,  dog,  bird,  or  a  tame  animal  for  one 
month. 

11.  Know  what  harm  they  may  do,  what  diseases  each  may 
carry,  and  how  these  should  be  treated. 

12.  Know  how  to  get  rid  of  moths,  statmg  seasons  at  which 
the  larvae  eat. 

13.  Know  how  to  get  rid  of  rats,  including  the  modern  germ 
inoculation  method. 

14.  Know  how  to  get  rid  of  mice,  roaches,  blackbeetles  or 
cockroaches  and  bedbugs. 

15.  Scrub  a  wooden  floor  once  a  week  for  one  month,  or 
linoleum  for  two  months. 

16.  Take  entire  charge  of  a  pantry  for  one  month,  seeing  that 
all  shelves  are  absolutely  clean  and  dishes  spotless. 

17.  Clean  ice-chest  thoroughly  twice  a  week  for  two  months 
(lurmg  the  summer,  and  state  how  meats  and  foods  should  be 
arranged  in  the  ice-chest. 

18.  Keep  bureau  drawers  in  order  and  dust  shelves  of  book- 
case, wiping  off  books  for  one  month. 

19.  Care  for  at  least  two  kerosene  lamps  every  day  for  a 
month,  leaving  no  oil  to  smell,  and  trimming  wicks  so  lamps  do 
not  smoke. 

20.  Know  how  to  take  care  of  the  milk  and  cream  from  at  least 
one  cow,  and  see  that  the  pails  and  pans,  or  bottles,  are  properly 
cleaned;  state  method. 

21.  Take  care  of  a  linen  closet  for  a  month,  that  is  take  care 
of  four  laundry  bundles;  return  and  check  up  with  list,  putting 
thmgs  away  in  order,  and  making  out  lists  for  following  week's 
wash. 

22.  Have  growing  plants  in  house  in  winter,  planted  and 
taken  care  of  by  self. 

23.  Plan  work  for  household  of  five  (three  children)  so  that 
two  servants  may  do  the  work.  What  should  be  eliminated, 
and  what  insisted  upon  in  such  a  household? 

24.  Make  fire  in  coal  range,  and  cook  with  it,  at  least  ten 
tmies  per  year. 

25.  Make  a  supply  for  a  family,  of  fruits  and  vegetables, 
canned,  preserved,  dried,  or  jellied. 


^l 


404  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

26.  Know  how  to  prepare  five  cooling  drinks,  five  sandwiches, 
live  candies,  five  salads,  and  tea  and  coffee. 

27.  See  that  the  family  sleep  with  open  windows  all  the  ''ear 
round,  arranging  for  screens,  and  proper  position  of  beds. 

28.  Understand  gas  range,  and  how  to  economize  gas  by  use 
of  lids  and  aslx-stos  covering  on  top. 


l^ 


31 


I'  ^ 


m 


Hunter 

{Gaossed) 

The  Degree  of  Hunter  may  be  conferred  on  any  one 
who  takes  fourteen  of  these  tests: 

I .  Walk  one  mile  in  eleven  minutes. 


2.  Walk  thirty  miles  in  twelve  hours. 

Run  100  yards  in  thirteen  seconds. 

Run  one  mile  in  five  and  one  third  minutes. 


4- 

5.  Swim  100  yards. 

6.  Spot  the  rabbit  (see  Games)  three  times  out  of  five  at 
sixty  yards. 

7.  See  and  map  out  six  Pleiades. 

8.  See  the  Pappoose  on  the  Squaw's  back  (spectacles  al- 
lowed if  habit uallv  worn).     (See  "Stars  as  Test  of  Eyesight.'*) 

9.  Kill,  according  to  the  Campfire  Law,  any  one  big  game 

animal.  .      1     .1.  •    • 

10.  Get  a  good  photograph  of  a  big  game  animal  wild  m  its 

native  surroundings. 

11.  Know  and  name  correctly  twenty-five  native  wild  quad- 
rupeds. .  ,    .      1     /•  ij 

12.  Know  and  name  correctly  fifty  wild  birds  m  the  held 

and  their  nests. 

13.  Know  and  c.early  discriminate  the  tracks  of  twenty-five 
of  our  common  wild  quadrupeds. 

14.  Trail  an  animal  or  else  iron  track  prints  for  half  a  mile 
without  aid  of  snow. 

15.  Win  honors  with  rifle.    That  is,  be  a  marksman  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  of  the  National  Rifle  .Association. 

16.  With  bow  make  a  total  score  of  300  points  at  sixty  yards, 
standard  target. 

17.  Catch  alive  and   uninjured   with   own   make  of   trap 
one  wild  quadruped  and  one  wild  bird. 

18.  Know  the  Pole  Star  and  fifteen  star  groups. 

19.  Teach  any  one  of  these  but  the  first  nine  to  some  other 
person. 


Coups  and  Degrees 


405 


.^ 


MM 


5- 
( 


Hunter  in  Town 

{Odena-Goussed) 

The  Degree  of  Hunter  in  Town  may  be  conferred 
on  any  one  who  takes  eight  of  these  tests: 

I.  Find  and  sketch   twenty-five  blazes  in  town 
and  say  where  you  found  them.     A  blaze  is  a  mark 
that  conveys  information  without  using  words  or  letters. 

2.  Find  twenty-five  totems  in  town.  A  tote  .1  is  the  emblem 
of  a  man,  group  of  men,  company,  or  idea.  It  is  not  formed  of 
words  or  letters  and  letters  are  not  an  essential  part,  even  if 
they  are  associated.     Some  trademarks  are  of  this  class. 

3.  Indicate  the  distinguishing  marks  of  policemen,  park 
policemen,  traffic  squad,  strong  arm  squad,  etc. 

4.  Rid  a  house  of  flies  for  one  month. 
Rid  a  house  of  rats  for  one  month. 
Rid  a  house  of  mice  for  one  month. 

7.  Trap  or  otherwise  secure  thirty  English  sparrows  in  a  month. 

8.  In  cities  where  they  are  outlawed  trap  or  otherwise  secure 
fifteen  English  starlings  in  a  month. 

9.  Draw  life-size,  recognizable  tracks  of  a  man,  woman,  child, 
dog,  cat,  and  mouse. 

10.  Draw  life-size,  recognizable  tracks  of  a  rat,  rabbit,  gray 
squirrel,  sparrow,  crow,  chicken.  All  of  these  can  be  secured  in 
and  about  the  city,  especially  in  the  large  parks,  and  are  easiest 
when  the  snow  is  on  the  ground,  but  possible  in  mud  or  with 
even  wet  tracks  on  dry  pavements. 

ir.  Make  and  set  up  at  some  suitable  place  and  operate  for 
at  least  a  week  a  flytrap.     (On  the  screen-cone  principle.) 

12.  Know  gypsy  moth  and  report  finding  of  any  to  state 
entomologist. 

13.  WTienmuzzlinglawsarepassedreportallinfractionstopolice. 

14.  Provide  satisfactory  records  of  the  tracks  of  three  animals, 
according  to  the  following  method:  cover  a  stiff  sheet  of  paper 
with  printers'  ink  and  so  place  it  that  the  animal  runs  over  it 
and  on  to  a  fresh  sheet  of  paper,  which  receives  the  tracks. 

Indian  Craftsman 

{InanQkiivin) 

The  Degree  of  Indian  Craftsman  may  be  conferred 
on  any  one  who  takes  ten  of  these  tests : 

I.  Follow  a  track  one  mile  without  help.    Snow  or 
tracking  irons  allowed. 


4o6 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


15 

5  It 

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Cil. 

cil. 


2.  Know  fifty  signs  of  the  sign  language. 

3.  Know  six  standard  blazes. 

4.  Know  the  equivalent  stone  signs.    Demonstrate  in  Coun- 

5.  Know  the  equivalent  twig  signs.     Demonstrate  in  Coun- 

6.  Know  the  equivalent  grass  signs.    Demonstrate  in  Coun- 
cil. 

7.  Know  two  standard  tests  of  eyesight  used  by  Indians. 

8.  Make  a  bead  band  at  least  eight  inches  long  and  one  inch 

wide. 

9.  Make  a  piece  of  porcupine  fiuillwork  at  least  one  mch 

by  eight. 

10.  Make  and  paint  an  Indian  four-post  bed. 

11.  Carve  and  paint  a  totem  pole,  Chief's  seat,  or  Tally 
Keeper's  table. 

12.  Make  and  decorate  a  bench  for  Council  Ring. 

13.  Make  and  decorate  an  Indian  teepee. 

14.  Make  and  use  a  willow  bed. 

15.  Make  a  pair  of  decorated  leggings  of  good  design. 

16.  Make  a  shield  and  spear  for  the  Lone  Hunter  dance. 

17.  Make  an  Indian  drum  with  decorations  and  stick  com- 
plete. 

18.  Make  a  Navajo  loom  and  weave  a  rug  on  it  (grass  wool 
with  thirty  warp  strings  is  allowed). 

19.  Be  responsible  for  locating,  planning,  and  completing  a 
Council  Ring. 

20.  Make  a  dry  paiuiing  for  "Four  Fires."    Demonstrate 

at  Council. 

21.  Construct  a  burlap  deer  according  to  "Book  of  Wood- 
craft." 

22.  Construct  a  burlap  bear  according  to  "Book  of  Wood- 
craft." 

Indian  Lore 

{A  nishanabe) 


1       The  Degree  of  Indian  Lore  may  be  conferred  on  an> 

9       one  who  tikes  sixteen  of  these  tests: 
I.  Outline  the  religion  of  the  high-class  Indian. 
1  (See  "Book  of  Woodcraft,"  page  21.) 

2.  State  what  were  the  Indian's  special  virtues. 

3.  State  what  were  his  special  vices. 

4.  State  what  was  the  great  mistake  of  his  creed. 


Coups  and  Degrees  ^ 

with'lndilns^^^  William  Penn  was  pecuUar  in  having  no  trouble 

6.  Be  the  possessor  of  three  genuine  articles  of  old  style 
Indian  make,  such  as  basket,  beadwork,  quillwork,  silver  work 
pottery,  stone  work,  blankets,  war  club,  bow,  quiver,  arrows 
peace  pipe,  etc.;  and  know  to  what  tribe  the  makers  belone 
what  materials  were  used  in  their  construction,  and  how  they- 

rnfon"'nti  J^^^^  !r^>^^'  sot  from  the  Mohonk  Lodge 
(  olony,  Oklahoma,  and  so  help  the  Indians. 

f  k  ^"?'  ^''"^  °['S'"''^  \^^xri\.mg  grounds,  and  give  an  outline 
of  the  history  and  present  condition  of  the  tribe  where  your 
Indian  article  was  made.  ^ 

8.  Know  the  uses  and  meaning  of  the  design  or  symbols 
it'is  used  ^         '  """  '"'"''^'''"^  ^^  th^  ceremony  in  which 

O-  Sing  six  genuine  Indian  songs  in  Council. 

10.  Tell  six  Indian  legends  at  the  Council. 

11.  Draw  ten  genuine  Indian  svmbols  and  explain  them 

12.  Name  the  Indian  tribes  that  originally  inhabited  your 
^tate.  Give  their  present  numbers  and  location,  also  their  eco- 
nomic and  religious  condition. 

13.  Give  brief  sketch  of  the  Uves,  aims,  and  achievements  of 
t"ur  great  or  well-known  Indian  chiefs. 

14.  Give  brief  sketch  of  the  lives,  aims,  and  achievements  of 
tour  great  or  well-known  Indian  women. 

15.  Be  able  to  distinguish  from  each  other  four  types  of 
baskets  characteristic  of  four  different  tribes. 

16.  Distinguish  in  general  the  pottery  of  four  dififerent  tribes 
1 7-  Be  able  to  indicate  and  discuss  the  genuine  Navajo  blankets. 

Be  able  to  indicate  and  discuss  the  genuine  Balleta. 
Be  able  to  indicate  and  discuss  the  genuine  Chima\-o. 
Be  able  to  indicate  and  discuss  the  genuine  Hopi. 
Be  able  to  indicate  and  discuss  the  genuine  Chilkat. 
Be  able  to  indicate  and  discuss  the  genuine  Germantown. 
Be  able  to  indicate  and  discuss  the  genuine  Serape. 
Tell  approximately  the  age  of  a  blaiiket. 
Distinguish  the  three  or  four  ^ener^i  styles  of  beadwork 
and  the  regions  of  which  they  were  characteristic. 

26.  Visit  in  person  and  stay  at  least  a  week  with  -nme  tribe 
mat  IS  not  scatteied. 

27.  Name  the  .Six  Nations,  tht  Plains  Indians,  the  different 
4!  ,  ""^^^"^^'^  Ixii^v^n^,  the  coast  (California)  tribes,  the 
.'Alaskan  Tribes,  or  the  Central  American  Tribes. 

28.  Know  fifty  signs  of  the  sign  language. 


18 

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4oS 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

Laundry  Expert 

{Kisibigaige-Winhii) 


The  Degree  of  Laundry  Expert  may  be  conferred  on 
any  one  who  takes  fourteen  of  these  tests: 

'  I.  Do  a  faniiU-  washing  of  mixed  white  and  colored 
-J  clothes;  know  how  sorted,  soaked,  boiled,  eli .  (Modern 
washing  machinery  allowed.)  .  ,     , 

2.  Do  family  'ironing  for  total  time  of  eight  hours  m  two 

months.  .      .  ,  ,     . 

V  Cover  two  ironing  boards  or  one  ironmg  table  ready  lor 

"^'4    Use  yellow  and  while  soap,  explaining  different  qualities 
of   each.      L'se   two   other   means  besides  soap  for  sofienmv; 

water.  ,11  i 

S    Prepare  and  use,  satisfactorily,  hot  and  cold  starch. 
0.  Use  two  melhods  of  l)lueing,  tell  which  is  more  successful 

and  find  out  why.  nr       n    ,17  .  i 

7.  Use  one  method  for  bleaching,  also  use  Jayelle  Water  an.l 

explain  results. 

8.  Remoye  successfully  such  stains  as  coftee,  tea,  rust,  and 

(,il  from  the  family  washing. 

().  Explain  iron  mould ;  what  is  the  cure  for  it? 

10.  Explain  blue  mould;  what  is  the  cure  for  it? 

1 1 .  Wash  and  launder  a  dozen  dress  ties. 

12.  Wash  and  launder  six  soft  collars  for  men. 

13.  W'ash  and  launder  six  sport  shirts. 

14.  Wash  and  launder  three  negligee  shirts  with  collars  and 

cuflfs  attached.  .  ,       •    ■  1 

15.  Wash  and  launder  a  waist  and  skirt  usmg  starch  suitable 

to  material. 

16.  Wash  and  launder  a  fancy  or  lingerie  dress. 

17.  Why  do  we  hang  white  goods  in  the  sun  and  colored  goods 

in  the  shade?  ,  ,  .   ,      j    1 

18.  Know  how  blankets  should  be  washed  and  dried  and  ai^o 

other  woolens.  . 

19.  State  how  silk  should  be  laundered  and  know  why  a 
should  not  be  thoroughly  dried.  .    .     , 

20.  St.  lC  the  advantage  of  dry  cleaning  and  how  is  it  done. 


si 


Ik 


I.  Remoye  four  difTerent  kinds  of  spots  from  woolen  and 


22.  Press  a  skirt  and  coat  and  teach  some  one  else  to  do  so. 

23.  Press  a  man's  suit  four  limes,  thoroughly  cleaning  before 
pressing. 


Coups  and  Degrees 


409 


Life-Craft 

(Midjitn  Binadisiwin) 


I      The  Degree  of  Life-Craft  may  be  conferred  on  any 

Xone  who  takes  eight  of  these  tests: 
I.  Know  something  practical  of  eugenics  and  how 
■    I  to  combat  a  bad  heredity. 

2.  Know  about  the  care  and  feeding  of  infants  from  birth 
to  three  years. 

3.  Can  detect  the  presence  of  enlarged  tonsils  and  adenoids 
and  be  able  to  advise  curative  methods  other  than  surgical. 

4.  Know  the  balanced  diet  for  daily  living  that  will  result 
in  good  health. 

5.  Know  the  value  of  cereals  and  the  proper  preparation  of 
corn,  wheat,  rice,  barley,  and  rye  for  breads  and  porridges, 

6.  Be  competent  to  take  charge  of  child's  recreation  hours  in 
all  four  seasons. 

7.  Know  the  local  Board  of  Health  and  the  state  laws  in  re- 
gard to  health  and  sanitation  and  how  to  cooperate. 

8.  Have  made  out  a  set  of  practical  menus  for  three  consec- 
utive months  in  winter  for  a  family  of  six;  these  menus  must 
provide  meals  averaging  not  over  ten  cents  per  meal  per  person. 
This  is  at  the  rate  of  $54  per  month  for  all  meats,  dry  groceries, 
milk  and  butter,  fruits  and  vegetables.  Service  and  overhead 
charges  are  not  to  be  included.  Menus  must  be  accompanied 
with  the  daily  order  and  approximate  prices. 

9.  Know  the  salient  points  of  tuberculosis  as  well  as  causes; 
also  preventive  measures  for  typhoid  and  malaria. 

10.  Know  how  to  produce  sweat,  purge,  vomiting,  warmth; 
what  will  make  a  quick  poultice  to  check  diarrhoea,  and  also 
internal  medicine  for  same. 

11.  State  chief  causes  of  each  of  the  following  diseases,  tuber- 
culosis, typhoid,  malaria. 

12.  State  how  to  plan  the  sanitary  care  of  a  camp. 

13.  State  the  reason  why  school  children  should  undergo  a 
medical  examination. 

14.  Know  how  to  care  for  sickroom,  making  patient  comfort- 
able and  contented. 

Lightning  Wheeler 

(Odakewinini) 

The  Degree  of  Lightning  Wheeler  may  be  conferred 
on  any  one  who  takes  nine  of  these  tests: 

1.  Ride  a  wheel  fifty  miles  in  ten  hours. 

2.  Ride  100  miles  in  twenty-four  hours. 


410 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


V3 

*  If 

i'  1 


T,.  Repair  a  puncture.  ,         .  .  • 

4.  Take  apart  and  clean  a  bicycle,  and  put  il  together  again 

^^^T  If  sent  scouting  on  a  road  know  how  to  make  reports  on 
road  conditions,  hills,  character  of  country,  location  and  charac- 
ter of  waters  and  settlements. 

6.  Read  a  map  and  report  correctly  verbal  messages. 

7.  Write  a  full  report  of  a  200-mile  bicycle  trip. 

8.  Ride  a  motorcycle. 
Q.  Clean  a  motorcycle. 

10.  Repair  any  important  part  of  a  motorcycle. 

11.  Make  a  run  of  100  miles  in  a  day  on  motorcycle. 

12.  Make  a  run  of  twenty  miles  in  one  hour  on  motorcycle. 

Market  Woman  or  Buyer 

(Gishpinage) 

I    The  Degree  of  Market  Woman  may  be  conferred  on 
JL       any  one  who  takes  fifteen  of  these  tests: 
^  I.  Explain  the  saying  that  Paris  could  hve  on  the 

I  waste  of  New  York  City. 
2    Know  the  seasons  when  lamb,  mutton,  and  pork  are  best. 
3'  Know  and  buy  the  six  choice  cuts  of  beef,  such  as  tender- 
loin sirloin,  porterhouse,  round,  rump,  brisket,  rib,  etc.     What 
parts  of  the  animals  are  so  called?    Tell  why  certain  cuts  are 

4.  Know  and  buv  the  best  mutton  cuts,  such  as  shoulder,  leg, 
racki  chops,  etc.     Know  which  cuts  are  cheapest  and  best  in 

the  long  run.  ,      1 .        u  „. 

5.  Know  and  buy  the  best  pork  cuts,  such  as  shoulder,  chops, 

loin,  and  rib  roasts. 

6.  Know  fresh  brains,  hearts,  hvers,  kidneys,  and  sweet- 
breads. ^         ,    T  •  !,♦*«, 

7.  Has  the  United  States  Pure  Food  Law  given  us  better 
and  safer  meat?     If  so,  why  and  how?  ,      •      ,    r 

8.  Know  something  definite  about  diseases  of  animals  trom 
which  consumers  are  likely  to  suffer.  ,    •       » 

9.  State  whv  the  knowledge  of  typhoid,  tuberculosis,  pto- 
maine, etc.,  is  w'ithin  the  province  of  the  market  woman. 

10.  State  whether  the  middleman  is  friend  or  foeol  the  marKci 

woman.  , ,     ,    ,  r 

1 1    Explain  cold  storage ;  give  list  of  foods  that  are  sate.    - 
12.  Explain  how  parcels  post,  telephone,  and  ch^ap  motor 

cars  have  been  a  help  to  the  market  woman.  \lf^i,    . 


Coups  and  Degrees 


4x1 


13.  Explain  the  revival  of  the  farmers'  markets;  how  does  it 
affect  the  market  woman? 

14.  Know  the  various  fish,  what  kinds  are  best  for  frj-ing, 
baking,  broiling,  etc. 

15.  Know  the  seasons  for  the  various  fish. 

16.  Know  several  salt  or  dried  fish  for  winter  use. 

17.  State  what  is  the  season  for  oysters. 

18.  Buy  and  use  canned  oysters;  state  if  they  are  a  success. 

19.  State  what  is  the  season  for  clams.    State  the  various 
kinds. 

20.  Know  and  buy  fresh  crabs,  soft  and  hard  shelled,  scallops, 
etc. 

21.  Know  the  seasons  for  the  various  fruits  and  vegetables  in 
your  locality  and  give  reasonable  price  for  each. 

22.  Make  a  list  of  the  fruits  and  vegetables  one  would  pre- 
serve, proving  the  economy  of  so  doing. 

23.  Explain  the  truckman  and  push-cart  business,  its  advan- 
tages and  disadvantages. 

24.  State  what  fruits  and  vegetables  can  be  bought  in  quan- 
tity and  kept  for  future  use. 

25.  Know  edible  mushrooms,  when  and  how  to  buy  them. 

26.  Know  how  to  buy  all  staple  goods  at  reasonable  prices. 

27.  Know  the  lawful  marks  that  guarantee  pure  food  and 
full  weight. 

28.  Do  you  know  of  and  approve  of  the  so-called  "Economy" 
stores?     If  so,  why? 

29.  Know  if  it  is  cheaper  to  buy  or  make  bread,  cakes,  etc. 

30.  Cater  for  one  week  on  S2  per  person,  keeping  exact  ac- 
counts and  records  of  expenses  and  menus. 


3- 
4- 

5- 
6. 

7- 
S. 


Metal  Worker 

(Nawabik) 

The  Degree  of  Metal  Worker  may  be  conferred  on 
any  one  who  takes  seven  of  these  tests: 

1.  Make  a  set  of  tracking  irons. 

2.  Make  four  spears  for  the  bear-spearing  game. 
Forge  three  links  of  a  chain  of  three  eighth  inches  stock. 
Make  a  bolt  of  same  stock. 

Make  a  straight  lap  weld  of  same  stock. 

Make  and  temper  a  cold  chisel. 

Make  and  temper  a  rock  drill. 

Make  a  metal  box  by  soldering  the  corners. 


412 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


K  5 

»  M 

If  «| 

r  m 


C) 


Q.  Make  a  box  with  riveted  corners. 

10.  Make  a  ring,  or  fob,  or  other  article  of  coin  silver. 

11.  Make  a  key  for  a  lock. 

Mountaineer 

(Wadjiwed) 

The  Degree  of  Mountaineer  may  be  conferred 
on  any  one  who  takes  eight  of  these  tests: 

I.  Take  two  honors  at  least  in  the  list  of  moun- 
tain  climbing. 

2.  Camp  out  at  least  thirty  nights  in  the  mountams. 

3.  Know,  name,  and  describe  the  fourteen  great  divisions 
of  the  earth's  crust  (according  to  Geikie). 

4.  Know  and  name  twenty-five  different  kinds  of  rock. 

5.  Define  watershed,  delta,  drift,  fault,  glacier,   terrace, 

stratum,  dip.  ,,,.-, 

6.  Know  at  least  twenty  mammals  that  live  in  the  mountains. 

7.  Know  at  least  fifty  mountain  birds. 

8.  Know  at  least  twenty-five  mountain  trees. 

9.  Make  a  jou-iv,-  alone  on  foot  through  the  mountams 
of  at  least  100  miles,  sleeping  out  every  night. 

10.  Swim  100  vards. 


Needlewoman 

{Jahonigan-Ikwe) 

The  Degree  of  Needlewoman  may  be  conferred  on 
any  one  who  lakes  fifteen  of  these  tests: 

T.  Make    three    different    articles  of  plain   white 
underwear.  , 

2    Be  able  to  run  a  sewing  machine  and  keep  it      '  judition 
for  two  months,  using  various  parts  for  shirring,  hemming,  etc. 

3.  Make  a  plain  waist  or  shirt  waist  for  outmg  purposes. 

4.  Make  a  man's  shirt. 

5.  Make  a  set  of  baby  clothes,  not  less  than  six  pieces, 
Gertrude  patterns  preferred.  j.    •     ,  .<;, 

6    Dress  a  doli  '...  Woodcraft  suit  or  som.  uistincave  outn-, 
such  as  Colonial,  DuU:h,  etc.    Must  be  not  less  than  ten  inches 

'^7.  Darn  stockings  for  three  people  for  one  month  or  its 

equivalent.  .       , ,    ,    ,        .        1  • 

8.  Make  a  satisfactory  darn  in  tablecloth  and  napkm. 


Coups  and  Degrees  3- 

9.  Mend  a  three-cornered  tear  in  cotton  or  woolen  good? 

10.  Put  in  a  neat  patch. 

11.  Make  twelve  buttonholes  of  various  sizes. 

12.  Make  a  sleeping  bag  for  outdoor  winter  sleeping  or  a 
baby's  travciing  "cozy"  bag. 

13.  Make  a  Council  dress,  worn  or  shown  in  Council. 

14.  Make  a  child's  suit  or  dress. 

15.  Make  a  fancy  dress,  such  as  graduation,  evening,  or  party 
dress. 

16.  Make  artist's  smock,  garden  smock,  or  child's  smock  dress 
in  linen  or  silk. 

17.  Make  a  ceremonial  cape  with  decorations  for  child  or 
self.     Must  be  shown  in  Council. 

18.  Make  a  suit  of  pajamas  or  bathrobe,  either  by  machine 
or  hand. 

19.  Decorate  with  applique  design  a  ceremonial  blanket; 
must  be  shown  in  Council. 

20.  Make  a  bedspread:  applique  or  woven  by  hand. 

21.  Embroider  or  applique  two  pillowcases. 

22.  Embroider  monogram  on  one  dozen  towels,  or  embroider 
a.  cross-stitch  on  the  ends. 

23.  Make  and  insert  six  Irish  crochet  inserts  in  six  towels. 

24.  Hem  a  tablecloth  and  a  dozen  napkins  by  hand. 

25.  Make  six  hemstitched  handkerchiefs  with  monogram  or 
crochet  or  tatting  edge. 

26.  Design  and  work  a  monogram  on  six  articles  of  household 
linen. 

27.  Embroider  a  shirtwaist,  corset-cover,  etc.,  with  an  original 
iesign. 

28.  Make  a  cloth,  velvet,  woolen,  or  fur  tam-o'-shanter  or 
cap,  with  other  article  to  match,  such  as  muffler,  muff,  collar,  or 
belt. 

29.  Trim  and  line  a  hat,  facing  it  or  binding  edge  or  putting 
on  fold. 

30.  Make  a  hat  of  straw  braid  or  a  wire  frame  covered  with 
lace,  net,  silk,  etc. 

31.  Show  samples  of  various  kinds  of  stitches,  such  as  hem- 
ming, running,  over-casting,  feather-stitching,  slip  stitching, 
whipping,  gathering,  tucking";  p\c. 

32.  Know  six  kinds  of  lace,  hand  or  machine,  and  give  an 
idea  of  the  price. 

33.  Describe  and  give  price  of  six  kinds  of  cotton  goods, 
distinguish  by  weave,  ditto  of  silk,  wooltn  or  linen.  Choice  of 
two. 


414 


Woodcraft  Mani.aJ   for  Boys 


34.  Describe  satin  and  be  able  to         hov\  it  ;    woven  10  give 
it  its  sheen 


'5 
B 


.4 


w  -• 


t 


Nurse 

(Gatini-lVrku'e) 

The  n< '^ifc  of  Nur  ■    •na\-  i>e  cuni.rte.!  oii  in     '>ne 
who  taki     ti  n  of  these    ^  -.i.-. 

1.  Tak.   tie  Nnieri'    n  Rec    Jross         rnina  ii?n  1  t 
F.St  Aid. 

2.   ' 'escrilx' the  daily  roi     ncforlwen'    -four  iu    rs '•.■'■  k- 

room. 

5.  ■  .ive  till.  symi)t.cim.-of  gill  pe,    u^o],    /  cough    n.'ig. 
and  iJi,'un!-)iiia. 

4.  (rive  the  symptoms  of  nit    >le  k      eve: 
ain;  jT'  kly  heat. 

5.  viive  the  symptoms  of  !       rtuio         iescri 
and  the  best  meanr  of  coml>atin 

(;    Describt   the  act  ion    f  bai.,...^'  h'     or    oh 
possibihiies  ar     the  n  r^s. 

7.  Discuss  niassaj^e  as  \x      icial  «.     larmiul. 
h.  Discuss  sunbath  as  bt     tici.!        ii..rmfui 
9,  Discuss  fresh  air  as  b«  ueficia        harmful 

10.  Discues  purges.    iio\v  i  g    le  i.^^d  aid 

11.  What  woi  'd  \  t'-i  do  i    yo   r  patient 

12.  What  nK-dica!       tfit   vouid  you  taki 
in  the  wilm  -ifS'-i' 

I      Stai'         V  u.   us-        ''iern,     leter    a    1  wh:it  Miould  be 
the    «*mperai     eand"'     l    u  a  nori     '  chilr    )r  a  .^rown  up. 

14    Prepa       ihrt  al  a       ay   foi    an  invalid,  using 

chicken  bro       egr^  ilk         i, ,     '  show  the  value  of  bright 

and  cheer f 

Any  doc; 
t-idence. 


>keii 


h  the  good 


est  kind, 
aiiac      ' 
nonti     sojourn 


"gr- 
^^  ing. 
>T  train 


11  u    e  i      ives      is  degree  upon  proper 


\^ 


Patriotism 

(Nind-aki) 

V.  I    jr-      .f  Patriotism  may  be  conferred  on  any 

ho  t;i        nine  of  these  tests: 

recite  "The  Star-Spangled  Banner." 
the  first  two  paragraphs  of  the  Dec- 

ii-    H    ce. 


Coups  and  Degrees 


415 


3.  1    cite  the  Preamble  to  the  Constitution. 

4.  K  jcite  Lincoln's  Gettysburg  Address. 

5.  N  me  the  'en  American  men  whom  you  consi<'''r  the  great- 
est in  01  .  his   >ry  and  say  why. 

b.  Name  the  ten  American  women  win  m  you  consider  the 
greatest  in  our  history  and  say  why.  In  this  and  in  the  pre- 
ti  (ling  iivi  persons  are  not  to  lie  included,  and  remember  that 
all  must  bt  .neasured  by  what  they  accomplished. 

7.  Name  the  ten  great  turning  points  in  our  history  and  say 
why  yon  consid  r  them  to  be  so. 

id  take  part  in  some  pageant    )r  other  function 
iiportant  local  or  national  event  or  epoch. 
)ry  of  the  llag  and  the  proper  method  to  show 


8.  Organ!?'' 
elebrating  si- 

9.  Tell  the 
^pect  to  it. 

o.  Tell  whv 


se  should  conserve  the  forests  and  wild  life. 
I.  Know  the  names,  home  places,  and  occupations  of  your 
mdparents    and   great-grandparen!       including  the  maiden 
others  in  question, 
e  ten  greatest  heroes  thai   your  own  race  has 


names  of  the 

12.  Name 
given  the  worl 

13.  Hax 

14.  Ha 
passage  oi 
New  Jersey, 
diana.and  th> 
permits  the  pe< 
for  the  purpos 


jwnsiblt  for  a  folk  dance  class  of  children, 
i  Ijy  public  meetings  and  agitation  to  secure  the 
t  peoj  lie's  use  of  school  buildings.  New  York, 
fj;ton,  Wisconsin,  Massachusetts,  Kansiis,  In- 
ct  of  Columbia  are  .n  possession  of  a  law  that 
use  school  buildings  aside  from  school  hours, 
leetingand  discussing  "any  and  all  subjects 
and  ijuestions  which  in  their  judgment  may  appertain  to  the 
educational,  political,  economic,  artistic,  and  moral  interest  of 
i.he  citizens." 

15.  Have  been  responsible  for  marking  (in  artistic  and  ap- 
propriate way)  some  historic  spot. 

16.  Have  helped  to  e  tablish  a  bird  sanctuary. 


Potter 

{Nampeyo,  Famous  Pueblo  Indian  Potter^ 


}       The  Dpr;ree  of  Potter  may  1.'    conferred 

Owho  takes  ten  of  these  tests: 
I.  Make  bird's  drinking  fountain  or  basi 
-*  or  more  inches  across. 
2.  Make  set  of  four  bowls:  decoration  in  Zuni  st 
style,  Acoma  and  San  Domingo  styles. 


4x6 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boyb 


•    1 


t  J 


If 


3.  Make  jardiniere  at  least  ten  inches  across. 

4.  Make  hanging  vase  to  hold  pint  or  more  of  water,  Jap- 
anese design. 

5.  Make  set  of  six  plain  cooking  dishes  of  clay  dug  and 

prepared  by  self. 

6.  Make  rectangular  shallow  dish  for  holding  Japanese 
miniature  garden  10  x  6  x  2  inches.     Must  be  glazed  to  prevent 

leakage. 

7.  Make,  dry,  and  bake  eight  little  plain  bowls  all  the  same 
or  of  various  shapes,  hard  enough  to  hold  water,  and  without 
flaw  that  would  prevent  their  being  of  practical  use. 

8.  Make  with  coil  process,  dry  and  bake,  four  pots  of  Zuni 
shape  with  Zuni  decorations,  each  large  enough  to  hold  two 
quarts,  and  close  enough  to  hold  water,  without  flaw  that  would 
prevent  its  practical  use. 

9.  Make  a  potter's  wheel  and  turn  out  eight  pieces  of  pottery 
on  the  same.     (See  "Chamber's  Encyclopedia. "^ 

10.  Make  a  potter's  kiln  and  demonstrate  it.     (See  "Cham- 
ber's" or  "American  Encyclopedia.") 

11.  Paint  a  set  of  eight  china  dishes  using  native  American 

designs.  .     .  j    • 

12.  Paint  a  set  of  eight  china  dishes  using  any  standard  design. 

13.  Describe  and  fully  distinguish  six  great  types  of  Old 
World  pottery. 

14.  Describe  and  fuUy  distinguish  four  types  of  native  .Amer- 
ican pottery. 

15.  Tell  how  the  ancient  and  prehistoric  pottery  of  America 
may  be  distinguished  from  that  made  to-day. 

16.  Make  a  set  of  candlesticks  and  firebowl  for  Four  Fires. 

17.  Describe  the  principal  varieties  of  native  clays  and  tell 
what  colors  they  bake;  describe  the  Zuni  method  of  firing. 


Scout 

(Mikan) 

The  Degree  of  Scout  may  be  conferred  on  any  one 
who  takes  twelve  of  these  tests: 

I.  Know  every  land  bypath  and  short  cut  for  a 
J  distance  of  at  least  two  miles  in  every  direction 
around  your  local  headquarters  in  the  country. 

2.  Have  a  general  knowledge  of  the  district  within  a  five-mile 
radius  of  local  headquarters,  so  as  to  be  able  to  guide  people 
at  any  time,  by  day  or  night. 


EEX 


Coups  and  Degrees 


417 


3.  Know  the  general  direction  and  population  of  the  five 
principal  neighboring  towns  and  be  able  to  give  strangers  correct 
directions  how  to  reach  them. 

4.  Know  the  country  in  two-mile  radius,  or  in  a  town  must 
know  in  a  half-mile  radius  what  livery  stables,  garages,  and  black- 
smiths there  are. 

5.  Know  the  location  of  the  nearest  meat  markets,  bakeries, 
groceries,  and  drug  stores. 

6.  Know  where  the  nearest  police  station,  hospital,  doctor, 
fire  alarm,  fire  hydrant,  telegraph,  and  telephone  offices,  and 
railroad  stations  are. 

7.  Know  something  of  the  history  of  the  place,  its  principal 
public  buildings,  such  as  town  or  city  hall,  post-office,  schools, 
and  churches. 

8.  As  much  as  possible  of  the  above  information  should  be 
entered  on  a  large  scale  map. 

9.  Fell  a  six-inch  tree  or  poie  in  a  prescribed  direction  so  as 
to  fall  between  two  stakes  two  feet  apart,  within  sixty  seconds. 

10.  Tie  six  kinds  of  knots  quickly. 

Lash  spars  properly  together  for  scaffolding. 
Build  a  bridge  or  derrick. 
Make  a  camp  kitchen. 

Build  a  shack  or  cabin  of  one  kind  or  another  suitable 
for  three  occupants. 

15.  Walk  one  mile  in  eleven  minutes. 

16.  Run  100  yards  in  thirteen  seconds. 

17.  Run  fifty  yards  in  seven  and  four  fifth  seconds. 

18.  Swim  100  yards. 

Scout  Runner 

{Kee-mo-sah'-bee) 

The  Degree  of  Scout  Runner  may  be  conferred 
on  any  one  who  takes  nine  of  these  tests: 

1.  Walk  one  mile  in  eleven  minutes. 

2.  Walk  thirty  miles  in  twelve  hours. 

3.  Run  100  yards  in  thirteen  seconds. 

4.  Run  fifty  yards  in  seven  and  four  fifth  seconds. 

5.  Run  one  mile  in  five  and  one  third  minutes. 

6.  Swim  100  yards. 

7.  Paddle  a  canoe  one  mile  in  twelve  minutes. 

8.  Know  the  Semaphore  or  Wigwag  or  Myer  code  and 
lake  as  well  as  receive  a  message  at  the  rate  of  at  least  twentv- 
four  letters  a  minute. 


II. 
12. 

13- 
14- 


t3 


U 


418  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

Q.  Know  200  signs  of  the  Sign  Language.  ,  .    ,  j- 

10.  Know  the  twenty-five  secret  signs  and  blazes  of  the  Indian 

code. 

11.  Have  slept  out  thirty  nights.  ,     r.       . 

12  Know  and  can  clearly  discriminate  the  track  of  twenty- 
five  of  our  common  wild  quadrupeds;  also  trail  for  a  mile  with- 
out snow,  till  near  enough  to  photograph  or  bag  it. 

iz  Must  have  carried  a  letter  three  times  over  a  mile  ot 
enemy's  country  with  at  least  twenty  hostiles  out  against  him, 
of  his  own  class. 

Seamanship 
(Xabikwa-Xinini) 

The  Degree  of  Seaman  may  be  conferred  on  any  one 
who  takes  eighteen  of  these  tests: 
I .  Tie  ten  difTerent  standard  knots. 

2.  Make  a  finish  knot  at  the  end  of  a  rope. 

3.  Make  long  and  short  splices  and  demonstrate  covermg 
an  eye  splice. 


4- 

5- 
6. 

7- 
8. 


Use  palm  and  needle. 

Fling  a  rope  coil. 

Fling  a  life  buoy. 

Row  and  steer  a  boat.  .... 

_    Pole  and  scull  a  boat  and  demonstrate  bringing  it  along- 
side safely,  then  make  fast. 
9.  Box  the  compass. 

10.  Read  a  chart. 

1 1 .  Show  a  knowledge  of  weather  wisdom  and  tides. 

1 2.  Show  hon-  sun  and  stars  are  of  service  as  guides. 

I  J.  Swim  fifty  vards  with  clothes  on.  . 

14  Sail  a  two-man  boat  for  100  miles  without  a  professional 
sailor  for  companion,  but  yourself  holding  the  tiller  and  direct- 
ing its  sail  adjustment,  etc.    This  need  not  be  in  one  trip. 

15.  Demonstrate  by  description  and  .='  -^tch  or  actually  dem- 
..n^^trate  correct  method  of  reefing  a  nd  aft  sail  including 
sequence  of  passing  the  tack  lashing,  .g  and  knottmg  reef 
points,  and  turning  out  the  reef. 

16.  Describe  the  proper  method  of  coming  to  anchor  so  as 
not  to  foul  anchor;  stale  proper  amount  of  rope  to  be  paid  out 
in  proportion  to  depth  of  water.  Also  show  method  of  stoppmg 
anchor  line  (iown  to  flukes  and  ring  to  anchor  on  rocky  bottom. 

17.  Rules  of  the  road;  proper  action  to  be  taken  on  approach 
of  other  vessel  of  anv  character. 


^m^s^i 


Joups  and  Degrees  419 

18.  Show  that  you  have  won  first,  second,  or  third  place  in  a 
race  of  any  of  the  recognized  yacht  clubs  or  associations,  with 
yourself  as  skipper. 

19.  Make  a  model  of  a  sloop  or  schooner  yacht  or  other  vessel 
fully  rigged. 

20.  Tell  the  bells  and  watches  kept  on  board  ship. 

21.  Also  usual  flag  signals  for  owner  and  .  rew,  location  of 
owner's  and  club  signal  and  night  pennant.  Also  proper 
method  of  displaying  the  yacht  ensign  when  at  anchor  and  under 
way. 

22.  Describe  signal  lights  used  at  night  on  barges,  sailing 
power  and  steam  w.^els  according  to  United  Slates  Regula- 
tions. Also  tell  whaf  lights  are  used  by  vachts  showing  lleet 
officers,  meals,  owne  ,s  absence,  etc. 

23.  Name  and  describe  ten  diflferent  sailing  rigs:  ship,  bark, 
barkentme,  brig,  brigantine,  schooner,  topsail  schooner,  sloop, 
yawl,  ketch,  knockabout,  sharpie,  buckeye,  catboat,  lateen  rig. 


Sharpshooter 

(Gadaakwed) 

The  Degree  of  Sharpshooter  may  be  conferred  on 
any  one  who  takes  seven  of  these  tests: 

I.  Qualify  as  in  "marksman"  with  the  rifle  in 
accordance  with  the  regulations  of  the  National  Rifle 
Association. 

2.  Make  a  bow  and  arrow  which  will  shoot  a  distance  of 
100  feet  with  fair  precision. 

3.  Make  a  regulation  archery  target— four  feet  across,  with 
the  nine-mch  centre  and  four  rings,  each  four  and  three-quarter 
inches  wide. 

4.  Make  a  total  score  of  350  with  sixty  shots  of  bow  and  ar- 
row in  one  or  two  meets,  using  standard  four-foot  target  at 
forty  yards  or  three-foot  target  at  thirty  yards. 

5.  Make  a  total  score  of  300  with  seventy-two  arrows,  using 
standard  four-foot  target  at  a  distance  of  fifty  yards,  or  three- 
foot  target  at  thirty-six  yards. 

6.  Shoot  so  far  and  fast  as  to  ha\c  six  arrows  in  the  air  at 
once. 

7.  See  and  map  out  six  Pleiades. 

8  See  the  Pappoose  on  the  Squaw's  back  in  the  Dipncr 
Handle. 


9.  Spot  the  rabbit  three  times  in  sixt>  yards. 


420 


■».     St 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

Small  Stock  Farmer 

{hianiloweish) 

The  Degree  of  Small  Stock  Farmer  may  be  conferred 
on  any  one  who  takes  twelve  of  these  tests: 

I.  Hatch  and  raise  a  brood  of  a  dozen  chickens  till 

.wJ  feathered.  .  .       ,    .  , 

2    Distinguish  six  leading  breeds  of  hens,  giving  their  good 
and  bad  points.    State  briefly  Mendelian  law  as  applied  to 

3.  Describe  one  of  the  best  incubators;  show  how  it  works, 
and  say  why  it  should  replace  the  hen. 

4.  Describe  the  brooder.     Have  made  a  practical  one. 
c.  Describe  the  most  approved  hen  house  and  run. 

6.  Describe  the  dangerous  diseases  of  hens. 

7.  Tell  how  to  combat  them.     By  foods,  medicme,  cleanli- 
ness, and  good  arrangement  in  housing,  roosts,  etc. 

8    Describe  the  feeding  and  rearing  of  chicks,  for  food  and 

'"^  9^^Ako"he  killing  and  dressing  for  home  and  for  market. 

10.  Pick,  dress,  and  cook  a  fowl. 

1 1.  Be  able  to  candle-test  eggs,  and  crate  them  for  market. 

12.  State  advantage  and  disadvantage  of  keepmg  turkeys, 

''"i  t' 'Stat^  what  is  known  of  the  profits  of  poultry  keeping 
from  own  experience. 

14.  State  the  advantage  of  squab  raising. 

15.  Handle  successfully,  for  one  year,  a  hive  of  bees.  De- 
scribe how  it  was  done. 

16  Give  an  outline  of  how  to  run  a  fur  farm. 

17  Take  prize  at  National,  State,  or  county  fair  for  any  ot 
the  following:  chickens,  geese,  ducks,  turkeys,  guineas,  squabs, 
bees,  silkworms,  or  fur  animals. 

Stock  Farmer 

{Kitigewin) 

The  Degree  of  Stock  Farmer  may  be  conferred  on 
any  one  who  takes  eight  of  these  tests: 

T.  Identify  six  different  kinds  of  cattle  and  tell 

,  their  good  and  bad  points. 

2.  Know  how  to  treat  for  caked  bag. 
V  Understand  feeding  for  milk. 


Coups  and  Degrees 


421 


4. 

5- 
6. 

7- 
8. 


10. 

II. 
12. 

13- 

14. 

IS- 
16. 

17- 


Milk  a  cow  twice  a  day  for  one  month. 
Tell  the  effect  of  sunlight  and  good  air  on  cows. 
Understand  the  sterilization  of  milk. 
Understand  the  care  of  dairy  vessels,  etc. 
Test  five  cows  for  ten  days  each  with  I'le  Babcock  lest 
and  make  exact  reports. 

9.  Know  how  to  treat  ?  'ow  for  indigestion. 
Explain  the  use  and  advantage  of  a  separator. 
Make  two  pounds  of  butter  a  week  for  two  months. 
Explain  pasteurizing  and  its  value. 
Keep  a  flock  of  sheep. 

Raise  at  least  four  beeves  for  market  or  homeconsumption. 
Raise  hogs  for  market  or  home  consumption. 
Cure  beef  and  pork  for  home  use  or  for  sale. 
Know  how  to  butcher  beeves,  hogs,  and  sheep. 

Star  Wiseman 

(Gijiged) 

/V  The  Degree  of  Star  Wiseman  may  be  conferred 

^  ^    on  any  one  who  takes  seven  of  these  tests: 

Y'  I-  Have  a  general  knowledge  of  the  nature  and 

I  ■■         J  movements  of  the  stars. 

2.  Point  out  and  name  ten  principal  constellations. 

S.  Find  the  north  by  means  of  other  stars  than  the  Pole 
Star  in  case  of  that  star  being  obscured  by  clouds. 

4.  Tell  the  hour  of  the  night  by  the  stars  and  moon. 

5.  Know  and  name  twenty  of  the  chief  stars. 

6.  Know,  name,  and  can  point  out  three  of  the  planets. 

7.  Have  a  general  knowledge  of  the  positions  and  move- 
ments of  the  earth,  sun,  and  moon. 

8.  Have  a  general  knowledge  of  tides,  eclipses,  meteors, 
comets,  sun-spots,  and  planets. 

9.  Take  the  latitude  from  the  stars  with  homemade  instru- 
ments, within  one  degree  of  error. 

10.  Make  a  sundial  that  works. 

Swimmer 

(Skingekis) 

The  Degree  of  Swimmer  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  eight  of  these  tests: 

1.  Swim  100 yards. 

2.  Swim  on  the  back  fifty  feet. 


^ 


422 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


;3 


1 1 


r 


f 


^ 


3.  Swim  fifty  feet  with  shoes  and  clothes  on. 

4.  Demonstrate  breast,  crawl,  and  side  stroke. 

5.  Dive  properly  from  the  surface  of  the  water. 

6.  Dive  into  from  seven  to  ten  feet  of  water  and  bring 
from  bottom  to  surface  a  loose  bag  of  sand  weighing  five  lbs. 

7.  Demonstrate  on  land  five  methods  of  release  from  a 
drowning  person  who  clutches  you. 

8.  Demonstrate  in  the  water  two  methods  of  release. 

9.  Demonstrate  the  Schaefer  method  of  resuscitation  (prone 

)ressure). 

10.  Demonstrate  safely  crossing  thiu  or  rotten  ice. 

11.  Teach  three  persons  to  swim. 

Teacher 
{Kikinounna) 

The  Degree  of  Teacher  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  seven  of  these  tests: 

I.  Teach  a  class  of  children  successfully  for  six 
_  months  in  school,  church,  or  recreation  centres. 

2.  Teach  a  class  of  children  to  sing,  dance,  or  act  for  some 
patriotic,  school,  or  charitable  entertainment. 

3.  Teach  a  class  of  children  in  athletics  for  three  months— 
oancing,  swimming,  riding,  fencing,  boxing,  hiking,  rowing, 

paddling. 

4.  Teach  for  a  school  year  any  child  or  children  the  rudi- 
ments of  education,  including  outdoor  and  nature  study. 

5.  Teach  a  sewing  class  of  at  least  six  for  six  months. 

6.  Teach  six  or  more  young  people  the  Hopi  Spring  and 
Corn  dance  so  that  they  can  perform  them  at  request. 

7.  Teach  six  or  more  children  three  folk  dances. 

8.  Organize  and  lead  a  Band  in  Woodcraft  for  a  year. 

9.  Lead  an  outdoor  nature  study  class  of  four  or  more  chil- 
dren for  a  year,  so  that  class  has  collected  twenty-five  butter- 
flies or  moths,  twenty-five  wild  flowers,  ten  ferns;  knows  fifteen 
trees  by  leaf  and  bark. 

10.  Have  a  class  of  four  or  more  in  popular  astronomy  for  a 
winter  or  a  summer,  so  that  class  can  pass  test  for  knowing  Pole 
Star  and  fifteen  star-srouDs. 

11.  Teach  a  handicraft  class:  beadwork,  baskets,  stencils, 
quillwork,  metal  work,  pottery,  woodcarving,  etc. 

12.  Teach  two  or  more  children  to  sing  without  p.ccompani- 
ment  any  three  ballads  (solos  or  duets)  of  known  merit,  such  as 
folk  songs  or  standard  songs. 


i. 


Coups  and  Degrees  423 

13.  Teach  a  cooking  class  for  six  mont;.s  and  give  a  flcnion«^tra- 
t  ion  CI  Its  success. 

14.  Teach  a  class  in  manual  training  for  six  months 

15.  Bring  group  of  children    trained   l»v   self   to  enlerlain 
C  ouncil  by  danci-  ^ing,  lalk-lVst,  or  acting. 

iJiree  Years'  Service 

(Msso-bibon) 

TheDegree  of  Three  Years'  Service  may  be  conferred 
on  any  one  who  has  been  a  memb<T  of  a  Woodcraft 
Tribe  for  three  years,  never  missing  a  tribal  carfipout 

-_ -^   m  that  tune,  attending  half  of  the  tribal  meetings  at 

other  limes,  and  having  a  clear  record  for  law  and  order. 

Thunder  Handler 

(Wassamounn) 

The  Degree  of  Thunder  Handler  may  be  conferred 
on  any  one  who  takes  twelve  of  thc^e  tests: 

I.  Explain    the    difference    bt  ween    direct    and 
alternating  current. 

2.  Install  a  bell  battery. 

3.  Install  a  telephone. 

4.  Install  an  electric  light. 

5.  Explain  Ampere 


7 
8. 

9' 

10. 

II. 

wire. 

12. 

13- 
14. 

15 


6.  Explain  Kilowat. 
Explain  Volt. 
Repair  a  broken  switch. 
Splice  and  insulate  a  broken  wire. 
Replace  a  fuse. 
Show  how  to  rescue  a  person 


in  contact  with  a  live 


Show  how  to  resuscitate  a  person. 
Make  a  simple  electro-magnet. 
Explain  the  construction  of  a  simi'b  battery  cell. 
_    Explain  a  storage  battery. 

16.  Explain  a  short  circuit. 

1 7.  Explain  a  ground  wire. 

18.  Show   the  sign   now  used   for   live   wire   (a  lightning 


IL 


434 


CI 

N 


M 


2. 

3- 
4- 

5- 
6. 

7- 
8. 

9- 

10. 

II. 

12. 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

Thunder  Roller 

{A  nimiki-okakavinini) 
The  Degree  of  Thunder  RoUer  may  be  conferred  on 
any  one  who  takes  nine  of  these  tests: 

I.  Show  that  you  can  start  a  motor,  expiaimng 
_    what  precautions  should  be  taken. 
Take  off  and  put  on  pneumatic  tires. 
State  the  construction  and  purpose  of  clutch. 
State  the  construction  and  purpose  of  carburetor. 
State  the  construction  and  purpose  of  valves. 
State  the  construction  and  purpose  of  magneto. 
State  the  construction  and  purpose  of  spark  plug. 
State  the  construction  and  purpose  of  differential. 
State  the  construction  and  purpose  of  transmitter. 
State  how  to  put  out  burning  gasohne  or  oil. 
State  how  to  run  two  different  types  of  cars. 
Pass  an  examination  equal  to  the  local  Ucense  examina- 
tion for  chauffeui. 

Traveler 
(Bebamadisid) 
The  Degree  of  Traveler  may  be  conferred  on  any 
one  who  takes  eleven  of  these  tests: 
I.  Walk  one  mile  in  eleven  minutes. 
—        2.  Tramp  thirty  miles  a  day.  .     ,.    ,  •     x 

2    Climb  one  of  the  standard  peaks.  (See  mountain  dimbmg.) 
i  Know  at  least  fifteen  star  groups,  including  the  Dipper  and 

^  ^S.'campTut  in  at  least  ten  different  stales  or  countries. 

6.  Enter  the  Arctic  or  Antarctic  circles. 

7.  Cross  the  equator.  .... 

8   Take  exact  latitude  and  loi-gitude  wth  mstruments. 
9.  Take  latitude  within  two  degrees  of  error,  with  home- 
made instia-iitnts.  .,       ,         * 
ID.  Make  •  compass  survey  of  loo  nules  of  country. 

11.  Travel  at  least  100,000  miles  by  rail  or  steamship  or  other 

12.  Travel  500  miles  on  foot,  by  bicycle,  by  canoe,  or  m 
saddle,  camping  out. 

n.  Know  200  signs  of  the  Sign  Language.    ,      .,      ,       ... 

14.  Make  one's  self  comfortable  in  the  woods  with  only  wUd- 

wood  material. 

15.  Swim  100  yards. 

16.  Sleep  out  thirty  nights.  '  ''^ 


Coups  and  Degrees 

Village  Scout 

{Odena-winini) 


4^5 


h. 


The  Degree  of  Village  Scout  may  be  conierred  on 
any  one  who  takes  fourteen  of  these  tests: 

1.  Know  how  to  turn  in  an  alarm  for  lire. 

2.  Know  how  to  enter  burning  buildings. 
i,.  Know  how  to  prevent  the  spread  of  fire. 

4.  Understand  the  use  of  hose:  unroUing,  joining  up,  con- 
nrrting  two  hydrants,  use  of  nozzles,  etc. 

Understand  the  use  of  escapes,  ladders,  and  chutes. 
Know  how  to  improvise  ropes  and  nets. 
Know  what  to  do  in  case  of  panic. 
Understand  the  fireman's  lift  and  drag, 
g.  Know  how  to  work  in  fumes. 

10.  Understand  the  use  of  fire-extinguishers, 

1 1 .  Know  how  to  rescue  animals. 

1 2.  Know  how  to  save  property. 

13.  Know  how  to  organize  a  bucket  brigade. 

14.  Know  how  to  aid  the  police  in  keeping  back  crowds. 

15.  Know  how  to  ride  a  wheel. 

16.  Repair  a  puncture. 

1 7.  Walk  four  miles  in  one  hour. 

18.  Know  the  signs: 

A  FP8  c5^. +--hX  =  ||  ± 
0  >  <  A  L  n  •/  .*.— > 
^  ?   O 

Meaning  respectively; 

Official  mark,  fire-plug  8  leet  out,  please  remove  dust,  add,  subtract, 
divide,  multiply,  equals,  parallel,  plumb,  cj-^'s,  more  than,  less  than' 
tnangle,  right-angle,  square,  because,  therefo       .lis  direction,  male,  female, 

young. 

White  Man's  Woodcraft 

{Dibaakid) 

The  Degree  of  White  Man's  Woodcraft  may 
he  conferred  on  any  one  who  takes  nine  of  the 
following  tests: 

I.  Take,   develop,   and   print    photographs   of 


426 


Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 


13 


twelve  separate  subjects,  three  interior  .three  portraits,  three 
hndscanes,  and  three  instantaneous  '-attion  photos. 

2  Make  a  recognizable  photograph  of  any  w.ld  bird  larger 
than  a  robin,  while  (Jii  its  nesl.  .      ,  ■     •. , 

3.  Make  a  recognizal)le  photograph  of  a  w.ld  animal  m  Us 

"^^4.' Make  a  recognizable  pliolograpli  of  a  llslj  in  the  ^^^ter- 
c    Map  correctly  from  the  country  il>oU  the  mam  lea  ures 

of  half  a  mile  of  road,  with  440  yanis  each  side,  loa  s.  .-^le  of  two 

feet  to  the  mile,  an<l  afterward  draw  same  map   ron.  memor> 
6.  Measure  the  height  of  a  tree,  tc-legraph  pole,  and  church 

steeple  without  climbing. 

7  Measure  width  of  a  river  ■.vilhoiit  crosimg. 

8  Fslimalf  <iislance  apart  of  two  objects  a  known  dis- 
tance ;iway  and  unapproachable,  within  an  average  of  10  per 
rent,  of  error  in  ten  dittc-rent  trials. 

Q.  Mt-asure  a  giatlienl. 

10.  Estimate  the  s|)eed  of  a  stream. 

11.  Tell  the  number  of  gallons  of  water  going  over  a  faU  or 

down  a  stream.  . 

12.  Estimate  the  norsepower  of  a  given  tall 

13.  Teach  the  last  seven  to  some  one  else. 


Wise  Woodman 

(Xikuaka-winini) 

The  Degree  of  Wise  Woodman  may  be  conf.  ^red 
on  aiiv  one  who  lakes  twelve  of  these  tests: 

I  '  Have  a  list  of  too  different  kinds  of  biru   per- 

J  M)iuiilv  observed  on  exploration  in  the  field. 

^    Have  idi-ntilied  bevond  question,  by  appearance  or  by 
note,  iortv-five  dilTerenl  kinds  of  birds  in  one  day. 

,    Ha've  made  a  tiood  clear  photograph  of  some  wild  bird, 
tlie  bird  image  to  be  over  half  an  inch  in  length  on  the  negative 
4    Have  Mcured  :.t  lea.i  uvo  tenants  in  bird  boxes  erected 

by  himself.  .  .  .    ;.     ,.     .. ,  n„j^ 

S.   Have  dailv  notes  ..n  H.e  iU-.-,img  ul  a  h^u.  ^\  ^''  ■'■-.'; 

from  the  lin.e  the  msl  egg  i^  laid  until  the  young  have  left  the 

"'"'(i  Have  attracted  at  least  three  kinds  of  birds,  e.xclusive  of 
the  English  sparrow,  to  a  "lunch  counter"  which  he  has  sup- 
plied. 


Coups  and  Degrees 


4^7 


7.  Have  a  knowledge  ■;  the  game  laws  of  the  state  in  which 
he  lives. 

8.  Preserve  and  mount  the  skin  of  a  game  bird,  or  animal, 
killed  in  season. 

Q.  Mount  for  a  rug  the  pelt  of  some  fur  animal. 
Know  twenty-five  different  kinds  of  trees. 
Know  thirty  different  wild  flowers. 
Know  ten  different  snakes. 
Know  ten  different  fungi. 
Know  the  signs  of  weather. 
Make  fire  with  the  rubbing-sticks. 


10. 
II. 
12. 

14. 
15- 


Woman's  Power  in  History 

{Gashkieu'ikwe') 


~    ♦   1      The  Degree  of  Woman's  Power  in  History  may  be 
JfJi      conferred  on  any  one  who  takes  nine  of  these  tests : 
Jk  I.  Name  five  great  women   rulers  of  the  world, 

i  give  their  history,  and  tell  something  about  them. 

2.  Name  five  great  American  women  who  have  made  history 
(the  living  included). 

3.  Name  five  great  women  scientists  and  state  their  claims 
to  fame. 

4.  Name  five  great  women  inventors  and  state  their  claims  to 
lame. 

5.  Name  five  great  women  educators  and  state  their  claims 
to  fame. 

6.  Name  five  great  women  artists  and  state  their  claims  to 
fame. 

7.  What  was  the  real  status  of  woman  among  the  American 
Indians?    (See  "Book  of  Woodcraft.") 

8.  Name  five  great  American  Indian  queens  who  achieved 
power  by  their  personal  force. 

9.  What  cos    tries  now  have  Woman  Suffrage? 

10.  What  states  in  America  bfve  Woman  Suffrage? 

11.  Write  an  essay  of  1,500  to  3,000  words  stating  what  you 
know  of  the  Woman's  Rights  Movement,  also  your  opinion  as 
to  the  ultimate  destiny  and  effect. 

12.  WTiat  recent  changes  have  been  mad««  bv  law  in  your 
state  to  equalize  the  advantages  and  opportunities  of  men  and 
women. 

13.  Explain  community  property  law  as  affecting  husband, 
wife,  and  children.  What  states  have  this  law^  VTiere  was 
its  origin? 


t1 

f  m 


m  A 


f 


428  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Boys 

14.  Tell  what  races  traced  descent  from  the  mother-pomt  out 
the  traces  of  this  in  Greece-Sparta.    Modem  examples  Pueblo 

^"^s'l'Explain  difference  and  likeness  between  a  feminist  and 

^  'it^'sfate  whether  mother  is  legaUy  "next  of  kin"  to  her  chil- 
drcn  in  your  state. 


It  out 
'ueblo 


t  and 
r  chil- 


INDEX 


fire 


04. 


Abie)  haliamta 

Acer  XetUHtUt 

Acer  mbrum 

Acer  saeckartHum 

Acer  saeckarum 

Achillea  miUefoHum         ... 
Activities  in  Tribe  and  Council 
Adamson,  Fire  Commissioner,  on 
prevention 

.\cria!  switch  for  wireless   . 

Af  rial  vrire  system 

-AKriculture,  coups  fur 

.\lPie  Tree,  or  Sassaf  ns  . 

Ail  sponsa 

Alligator  Tree,  Rilsted.  or  Liquidambar 

'■  Mouette,"  words  an<!  music 

Alphabet  of  sign  lanKuaite    . 

Amanitas,  poisonous  toadstools 

"America 

American  Hornbeam,  Blue  Beech. 
Water  Beech      .     . 

A  riu  platyrkynckos    . 

A  nemant  CaiuuUmit . 

Anemone,  Pennsylvania  or  Canada 

Anemone  quin^ifolia 

Anemone.  Rue     ...     . 

Animal  Dance  of  Nana-bo-j'i'i.  the. 

Animal  traclu,  recording 

Animals,  the  study  of 

Animiki-okakemnini  defftee,    ..sis  for 

Aniikanabe  degree,  tefti    fr.r 

AnoktMiin  degree,  f*":-  '  •< 

Apache  Relay  R^ 

AquHa  ckrysatua . 

AquiUtia  Canadensis . 

Arbor-viUe,  or  White  Cedar 

.Arbutus,  Trai'l  -g 

Archery  .... 

.*  rchery ,  cod'-.    \r 

.Arctic  travel,  i  oups  for 

Ardta  kerodia! 

Arisarma  trtpkyllium 

Arrowleaf,  or  Sagituria.  as  food  plant 

.\rrows,  to  make  and  use  .     . 

.Art  Craftsman,  degree  test  for 

Art  Metal  Worker  degree,  tests  for 
t'kial  respiration,  to  admini.ster 
.aranii  Canadenie    ... 

As  'Ha'  Purpuraicens    . 

Ash,  .;'   X      . 

Ash,  \    liie 

Ash-leaved  Maple,  or  Box  Elder    .      . 

-'■•^j'iir.TiiT -.irsfi.,',  Ic5i3  lor 

-Aspen -leaved,  or  Gray,  Birch    .      .      . 

Aspen   Poplar,  Quiver  Leaf,  Quaking 
Asp.  or  Popple 

/Kossomn  degree,  tests  for  ... 

.yhlete,  or  Strongman  degree,  tests  for 

Athletics,  coups  for 


I  Acr. 
]!W 
UO 
.«lo 
iOQ 
308 
J7t 
M 

I.tJ 
ilg 
«»i 

iV 
J06 

70 
•54 
195 

6S 

298 

m 

»73 

m 

87 

366 

4J4 
406 
378 
47 
3»3 
276 
289 
270 
24« 

ii* 
329 
278 
102 
242 
37  > 
376 
142 
27S 
1-8 
313 
3"2 
310 
401 
296 

28g 

383 
375 
347 


PAO». 

.4 uvtM  degree,  tests  for.      ...  (78 

Axe,  uw  of  the jj2 

Axe  work,  coupt  for 357 

Atalea  nudiHora 375 

Azalea,  Pink tu 


hip 


Backwoods     Handicraftsman 
tests  for  

Badge,  Minisino 

Badge.  Pathfinder     .... 

Badge,  Wajrseeker     .      . 

Badges,  claiming  and  conferring 

Radges,  Decree,  illustratetl 

Badges,  desigiu  and  colors   . 

Badges  for  coups. 

Badges,  illustrated    ... 

Badges,  meaning  of  the  . 

Badge*  of  rank,  purchase  of 

Bait  casting,  coups  for   . 

Bald  Cypress 

Bald,  or  White-beaded.  Eagle 

Balk>ting  on  candidates  for  member^ 

Balm  of  Cilead,   Balsam   Popkr, 
Tacamahac 

Balsam   Poplar.   Balm  of   Gilead, 
Tacamahac 

Balsam  Tree,  or  Canada  Balsam 

Baltimore  Onole  .... 

Band,  definition  of    . 

Band  meetings,  when  held   . 

Band,  organization    ... 
Bands,  formation  of  .      . 
Bannocks,  to  bake 

Bam  Swallow 

Barred,  or  Hoot,  Owl 

Baskets,  birch  bark 

Basswood  browse,  or  buds,  for  food 
Basswood,  Whitewood,  WhLstle-wo<xl 

Lime,  or  Linden 
Bat  BaU  Game 
Bathing,  coujM  for 
Battery  for  wireless  set 
Beauty's  Lamp,  rays  from   . 
Bebamadisid  degree,  tesU  for 
Bebamomifod  degree,  tests  for 
Bed,  Woodcraft  willow 
Beds,  camp,  how  made 
Bedstraw.  or  Stickweed 
Bee  Balm,  or  Oswego  Tea 

Beech  

Beech,  Blue  or  Water,  or  American 
Hornbeam     .     .     . 


degree, 

376 
19.23 

18.  23 
18,23 

of         32 
370-373 

21 

346 

19.  23 
22 

7 

289 

323 

31 


ace  Hut  travci,  uMip«  lor     .     .     . 
Beetlewood.     Ironwood,     Hard-back 

Le  /erwood,  or  Hop  Hornbeam 
Benefits  and  dangers  of  camping  out 

Betulalutea 

Betula  papyriftra 

Bdnla  popultfoiia 


291 

iqi 

288 

332 

21 

7 
30 

S 
183 
335 
323 
246 

IQI 

3n 

47 

353 

125 

2.; 
424 
400 
232 
179 
273 
277 
302 

298 
3J6 

297 
160 

297 
29'> 


429 


430 


Index 


^3 


n 


»■ 
* 


Mockernut 


PACE 

398 

XV 


shoulil 


Bibaged  degree,  tests  for 
Big  and  Little  LodRes 
Big-bud,  While-heart,  or 

Hickory 

Big  Dipper,  or  Great  Bear   .     .    . 
Big  Lodie  badge,  design  and  color 
Big  White  Trillium   .     ■     .     .,      .    , 
Bilsted.  Alligator  Tree,  or  Liquidambar 
Bineshi  degree,  tests  for 
Birch,  Grny,  or  .\spen-leaveJ 
Birch,  White.  Canoe,  or  Paper 
Birch,  Yellow,  or  Gray 
Birch  bark  articles,  to  make 
Birch  canoe  making,  coup  for 
Bird  box.  sparrow-proof 
Bird  lx)xes,  to  make 

Bird  sanctuaries  on  city  roofs 

Bird  Sharp  <legrce.  tesls  for 

Bird's-eye  and  curled  maple 

Bird's  foot  \  iolct 

Birds  that  ever>-  Wixxicrafler 
know 

Birds,  the  study  of 

Biscuit,  to  bake    .  . 

Bittern 

Black.  Hix>i),  or  Water,  Ash 

Black   or   Sour  Gum,    PopiiendKe.   mi 
Tupelo 

Black,  or  Golden  Oak.  or  (,)uercilron 

Black  flies.  mo«quitoes,  etc 

Black  Walnut 

Black  Willow 

Black -eyed  Susan 

Blackbird,  or  Purple  Gracklc 

Blazes  ami  signs  J' 

Blaze  and  sign  making,  coups  for 

Blazing  Lamp  of  Love,  rays  from  the 

Blind  Man's  Buff  Game "^7 

Bloodrixjt  .  . ••   .        .  ^'' 

Blue  Beech,  \\  ater  Beech,  or  American 

Hornlwam 
Blue  Vers'ain.  or  Wild  Hyssop. 
Blue-eyed   Grass,    Blue   Star,   or   Star 

Grass 
niuel>ell,  or  Hareliell 
Bluebird    .      .  ... 

Bluejay  ,  ' 

Boat  building,  coups  for 
Bolwlink,  or  Reedhird 
Bohwhite.  or  Quail 
Bodarc.  Bow-woo.!,  or  Osage  Orange 
ikig  potato,  a- ('"«l  plant 
Ponasa  umhrllui 
iloneset 

Bonfires,  always  dang-.Tous         ii\.  ri'^ 
Boi.any,  the  study  ot 
Bftaurus  /rnjdjtw""'  , 

How  and  arrow  making,  coups  for 
Itow  and  arrows,  to  make  and  use 
Uow  and  drill  lor  firemaking 
Uow-woixl,  B(xlarc,  or  Osage  Orange 
Box  KUIer.  or  .\sh-leaved  Maple 
Boxes  or  houses  for  birds,  to  make 
llraiilip*;  and  splicing.  cou|)S  for 
Hr.iHlit  ('dnjjfdiij 
Bread,  camp,  to  m.ake 
Bread,  to  rr.ake  without  utensils     . 
Bread  ri«>t,  or  Prairie    Turiiiii,  as  foo,l 

pl.int 
Breathiii!;.  healthful 
Brennus,  tt.c  Gaul 
UroiUns  Sab  or  game 


194 
3«4 

21 

>70 
306 
377 
ig6 
306 
207 
ab 
35« 
J5i 
240 
I'M 
.577 

,(O0 

IflO 
l8i 

.Ui 

.fl 

til 
iQl 
JHq 

J7I 

■iU 

.  J^fi 

1^0 

J'J 


2'>H 
3'>S 

J'.S 
1'>H 
3.i7 
3U 

^'.^'• 

.ViJ 

.ijg 

.(OS 
IQl 
MQ 

373 

jSi 

31s 

,iSQ 
3tl 

j;3 

U5 
3  19 

.<s7 

H'i 
I>H 

IS5 


Broom,  camp.  • ,  -  ,  • 

Brother  and  Sister  Craft  degree,  tests  for 

Btio  Virginianus 

Bull-boat,  as  teepee  storm  cap  .     ■     • 
Bums  and  scalds,  treatment  for     . 
Burning  building,  life  saving  in  «   .     . 
Business  degree,  tests  lor     .  ■     • 

Buleo  bortalis 3*3 

Buttons,  leather,  to  make    •,  •     ■     »4S 

Buttucwood.  Buttonball,  Plane  Tree, 

or  Sycamore.  ■..•.•      •     •' 

Butternut.  Oil  Nut,  or  White  W  alnut 

Bu7.zard,  or  Turkey  Vulture 


PAOE 
»»9 

378 
3*4 
130 
143 
t3S 
378 


193 
314 

8 


8 
191 
179 
l8.» 


Cabin  building,  coups  for      . 

Cakes,  baked  on  flat  stone 

Calling  the  roll  in  Council  meetings 

Calopogon,  as  food  plant     . 

Camp  beds,  how  made    .... 

Camp  bread,  to  make     .... 

Camp  broom  ■•■,■•■     'J? 

Camp  Cook  degree,  tests  for     .      .      ■     3»o 

Camp  cookery      ■■  ,      ' 

Camp  craftsman  degree,  tests  for 

Camp  Itoctor  degree,  tests  (or 

Campfire.  rules  for  the 

Camplire  -Stories  and  Poems 

How  Men  Found  the  Great  Spint 

The  Fairy  Lamp:, 

The  First  Gang 

The  Gitch-e  O-kok-o  hoo 

The  Origin  of  the  Bluebird 

The  Road  to  Fairyland 

The  Seven  Swans 

The  Story  of  Corn-Smut  Girl  90 

The  Twin  .S'ars  go 

Camp  grate,  how  made "»» 

Camp  grounds,  selecting  ■      •      '     'ZJ 

Camp  horn,  the "*° 

Camp  inspection 'J" 

Camp  kitchen "i 

Camp  lantern,  the  t)est no 

Camp  leadership 'M 

Camp  loom  and  gra.ss  mats.      .      .      •     110 
Camp  officers,  election  of  .      .      •     I7S 

Camp  program  '?? 

Camp  rake »»2 

Cai.ip  rules "" 

Camp,  running  a J  73 

Camp  anitalion  . 
Camp  learn  work 
Campanula  rolundifoli/i 
Camper  degree,  tests  for 


183 
381 
38> 
381 

95 
114 

95 
100 

08 

97 

.21 


10; 

HI 

3 

185 


Campercraft.  coups  for 

Camping,  arrangement  of  tents,  etc. 

Camping,  coups  for 

Camping  on  city  roofs          _ 
Camping  out.  benefits  and  dangers 
Camping  .rip,  outfitting  for 
Canada  Balsam                      .    .• 
Canadian.   Re<l,  or  Norway  Pine 
Canis  Major,  constellation  of 
Canis  Minor,  constellation  of     .      . 
Canner  degree,  tests  'or 
Canoe  T.ig       ■■•„..' 
Canoe,  White,  or  Pai)er  Birth 
Cam>e-i:ami)in«[.  coup-  for                 . 
i  anoe  w.xxl   White  wimxI.  Yellow  Pop- 
lar, or  rulip  Tree 

Canorinn.  iuu|«  for  ,  j 

'tancxjisis   Love   S<mg,"   words   ana 
music 


174 

370 
.V'i6-36« 


"1 
358 

163 

i«0 

170 
j8.S 
185 
317 
317 
383 
57 
196 
354 

105 
354 

7i 


Index 


431 


TAOt 

378 

I4,J 
MS 
378 
3*3 
»4S 


PAGE 

ranoeman  DcRree,  tests  for            .     .  383 

(  ardinal  Flower   ......  J76 

Caribou  Dance,  the  .     .     .  8s 

Carpenter  degree,  tests  for        .  384 

(arpinus  Caroliniana 198 

Carrion  Crow 3J0 

Car>-ing  a  fork  and  spoon    ....  146 

Cassiopeia,  constellation  of  .  317 

Castama  dentata 303 

CastiUeja  coccinea 276 

Cat,  oi  Great  Homed,  Owl ....  3*4 

Cat,  tracks  of ao6 

Catl>ird     ....  335 

CalkarUs  aura                              .            .  3>t 

Cedar.  White,  or  Arbor-vita-  aSo 

Celandine .373 

Cercis  Canadensis 308 

Ceremony  of  Grand  Council  »s 

CHabaku'ij  degree,  tests  for  380 

Ckamaenerion  angustiiolium  17S 

Charlemagne,  trained  in  uoiKlcraft  3 

Charter,  cost  of  and  how  obtained  7 

Charter,  how  to  apply  for  5 

CheliJonium  majui     ....  »7J 

Ckemaunitan  degree,  tests  for  383 

Chestnut         303 

CbestDUt,  Yellow,  or  Chinquapin  Scrub 

Oak 199 

Chickadee 336 

Chicken-squawk,  to  make    .  146 

Chicory,  or  Succor>'  ...  168 
Chief,  qualifications  and  duties.            ao,  a8 

Chief,  selection  of s 

Chief's  badge,  design  and  color  ai 

Chimapkita  maculaUt.  tyS 

Chinese  Tag  Game  ...  47 
Chinquapin  Scrub  Oak,  or  Yellow  or 

Chestnut  Oak ago 

Chips,  horse  and  cow,  for  fires  .  183 

Chrysanthemum  Leueantktmum .  no 

Cickorium  Inlybus a68 

Cinder  or  Sana  in  the  eye,  treatment  for  144 

Citizen  degree,  tests  for 385 

Citizenship  and  patriotism  ....  145 

City  craft laa 

City  hunting,  coups  for 358 

(  ity  woodcraft lai 

I'laiming  degrees                        ...  373 

Claiming  of  badges 3a 

ilaylonia  Vir^inica 271 

('leavers,  or  Stickweed         .  a73 

"I'losiiiK  Lullaby."  words  and  music   .  y.i 

Closing  the  Council 0,  a6 

Cock-Fighting  Game            ....  4S 

Code,  International  Morse  .      .      .      .  la? 

Code  for  smoke  signals         ....  a,'!6 

Code,  railway  signal                   ...  161 

Coiaptfs  auraius          .                  .            .  330 

( i>/iMHj  X'irginianus  3ao 

Cnlunial  Housekeeper  deifree,  tests  for.  386 

Colors,  Indian,  how  obtained  aj3 

Columbinr                                           .      .  a76 

lomiias.s,  homemade                      .      .  ai8 

Compass,  the  watch  as  a  ai8 

Condenser  for  wireless                        ia6,  <a8 

tcne-flower.  or  Black -eyed  Susan  a74 

Conferring  (  oup  and  begree  Ijadges  3a 

Connecting  up  wireless  set  lao 

(  onservator  oegrec.  tests  for  387 

Constitution,  changes  in  ihc  tg 
ConstitutioD  or  Laws  for  ttu:  ruling  at 

ti»  Tribe a7 


PACE 

Cook,  camp,  appointment  and  duties  .  174 

Cook  s  Assistant  in  camp,  duties  of  17s 
Cookery,  camp     ...                       .183 

(.'ooking,  coups  for    .  35S 

Cooking  outfit  for  campin.;  tri;>  170 

Cooking  without  utensils     ....  184 

Copperhead  Snake 33S 

Coral  Snakes 338 

Corn-Smut  Girl,  the  Story  of    .  99 

Cnrtus  hrachyrhynikos  ^^2 

Cotton-mouth  Moccasin       ...  jiA 

Cottonwood    .                                     .  asi 

Council,  closing  the   .  9,  26 

Council,  decorum  of        .  9 

Council  Fire,  how  made 178 

Council  Fire,  indoor 9 

Council  Fire,  lighting  the          .      .      .  8 

Council  Fire,  position  of            .      .      .  ^77 

Council  Fire,  wood  supply  for   .  175 

Council-fire  Circle,  esublishing  a    .  177 

Council  games                 .  43 

('ouncil  meetings,  when  and  where  held  7 

Council,  National,  olTicers  of     .      .      .  i\ 

Council  of  Guidance,  officers  of      .      .  iv 

Council,  order  of  doings  in  .      .      ,  8 

Council  Ring,  how  to  make  177 

Council  Ring  making,  cou|n  for  359 

Council  Ring,  meaning  of  the  n 

('ouncil  Rolje,  how  maile  20 

Council  room,  arrangement  of  7 

Councils,  High.  Cjeneral,  and  Grand  177 

Councils,  Special,  how  called  17 

Councils,  when  held  a? 

Coup  and  Degree  badges,  conferring  of  1 

Coup  badge,  design  and  color  ]} 

Coups,  badges  for      .     .     .  346 

Coups  for  Agriculture          ....  36$ 
Coups  for  Athletic  Exploits             .   345-35(1 

Arctic  travel 354 

Athletic  Specialties 353 

Bithing 353 

Canoe  camping 354 

Canoeing 354 

Eyesight 356 

Gang  tramping 334 

General  athletics 347-351 

Horseback  riding         347 

Life  saving  . 340 

Log  riding 354 

Lone  tramping.                      ...  354 

Motoring 354 

Mountain  climbing 355 

Paddling 354 

Saddle  camping 354 

Skiing 354 

Target  shooting      ...  356 

Tropic  travel          354 

Coups  for  Campercraft  ....  356-303 

Archery 359 

Axe  work 357 

Bait  casting  .... 

Bee-line  travel  .... 

Birch  canoe  making    ... 
Blaze  and  sign  making 
Boat  building  ... 

Bjw  and  arrow  making    ... 

Braiding  and  splicing 357 

Cabin  building 3$8 

Camping 358 

City  bunting     .                      ...  jjt 

Cooking      .     .                .  3$8 

Couocu  Ring  making  .          .  3$g 


J6i 
356 
3S» 
Hi 
35* 
359 


43* 


Index 


I:  - 

n 


hr\ 


.?S8 
J5Q 
.156 
.?50 
.561 

,158 
357 


PAGE 

Dancinf!.     .....■•■  350 

Diamond  Hitch  throwing.     .     ■     •  ,357 

Klint-and-steel  fire  making     ...  357 

Kly  casting,  indoor 30t 

Fly  fishing 36i 

Gauging  Umess                      .  357 

Guessing  size,  height,  .'.nd  weight  357 

Herald,  proficiency  as ISO 

Knot  tying 357 

Lassoing  -JSJ 

Latitude  talcing  358 

Latrine  nuUcing      .... 

Map  making 

Vatch-fire  proficiency 

Peace  Messenger,  proficiency  as 

Rod  making 

Rubbing-stick  fire  lighting 

Sign  talking 

Signaling.  Wigwag,  Myer  or  Morse 

codes 

Star  gazing 

Sweat  Lodge  making 359 

Tackle  making 3°9 

Tent  or  teepee  making           .      .      •  35S 

Tomtom  making          .           ...  359 

Trailing 35» 

Traveling                                  ...  350 

Water  boiling  357 

Wilderness  cooking  ,55S 

Coups  for  Curing  meat  and  fish  3<>7 

Coups    for    Drying,    Preserving,   and 

Canning  .  3(J7 

Coups  (or  Entertaining 3™* 

Coups  for  Geology,  etc '■^^ 

Coups  for  Handicraft  work        •      •      '  •'2"' 

Coups  (or  Home  Cra(t 306 

Coups  (or  Li(e  Craft  3^9 

C.)ups(or  Nature  study      .     .  .<<>» 

(.oups  (or  Needle  Cra(t 3t>8 

Coups  (or  Photography  i'j' 

Cradle  Cra(t  degre*.  tests  (or  .l" 

Crane's  Bill,  or  W  iM  Geranium  37^ 

Crinkle-root,  as  io<Kl  plant  <94 

Crow  Hlackbird,  or  Purple  Grackli-  333 

Crow,  Carrion  .*'" 

Crow,  Common  33J 

Curing  meat  and  fish,  couib  (or  307 

Cuts  and  wounds,  treatment  143 

CwmKiUc  cristala  ''i^ 

Cypress,  Bald  J89 

Cy/iriptdium  (i.aule               .  .171 

C\priptdium  kirsutum ^74 

C'ypripedium  regituc ^7' 


Dancer  degree,  tests  (or 
Dancing 


Ojibway  Snake  Dance 

The  Animal  Dance  of  Nana-lxvjou 

The  Caribou  Dance 

The  Dog  Dance     . 

The  Lone  Hunter  .     . 

The  Storm  Cloud  . 
I  laming,  coups  (or    . 
Darning,  Indun  . 
PauuHihrk  degree,  tests  (or 
Uatua':  tarota. 
"Death  Song"   (Ojibway 

music 
Decorum  o(  Council 
Deer  Hunt  Ga  nir 
Degree  badges,  design  and  color 
Degree  badges.  iUusl rated 


wordi  and 


389 
79 
84 
87 

»\ 
81 

»o 
tSO 
79 

17'> 
J7  ( 


7  1 

O 

Si 

11 

370^  W( 


rAGK 

Degrees,  tests 'tr 374-4*7 

.^rt  Craftsman 374 

.\rt  Metal  Woriter  376 

Athlete,  or  Strongman  375 

Backwoods  Handicraftsman  .  .     376 

Bird  Sharp  377 

Brother  ur  Sister  Craft     .378 

Business 378 

Camper 379 

Camp  Cook 3*> 

Camp  Craftsman .IJ* 

Camp  Doctor ij' 

Canner i°i 

Canoeman 383 

Carpenter 3*4 

Citizen IJS 

(  olonial  Housekeeper.  '     *« 

C  onservator  3°? 

I  radle  Cra(t 3»» 

Dancer 389 

Entertainer 39" 

Farmer 39" 

Fisherman 39' 

F<xxl  Cra(t 393 

Forester 394 

Frontiersman  "5 

Gardener 396 

Gleeman,  or  Camp  Conjurer.  397 

Handihelp  .      .  397 

Herald,  or  Crier  398 

Home  Cook 399 

Horseman 40o 

Hostess 4<" 

Housekeeper 40» 

Hunter        404 

Hunter  in  Town 405 

Indian  Cra(tsman 405 

Indian  Lore 406 

Laundry  Expert 40» 

Li(e-Cra(t 409 

Lightning  Wheeler 4O0 

Ma.ket  Woman,  or  Buyer  4»o 

Metal  Worker 4" 

Mountaineer  4'* 

Needlewoman 4i» 

.Nurse 4X4 

Patriotism 4'4 

Potter 41s 

Scout 410 

Scout  Runner         4'7 

Seamanship  4«o 

Sharpshooter    4'9 

Star  Wiseman  .  '" 

Small  Stock  Farmer  4*0 

Slock  Farmer 4*o 

Swimmer 4** 

Teacher 4** 

Three  Years'  Service 4*3 

Thunder  Handler  .      .  4*3 

Thunder  Roller 4*4 

Traveler ***. 

\  illage  Scout 4*5 

White  .Man's  Woodcraft 
Wise  Woodman 
\\oman's  Power  in  History 
Degrees,  claiming  of 
Degrees  in  Woodcraft,  li^l 
Diamond  Hitch  throwing, 
Ihbaakid  degree,  tests  for 
Disputes,  how  settle.! 
Distance  acroM  stream,  it 
Ditty-box,  to  make 


:ji 

>ry 

4*7 

373 

ol 

.      370 

coup'  t'T 

(57 

4*5 

28 

.  measuir 

198 

546 

Index 


433 


Dog,  to  deteratine  weight  by  ttee 
track 

Uog,  tracks  of 

Itog  Dance,  the 

Doing,  the  value  of 

Doticlumyx  orytivarus      .... 

Don't  tuir.  out  your  toes 

Don'ts  for  fire  prevention 

Dope,  iy  and  mosquito  .... 

Dove 

Downy  Woodpecker. 

Drill  and  bow  for  fire  .  .xinK 

Drowning,  to  revive  from 

!>rum,  how  to  make 

Dry  footgear,  necessity  of 

I  ry  vvuod,  to  obtain 

Drying,     Preserving,     ami     I'aiinin 
coups  for  .  . 

I)i  vobales  pubt%cms   .... 

Ducks,  Wild 

Dues,  membership 

I  >ues  and  aues-sments 

OumflfUa  Carolinensii 

Dutii-s  of  the  rulers  of  the  Irilx- 

Dyes,  woodcraft 

Kagle,  Bald,  or  \\  hite-headed 
Kagle,  War,  or  (iolden 
Edible  wild  plants 
Election  of  camp  officers 
Election  of  officer?  of  Tribe 
Election  of  officers  at  annual  meeting 
Kim,  Slippery,  to  prei>are  for  fiwd. 
Elm,  Slippery,  Red,  or  Moose 
Elm.  Swamp,  Water,  or  White 
Entertainer  degree,  tests  for 
Entertaining,  coups  for 
Eokid  degree,  tests  for 
Epigaa  repens 
Epilobium,  or  Fire  Weeti 
EupaMrium  pr'ioiiatum 
E^xploits,  Coup  liadges  for    . 
I.ye,  cinder  or  sand  in  the 
E^yes,  defects  and  remedy 
Eyesight,  coups  for 

I'a^Hi  ftandifolia 

laintlng.  treatment  for        .     . 

\  A\ry  Lamp,  the 

false  Solomon's  Seal. 

KanRs  of  iMisonous  snakes   . 

I  armer  degree,  tests  for 

I  arness,  gaugini;  i  imp  for 

Ear  Sight,  or  Slot  the  Rabbit  Game 

lather  Councillor,  qualific.itinns  for 

Feather     Ftiotball,     or     Frather-blu  x 

(lame 
Ejre  Keeper,  i\.    irs  of 
Fire  kindler.  to  make  ihj. 

Eire,  loss  of  life  and  pixmerlv  tiv 
Fire  Pink 

lire,  prevention  of 
Eire,  to  keep  all  nij{ht 
Eire  Weed,  Epilobium,  or  Spiked  W  il 

lowherb 
I  ire,  what  to  do  in  case  of   , 
Eire  with  rubbing-sticks 
Fireside  Trirk  .      . 

first  Aid: 

Hiirns  and  seal-' 

*  inder,  or  »an<;        ihe  eye 

(  uls  ami  wound- 


PAGE 

if  Drowning,  to  revive  from 

iq8  Fainting 

306  Hemorrnag'*,  or  internal  lileeding 
8j  Insect  stings 

316  Lightning  stroke    . 

iM  Mad  dog  or  snake  bite 

141  Shock,  or  nervous  collapse 
111  Snake  bite,  treatment  for 
iSi  .Sunstroke 
.?,?o  First  Gang,  the 
j.»o  FLsh,  cooketl  without  utensils 
ijo  Fi.sh  and  game,  baked  in  mud 
14J  Fisherman  ilegree,  tests  for 
3<i  Fishing,  couiw  for 

142  Flag  and  lamp  signals,  railuay 
!■<]  Flicker,  or  Highhole 

Flint-and-steel  fire  making,  cou.is  for 

307  Fly  and  mosquito  dope 
3io  Ely  ca»t;ng,  indoor,  coups  for 
137  Fly  fishing,  coups  for 

s  Folk  dancing  . 

29.  30  Food  Craft  degree,  tests  for 

i^$  F]ood  supplies  for  camping  trip 

38  Eorcst  fires,  destruction  by 

34,>  Eorester  degree,  tests  for 
Fork  and  spoon,  to  carve 

M\  Fortune  Game 

,)3.t  F'orty    birds    that    e\er\     WotMlcrafter 

igi  should  know 

I7i  Fourth  of  July  celebration,  loss  ot  life 

s  at       .           

37.  38  Eon.  tracks  of 

igi  Eirt «  hunt,  the    .                 .... 

.(oj  l-raxtnus  Americami              .... 

joi  Fraxinus  nigra                                         . 

,500  Fringed  Gentian 

.<M  Frontiersman  degree,  tests  for 

j8i  Fungi,  Mushrooms,  or  Toadst.Mils 

370 

378  Gahfikiked  degree,  tests  for 

170  CadniikiutJ  degree,  tests  for 

.145  Gagoiktji  degree,  tests  for 

144  Gaiat  degree,  tests  for 

141  Galium  moUuto 

iSb  Game  and  fish  baked  in  mud 

Games,  Council 

,503  Cock  Fighting 

144  Indian  Leg  Wrestle 

(>>  Navajo  Featlier  Dance 

37,i  ()ne-legge<i  Chicken  FIjjht 

,i40  Poison 

,<(}i  Silemnity 

,1,S7  Strong  Hand 

40  Stung,  or  Stepon  ihi   R.iiilir 

a  I  Talk -test 

Tub  Tilting 

'>3  (iames  Indoor 

31  Blind  Man's  iiuri 

331  leather  Foolhali    .(r  Feather  '*•« 

I  i.5  Fireside  Trick 

370  E'ortune 

lit  <  leograjihy 

iSi  Guessing  (Janir 

king<iom 

J7S  Ujoe  vur  Trick 

1,14  Magic  Music 

310  Menagerie 

'1  Menagerie  P«n 

My  ^  acalion 

14,5  \»m«>  in-  Toiiic- 

144  f)iW«  and  Even- 

141  Fortran  Partv 


PACK 

«4» 

144 

14.1 
■44 
•44 
144 
144 
.?40 
14.» 
too 
184 

I. So 

SU3 
i'O 
101 

ii7 
iSt 

7Q 

I  70 
.■to 

'^ 

J3J 

Hi 
ao8 

III 

.?«» 
,»u 

370 

104 

,i70 

4'0 

39  3 

^86 

J7i 

186 

4.1 

4S 

44 

44 

IS 

4.'! 

!« 

i; 

I1 

4l> 

4i 

5- 

I  I 
(11 

s< 

^<* 

bi 

t>:> 

S8 
.s-t 

<7 


434 


Index 


C9 


.  fur 
-  lor 


Games.  Outdoor 

Apache  Relay  Race 

Bat  Ball 

Chinese  Tag  ,,,.;• 

Kar  Sight,  or  Spot  the  Rahhit 

ilomr  Star.  01  Pole  Star 

Hostile  Spy  ■      ■ 

Mr<lley  ScoutinR    .      . 

(,)uick  Sight 

Rat  on  the  L-Kice 

Scouting 

Slillhunting    the  Buck,  .ir  the  Deer 
Hunt  . 

Trailing 

Tree  the  t"(K)n 

Watching  by  the  I'rail 

Waler-Doiling  I  nnld 
dames.  Water 

lame  Tag 

Sjieaniig  tht-  t.rrat  Mur;;(.iiii 

Tilting  m  the  W.iu-r 
(/(jntiufHiiibi  degrev-.  ti'^i-  for 
tiang  tramping,  coups  lor 
I.UOVJ&/  ilegree,  tesl^  (or 
(larbage  disposal  in  lamii 
l.ardcner  degree.  ti->l  ■  l.>r 
(/liiAiirtciiar  dcgrrt-,  Irl 
(nUmi-Wetut  dcgrrt-.  ii-i 
tiauging  farness.  ump-  lor 
(»ari<i  iiBwrr 
tiee-string  camp,  the 
(ieneral  Council.  ho.\  hi-ld 
(ientian.  Fringed 
iirnliami  rrinil.i 
(ieography  tiamf 
(ieol(  .;y.  cou|>^  for 
Georgia.   Nmthcni,    \cilo« 

U>ng-lcavi-il  Pini' 
Grranium  tmuuinlum 
(ieranium.  Wilil 
liijitoi  degree,  test >  lor 
iiimah  degrer,  tests  lor 
Ginger,  Wild 
iiishptnaur  degree.  te< 
t;ilcli-e  ()-k.)l.  ..  hixi 
Gleeman.   or    i  jm|. 

tests  for 
Golden,  or  Black  (Uk 
Golden,  or  War.  V^'J.\ 
G<»ldenriKl 
Goose.  Wild 
(iovernmeni    licit,  r 

ol)l.ltll 

Grand  (  ouiicil.  irrc-iio  iv  ot 
drand  (  ouncil.  ho.\  held 
(iniiid  Coup  badgi-,    le-ik'n  .i"'!  color 
(irard  Sachem.  (|ualiluation-  (or 
Grand  Sadit-m  liadge.    ilesit;.!i  .iiid  i. 
Grand  Sagamorr.  <|ualificatioii^  for 
Grand  Sagami>rr      liadge,    design 

color 
(.rant,  V   S..  trained  n  »iH>.Uralt 
Grass  mats  and  camp  loom 
1  if.iss  of  Parnassus 
Grate,  green  log 
Grav.  or  .Xsiienleaved.  hir<  h 
Gray,  or  Yellow  Hirth 
Great  Hear,  or  Hig  l)i|>|«' 
Great  Blue  Heron 
tirtat  Hornet!,  or  Cat,  ()»l 
Grounding  the  arria' 
Group  singing 


PAGE 
46 
47 

47 

.17 
iO 
1<J 


4Q 
si 

•iS 
;o 
47 

sj 
If) 
\0 
4" 


Hard. 


for 

• 'lurer   degree. 

r  f,»uercitrt)n 

>r     .iiroles       to 


ISO 
177 

^0 


js;; 
2TS 
}-;■> 

4J! 

llA 

no 

.,s 

W7 

!:;  i 
1 2'' 

177 


and 


21'> 

il  \ 

lij 

ill 
!"4 
M) 

121 


VKC.T. 

Group  work  in  camp t7.s 

Grouse,  Kufled  •'»> 

Grouse,  snow  shelter  ot '" 

Growth  in  Woodcraft " 

(iues.sing  Game  ■■.,•••       " 

(messing  size,  height,  and  weight,  coups 

for ■  .  •      -357 

CJuide,  qualifications  and  duties      .       So,  aS 
Guide,  selecting  a       .      .           •      •      •  J 

(Jum,  Red.  Star  leaved  or  Sweet      .     .      .toO 
Gum,  Sour,  or  Black 3'> 


t>i, 


Hackmatack.  Tamarack,  or  Larch 
Ila'iaelus  ieufiKu  plutlus 
Hand.  llag.  and  lamp  railway  signals  1 
Hantiicraft  stunts       .... 
Handicraft  V\  ork,  coujis  for 
fiandihclp  degree,  test  ^  for  .      . 
Hard.  Ixmg  leavetl.  t.etirgia.  Southern 

Yellow,  or  Hard  Pine 
Hard.  Rock,  or  Sugar,  Maple 
Hard-hock,      IronwtxHi.      LeverwtMit 
BeetlewtKMl,  or  Hop  Hornbeam 

Hardtack,  to  luke 

HarelK-ll.  or  Hlueljell, 

Harmless  snakes,  value  to  the  farmer 

Hatchet,  use  of 

Mead  (iuide,  duty  of 

lleaci  nets  for  tin--.  ,in  ;  mostiuiliK-s 

Heail  or  hat  Uin.l.  .lesii;'!  and  crilor 

Health  Chief  for  camp,  duties  i>' 

Health  hints  

Heartsease,  or  Yiolet 

Height  of  trees,  to  lUiermine 

Heighl.  size,  ami  vvciijht  gut-sing.  n)U|» 

for       ...      . 
Hemlock 
Hemorrhage,     .ir     internal     bleeding 

treatment  for 
Henhawk.  or  Re-l-tailet!  Hawk 
Hciiatica,  or  Liverleaf     .... 

llcpalka  triloba 

Herald,  or  Crier  degree,  tests  for    . 

Herald,  coups  for  proficiency  as 

Heron,  Great  Blue 

Hickory,  Pignut  ■  ,      ,     , 

Hickory,  White.  Shellhark.  or  Muglark 

Hickory,     White-heart,     Big-bud,     or 
.Motkernut 

Ilii  (iri.i  alhj 

Huoriii  gUhra 

Huiiriii  mnita 

UUitriii  I'ecan 

High  Council,  how  formed   .      .      .      . 

High  (\.i'.ncil.  how  held         .      .  . 

High  Hikers,  horns  of  the    .      . 

Highhole.  or  Flicker 
Hike  S)iig"  words  and  music 

Hiking,  rules  bikkI  in       . 

Hiking  trips  should  h.ive  t.bject 

Itirunirn  rf>ilhrota\lt' 

■  Hither  Thunder! "  Words  and  music 

Hog  iieanuts  as  footi 

Home  took  degree,  tests  for 

Home  t  rait,  coui>»  for 

Home  Star,  or  Pole    tar.  Game 

Honorary  memljers  s<  metimcs  ileited 

Huop,  Bbck.  iir  Wate.-,  .\sh 

Hot.it.  or  Barred,  f)wl 

Hop  Hortdieam,  Irciwtnxl.  Hard  he"  k 
l.,everwood,  or  BeellewootI 

Hum,  camp 


aS7 

3J5 
Il)3 

364 
307 

.,O.H 
J«7 

2&H 
340 
JJl 

IS 
1»I 

;22 
174 
MO 
J  08 
198 

3,'i7 
2S7 

143 
323 

J  68 
268 
30» 

3';o 
320 
»gs 
2y4 


2Q.I 
204 

ag.s 

agt 

as 

J77 

i7'> 

3.(0 

72 

14I' 

147 

sss 

7'> 
I>,2 
3'J<» 
3<iO 

4'> 

2S 

31  ( 

.(2  1 

2V7 
I.V1 


Index 


435 


PACE 

175 

211 
II 


Horns  of  the  High  Hikers 
Hi>mbeam,  American 
Hornbeam.  Hop  ... 

Ilorseljack,  riding  coups  for 
ffnrseman  degree,  tests  for  . 
Hostess  dcRree.  tests  for 
Hostile  Spy  tiame  ... 

House  Wren,  (  ommon   . 
Housekcei>er  degree,  tests  for    . 
Ifow  a  snake  bites     .  . 

How  Men  Found  the  (jreat  Spirit 
How  to  earn  money 
How  to  form  a  Tril)e 
How  to  know  the  wild  things    . 
How  to  make  a  Council  Ring 
How  to  make  a  wireless  s"t 
How  to  make  the  I'ouncil  lire 
Hummingbird.  Ruby -throated 
Hunter  degree,  tests  for 
Hunter  in  town  degree,  tests  for 
Hunter's  lamp  .  . 

Hyades.  constellation  of . 
Ilylocitkla  muslelinus 
llypoxis  hirsuUi  ... 


Id'Tus  giilbuh 

Idiography.  or  picture  writing 

Impiitifns  hiftora  ... 

Ittitnokiu-in  degree,  tests  for 

liiliringing  of  a  Newcomer 

Indian  clix:k.  or  sundial 

Indian  (raftsman  degree,  tests  for. 

Indian  Cucuml>er,  as  food  plant 

Indian  ilancing 

Indian,  keen  eyes  of  the 

Indian  Leg  Wrestle 

Indian  Lore  degree,  tests  for 

Indian  names  for  the  months 

Indian   names  for  the  Pole-star,  and 

liig  Dipper   , 
Indian  paints,  how  made 
Indian  Paint-brush,  or  Painted  Cup 
Indian  Pipe 

Indian  Turnip,  or  lack-in-the-pulpit 
hxlian  Turnip,  as  food 
Indian  tweezers 
Indian  well,  the 
In'livndual  tally  book 
IndtMir  Council  Fire 
Indoor  Games 

Induction  coil  for  .\ireless  «et 
Initiation  of  members 
Initiation  trials 
Insect  stings,  treatment  for. 
Insects,  the  study  of 
In^ix'ition  in  camp 
Installation  of  memlwrs 
Installation  of  the  higher  ranks 
International  Morse  Coilr.  the 
lrnn-.vo.)d.      Hard-back.      Ia-v(twchi 

Ueetlewood,  or  Hop  Hornbeam 


Jabnniian-liwt  degree,  tests  for 
J.ick-in-the  pulpit,  or  Indian  Turtii|i 
Jdck-in-the  Puljiit,  as  fooil  plant 
Jcwelweeil,  Touch-me-not,  or  Silverleaf 
Juda.-i  Tree,  or  Re<l-bud 
Ju^tans  !  inere.i      .... 
Jvtiiiw  Hiitra         .       .      . 

K  ilmia  I  ilifcliii 
Ktt-mu-iak^-Ur  degree,  Xt^u  for 


PAGE 
176 
agS 
ao? 

347 
400 
401 
40 
3(6 
40] 
343 
114 

a6o 

•i 

J6S 
177 
IJ3 
I7» 
30 
404 
405 
3ig 
317 
336 
a74 

■  >5 
274 
405 

30 
J17 
40.5 
loa 

70 
141 

44 
406 
164 

314 

143 
J76 
»70 
278 
1 02 
217 
i8o 
164 
0 

s-" 

121 

10 
"44 

267 
I7'> 

;i 

\2 
1  J7 

30  " 

I'J 

i'll 

'',\ 

2«l 
273 

417 


—       .                       .  PAGi: 

Keeping  up  the  old  trails     .      .      .  215 

Kikimrwina  degree,  tests  for  422 

Kingbird         .                 j^i 

Kingdom  Game               '  Jq 

Kisibigaiee-Winini  degree,  tests  for  408 

Kitchen,  camp                ig, 

Kikhi-odena-mnini  degree,  tests  for    .  585 

ATiViguB  degree,  tests  for \o6 

Ai/i'jinwn  degree,  tests  for    .  .    (01,420 

Knife  and  Hatchet,  aor  whittling  and 

chopping  220 
Knife,  rules  for  using  a   .      .                 .223 

Knot  tying,  coups  for  ,57 
Knots  campers  should  know     25.!.  254,  2ss 

Lace,  or  thong,  to  Tiake nj 

Lady's  Slipper,  Showy 2i\ 

I-ady's  Slipper,  Yellow    ....  274 

Lamp,  hunter's jig 

I>amp  of  Fortitude,  rays  from  the  .-.5 

Lamp  of  Truth,  rays  from  the  .  2(1 

Language  of  signs      .      .  14S 

l,antern,  woodman's 2ig 

Lantern  and  flag  signals,  railway  161 

Larch,  Tamarack,  or  Hackmatack  287 

Larix  laricina .  287 

Larus  argenidlus jjj, 

Las.soing,  cou[>s  for  357 

latitude  taking,  coups  for  358 

Latrine  making,  coui)s  for  358 

Latrine,  provision  for,  in  camji  .74 

Laundo'  Expert  degree,  tests  f..r  408 

Laurel,  Mountain  27  { 

Laws  and  punishments   ...  2g 

Laws,  changes  of  the      ...  2g 

Laws,  of  Woodcraft  Boys     ...  10 

Leadership  in  camp  174 

Lean-to  shelter,  to  make  223 

Leather  buttons,  to  make    .  24s 

Leather  lace  or  thong,  to  make  24s 

Lee,  Robert  E..  trained  in  wixxfcraft  3 
I-everwood.      Ironwood,      Hard-hack, 

Beetlewood,  or  Hop  Hornbeam  2g7 

License,  Government,  for  wireless  126 

Life  Craft,  coups  for  (6») 

Life  Craft  degree,  tests  for  4og 

Life  f-orce.  the  140 
Life  Saving,  coups  for                         (46,  369 

Life  saving  in  burning  building  135 

Lighting  a  fire  iSi 

Lightning.  tre.itmenl  of  injured  from  1^4 

Lightning  W  hetlrr  degree.  le>ts  l.ir  4og 

Lights  for  c»mii  us<  218 

Lilium  PIriUdejpku  um  276 

l.ilium  suftrbum  276 
Lime.  W'hislle-wiKxI.  Ha.s.swo<Kl,  W  hitr 

wood,  or  Linden  311 

Lincoln,  .\braham,  trainnl  in  wiKxkraft  3 
Linden,  I.ime,  Hasswrxxl.  Whitew!jo<l. 

or  U  hislle-wcKx!  311 

l.innta  bareaiis  270 

Li()uidambar,  Bilsted,  «r  .Mligator  Tree  .)o6 

Liquidambar  ilyr<irijiua  >o6 

Liriodfndron  tuiipijttti  305 

List  111  Sagamores  and  Sachems  3j 

Little  Ixidge  badge,  design  and  color  21 

Liverleaf,  or  Hepatitjj  j68 

Lobtlid  latdinalf.  270 

Log  riding.  cout»  for.      .  354 

L.one  Hunter  Dance        ....  §1 

Lone  Star  Trick,  the  61 

Lone  tnunping,  coui>s  for               .  JS4 


436 


Index 


n 


?a 

5  3 

r     It 

t*1 

«f 

r:i 

» » 

PAr.E 
Lons-tttved,  Georgia,  Southern.  Yel- 

U>w.  or  Hard  Pine  .  .  .  .  J*5 
Loom,  camp,  and  grass  mats  ..  .  aJS 
Loom,  Navajo "J 


Loon 


•iJli 


Lost,  what  tc  do  when I'j 

Lupine *'2 

LuptHus  pertnnts ""> 

Mad  dog  or  snake  bite,  treatment  for        144 

Magic  Mu?ic  Game   .  ,        ' 

Mail  Chief  for  camp,  duties  of  .  i74 

Mallard,  Wild  Uuck  "7 

370 

413 

sat 
30a 


Mandrake,  or  May  Apple 
ManiUmitisk  degree,  testa  for     .      .      . 
Map  making,  coups  for  .      . 
Maple,  Ash-leave<l,  or  Box  Eldor 
Maple,  Red,  Scarlet.  Water,  or  Swamp 
Maple,  Silver,  Soft,  or  White 
Maplr,  Sugar,  Hard,  or  Rock 
Market  Woman,  or  Buyer  degree,  tests 

for 

Martin,  Purple 


410 
Mi 


.(56 
1>6 

It 

3» 

lOi 

SI 
7 
7 


Mashkiki  degree,  tests  for  .      .      •     .?»i 

Match-fire  proficiency,  cou[is  lor    . 

Mats,  grass,  and  camp  loon 

Nfay  Apple,  or  Mandrake 

.Vleaninit  of  the  badges 

Meaning  of  the  Council  Rmg 

ttleasuring  weights  and  distances 

Medley  Scouting  Comtwtilion  . 

Meeting  place,  arrangement  of 

Meetings,  when  and  where  held 

Mtlospiu  melodia  ■      ■      ■     334 

Membership,  voting  on  candidates  for       it 

Membership  dues         .  .  .      ,.  ' 

Men  of  history.  trame<l  in  woodcraft   .        3 

Menagerie  Game S"> 

Menagerie  Party  Game  00 

Mes-scge  to  Woodcraft  Boys  3 

Metal  Worker  degree .  tests  for  411 

JWWiim  degree,  tests  for       .  3g3 

Midjim  BiiMdisiu'in  degree,  tests  loi        400 
Jl/i*aii  degree,  tests  lor  4io 

Milfoil,  or  Yarrow »:3 

Milkweed "» 

Mimus  polygloUtis U') 

Mineralogy,  coujw  for i°i 

Minisino,  tests  for 30 

Minisino,  to  qualify  as '9 

Jtf»/i;n«*»*«<' degree,  tests  for.      .  .IQ* 

Moccasin  Flower,  I'urplc  .171 

Moccasin  Snakes  ■    ,  .    ;     ,      ^ ' 

Mockernut,  White  heat,  or   Big  bud. 

Hickory   .  ag4 

Mockingbird 335 

Mokodass~>W tHiHi  degree,  tests  lor 

Uonarda  didyma 

Money,  how  to  earn  .      ■ 

A/i>min>i«  degree,  tests  for  . 

Mitnnltopa  uniftora     .      .      ■      ■ 

Miinths,  Indian  names  lor  the 

M<x>n,  the <''^' 

Moons,  names  of  the 

Moose,  Red,  or  Slippery .  Kim 

Morse  Code  signaling.  ciiui>s  for 

Mosquitoes,  black  tlies.  cti 

Mother  Councillor,  qualifuations  for 

Motoring,  coups  lor  . 

Mountam  climbing,  coui»  lor 

Mountain  Laurel 

Mountaineer  degree,  tesus  for 


384 
J77 

374 
170 
1()4 
3'" 

37 
30 1 
15H 
iMl 

II 
3St 
,i55 

173 
41a 


Mud  baking  of  fish  and  game   .     . 
'•  Muje  Mukesin,"  word*  and  music 
Mushrooms,  Fungi,  or  Towlstools 
Mushrooms,  test  of.  by  sporeprmt . 
My  Vacation  Game        ... 
Myer  Code  signaling,  coups  for 

Namna-Ninini  degree,  tests  for 
Not»m»d  decree,  tests  tor    .     . 

Name,  winning  a 

Names  by  Topics  Game .... 
Sawttd  degrte,  tests  for 
Namptyo  degree,  tests  for 
National  Council,  of&cers  of  the 
Nature  Study,  coups  for 
Navajo  Feather  Dance  .... 

Navajo  \oom 

Savabik  degree,  tests  for     .      .      . 
Near-sightedness,  and  the  remedy . 
Nebula  in  Orion's  Swonl,  the    . 
Needle  case,  to  make  of  bone    . 
Needle  Craft,  coups  for       .     .     . 
Needlet^onin  degree,  tests  for 
Nets  for  flies  and  mosquitoes    .      .      . 
New  member's  work        .      .      •      •      • 
New  York  City,  wild  life  around    . 
,Vi*i«i*a-3wm»i  degree,  tests  for    .      . 
Nimrod,  trained  in  Woodcraft  . 
.Yii«f-<iif  degree,  tests  for    ...      . 
Xisso-bibon  degree,  requisite  lor 
Norway,  Canadian,  or  Norway  Pine    . 

Nurse  degree,  tests  for 

.VyjiKj  sy/wi<«c<»     .     .     .     • 

Oak.  Golden,  or  Black 

Oak,  Red 

Oak,  Scarlet 

Oak,  White  

Oak,  Yellow,  t  hestnut.  or  Chinquapin 
Scrub .-■     ,, 

O    Beautiful    lor    Spacious    Skies, 

^vords  and  music 

Odakrjnnini  degree,  tests  for     .      .      . 
OilriKi-GoBS'ftI  degree,  tests  for.      .      . 
Odeiu-vnniHi  degree,  tests  lor   . 
Officers  elected  at  annual  meeting         J 
Officers  of  the  Council  of  Guidance 
Officers  of  the  National  Council      .      . 
Officers  of  Tril*,  election  of      .      .      . 
Oil  Nut,  White  Walnut,  or  Butternut 

Oiibway  Snake  Dance 

Olor  buceitutor  ... 

Otor  Columhianus  ■      ■ 

Omaha  Tribal  Prayer,  to  rinse  Council 

•Omaha    Tribal    Priiyir,     uords   and 
music       ...  .      .      . 

One  legged  Chicken  Ugh'  <  >»me    .      . 

Djieralion  of  wireless  ^ijiiwi  ilus 

Orchid,  Queen  .  . 

Orchis,  Showy      .      . 

()fi*ij  statahilis  .      . 

Order  ot  doings  in  Council 

Origin  of  the  Ulurliirl.  the 

Oriole,  Baltimore. 

Orion,  constellation   »f 

Osage  Orange.  B<«l;u>    <>r  Bo»  woo-t 

oTkki-Abinodt'  d«'>;i«>    tests  for 

()i(iuiii  degree,  tests  tor 

Oslvra  f'ir£iii<<»*J  .... 

Oswego  Tea,  or  Bee  Balm         .      . 

(Hus  alio    . 

Outdoor  Games,  ... 


PARE 

186 
76 

194 

«9t 
5» 

3S8 


418 
397 

34 

58 
J88 
41S 

IX 

362 
44 
237 
4" 
141 
319 
246 
36S 
41a 
181 
II 
3')? 
42^ 
3 
414 
433 
«85 
414 
3" 

301 
300 
300 
29S 

tV) 

07 

40J 

4».5 

PS 

7,  ,18 

ix 

ix 

S 

393 

84 

338 

318 

Q.  36 
71 

4S 

139 

371 

173 

373 

8 
07 
>iJ 
317 

403 

*07 

•77 

3*4 
4ft 


Index 


437 


PAGR 

Outdoor  proverlM i3j 

Outdoor  sleeping us 

Outfitting  for  caniping  trip  ...  1 70 

Owl,  Great  Horned,  or  Cat .  iH 

Owl,  Hoot,  or  Barred .)j| 

Owl,  Screech .U4 

Ox-eye  Daisy.                 170 


Paddling,  coups  for 

Painted  Cup,  or  Indian  Paint-brush 
Paints,  woodcraft  . 

Paleontology,  coups  for 
Paper,  Canoe,  or  White  Birch 
Piirnassia  Caroiiniana 
HartridKe  or  Ruffed  (jrouse 
Pathfinder,  lests  for  . 
Pathfiniler,  tu  qualify  as 
PairiotLsm  and  citizenship 
Patriotism  degree,  test.s  for 
Peace  .Mes.Henger,  coups  for  proficiency 
Peace  Pipe  Ceremony,  the 
Peach  stone  ba.skets,  to  make 

Pecan .        , 

Pele<{fnHs  erylkrorkymkoi     .  . 

Pelican. 

PrmtkfsUs  attuapillits 

Pennsylvania  or  Canada  .Anemone 

Pe[i[ieridge,  Tupelo,  or  Black  or  Sour 

tium 
l'h')to(;raphy,  coups  for  . 

Piira  iantidensis 

I'ictugnphy,  Indian 

Picture  frame,  birch  bark     .... 
/'iiture  writing  .      , 

.•'iRPut  IiicLi)ry  .      . 

Pilot  Snake  ... 

Pin.  or  Swamp.  Oak        ... 
Pino,  IxjnK-leavcd.  (jeorgia.  Southern. 

Yellow,  (ir  Hard 
Pine,  Reil.  ('anailian.  or  \orwa> 
Pink  .-Xziilea 
/'inuv  jxUusIri^ 
Pinus  rr^inosa 
I'inus  S'i'obus 
Pit)sissiwa,  Spotted 
PiriiHgti  erytkromeitis 
Pilchcr  Plant 
Pilchinn  tamii 
IMane    I'rfr,    lluttonwood.    Hiitloril>iill. 

or  Sycamore 
ri,iff:,luui  mmrat'triHs 
I'l.inl'if    mjjo' 
1'bnl.iin.     Ribifrass.     or     Whitt-n.in- 

hoot 
I'hint^.  eilible 

Plants  ard  flowe'^.  the  .(mly  ul 
PliiUtHM^  I'l  iitntiiSif 
Plays.  Pi4;;e.iT.!     .in.<  Mas'4urs 
Pti:  irophf mix  !ii-'ili\ 

Pk-aui-^  for  r..ii>  iUh.k 

Pk'iaiie^.  ii>isslrl!.iUon  o(  117, 

Poilophvllitm  ptirvum 

Poison  lianie 

Poisoning.  t!>ad.sU«il.  fe.ilin-iii  J  ir 

Poisonous  snake  bi:t.  ;,-eatmrnt  lor 

Poisonous  snakes.  Iiuw  (ii-terniliie<l 

Poisonous  Toadstools  i^i 

Polaris,  the  Pole  star 

Pole-st.ir 

Pol?  staf  Game 

Poiytanaljm  hiHtirum 

I'l.plar    ^-(«n 


.354 
276 
24,» 
ibi 
106 
27  1 

.(« 
18 
145 
414 
,559 
8g 
246 

293 

J26 

(26 
ij6 
27.t 

.112 

(6, 
2S7 
I'lS 
210 
■55 
205 

W2 

a^^ 
1S5 
27» 
2«5 
285 
2S5 
378 
,ii5 
270 

I7j 

iO() 

,U7 
27( 

i:\ 

Ji>; 


4'-> 
273 

10  • 
M-> 
!(!* 
U;, 
tM 
JM 
1« 
27,« 
203 


Poplar,  Balaam igi 

Poplar,  Yellow                 305 

Popple,  .\spen   Poplar— Quaking  Asp, 

or  Quiver  Leaf  280 

Popnius  balsamifeta 2gi 

Pofmlus  dtlloidti 2gi 

PoptUus  Inmuloides 280 

Portrait  Party  Game      ....  Oo 

Potatoes  baked  in  ashes       ....  186 

Pot  hanger,  to  make                  .      .  181 

Potter  degree,  tests  for 415 

Power  circuit  for  wireless  use  ijj 
Prairie  Turnip,  or  Bread-root,  as  footl 

plant  .104 

Prevention  of  fire i\,\ 

ProKHt  suhis vtS 

Proifram  at  camp 175 

Proverlis.  outdoor      .....  10a 

PruHtiU  vui^aris                          .  268 

Punishments  by  Chief  i'.nd  Council  jq 

Purple  (irackle,  or  Crow  blackbird  j.ji 

Purple  Martin  u^; 

Purjwse  of  the  Woodcraft  LeuKue        w.  a? 

Putting  up  the  teepee  ajg 

Quail,  or  Ihibwhite 

Quaking     Asp,     Quiver-Le:it, 

Poplar,  or  Popple 
Queen  .Anne's  Lace  , 

Queen  Orchid 

Quercitron,  or  Bhick  or  Golden  Oak 
<Jutrfus  alba 
Quercus  couinea   . 
QiUTcm  iiuUenberiii 
hurtcus  paluitris  . 
OiMrciu  rubra 
Querius  velutina    . 
t^icksight  (iame 
(Jui^saiui  iluiiCiild 
(.)uiver  Leaf,  (faking  .Asp,  As|ien  Pop 

lar.  or  Popple 
(>>!oruTi.  what  constitutes  a 


.\s|«-M 


I  .  Hbits  j.ul  hares,  track.s  of 

Rai'way  sisn..l  cixle 

Rakr.  camp 

Ra.splx:rTy.  Relrap,  or  Purple  lUnvcr- 

ing 
Rat-on  ihe-U>l:L  vlame 
Ralllesn.^kcs 

Receiving  .imaralu .  for  » ipl-s>~ 
.Kcceivii);'  \. ireles-  n,.-s- u!c 
Krcorling  ..:iimal  Ir  .tk~ 
Ketl.  t'anjfiiip.  t>r  Norway  Pint 
R.-'l  *  .ru.ss  '-x.irninjtio':    t.>ir»s  I  ir 
Re  I  Lily,  or  \V<m«I  Lily 
Rcii.  M<K>s^.  or  S|ipj»;ry  t.\  n 
Re  i  Oak 

Rcil.  '-icarle),  Water,  or  Mvumii  Ni  iple 
Re<..  starle.v!il,  or  Swer".  C.iin 
Rei,  lrilliu:n    1.1  Smelly  W.tke  ro'  in 
Ret!  bud,  or  Juilas  I  .ei 
Reika,).   or    I'lrjile    i  lowerii.x.    h.is;i- 

berry 
Red  t:iile,l  Hawk,  or  M.-iihawK 
Reedliinl,  or  iMitxilink 
Remedy  for  snike  bite  in. 

Remedy  I :>r  tiuds^.w!  poisonin. 
Revolver  ^hoo'ni);,  coup    for 
Ribgrass.  or  Plantain 
Kitle  shtMting,  coups  for 
koad  to  Ka;ryland,  the    . 


iag 

28g 
27,i 
271 
joi 
3g8 

joo 
2gg 
.|oa 

.jOO 
.iOl 

48 

l8g 
aS 

J07 
ini 
aa8 

277 
50 
X\i 
127 
MO 
234 
a>J-, 

:?'> 
■,0i 
tor. 
tio 
is/.- 
47' 
,jo.s 


W  . 
i.U 

U  ' 

lyl, 

J5" 
27« 
15<; 

gs 


. 


438 


Index 


n 

5 

II 

J 

p 

m 

r 

Mi 

*■ 

1 

i 

1 

4 
*■ 

♦ 

i 

1 


Roasting  meat  at  campfire  185 

Robe,  Council,  how  made  » 

Robin                              ...  '" 

Rocit,  Hard,  or  Sugar,  Maple  ,iO.S 

Rock  Tripe,  to  prepare  for  fixxl  loi 

Rod  malcmg,  coups  for  .»6i 

Roll  call  in  Council  meetings  8 

Rollo,  the  sea  king            .  » 

Roof  camping  and  gardening  in.) 

Rose  Pink.      .      .  >7» 
"Rouser,"  or  "Reveille,"   wnnls  ami 

music.  '"9 

Routine  in  camp  '75 

Rubbing-stick  lire  2\o 

Rubbing-stick  fire  at  Ccumcil  meetings  8 

Rubbing-stick  fire  lighting,  coujis  for  1,^7 

Kubus  ntotatu^  '77 

Kuby-throated  Hummiiit-'binl  .t,)o 

Rmlbti  kid  hirUt  J74 

Kut  Anemone  J7J 

RutTcd  Grouse,  or  Partridge  ug 

Rules  for  ccmserving  health  IJ9 

Rules  for  using  a  knife no 

Rules  in  camp '76 

.S'.jWxi/ia  annularis 

.Sachem,  qualifications  for 

Sachem  badge,  design  ami  color 

Sa^'amore,  (lualilications  for 

S;.gai.iore  badge,  design  anil  lolor 

Sii^;!' mores  and  Sachems,  list  of 

Sji-x  nifra 

S,ilule,  how  given  .... 

.Sanfmnaria  Cj«a'ie>i^is .      ... 

Sanitation,  camp  .... 

Sardar.'.palu.j,  trained  in  woixlcrjft 

Sar»a<fnia  pttrpi,  sa  . 

Sassafii'i,  or  Ajtua  Tret        .... 

S(i.i:salras  sassafr,)! 

.Siixi/raiia  Virginiemis     .... 

S,T.xi(ragc    ... 

Jcarlct  Oak 

Scarlet,  Red,  Water,  or  Swamp,  Marie 

Scarlet  Tai?.gpr    . 

Scout  dcffijc.  test?  ;.,{ 

Scout  Runner   '.oKrtc-,  1.  ■  ts  for 

Scout  in;;  liimi: 

Screech  Owl 

Seagu'l    Comp'on 

Sci-:iiatishi()  ilegree.  tests  for 

Sec'>ii<l  CIn.:,  selctli.in  of 

Secrete  •  i  the  \Vo<m1>,  iho  twilvo 

^elf-be^i  "r  Heal  all 

Sen.iiiij;  apiKiratus  for  Hirilc>-  ~i'l 

Sending  wirrU-ss  messa;;<- 

Seven  Swan-.,  'h' 

Shagbark,  Shtllbark,  or    While.  Ilick- 

.)ry  .201 

.Shaiina/n  degree,  test>  for  w'' 

Shaman,  fiualitications  and  duties  ao 

ShariishiHiler  degree,  tests  tor  .iig 

Shfllliark.  Shagltark,  or  White.  Hickory'     Jo* 
Shelter,  watt'r[>roof    .  IJ  t 

Skin^ebii  ilegree,  tests  for  ;  2 1 

Shock,  or  nervous  coUaiist.  trealmenl 

lor  .44 

Showy  Orchi.i 17» 

."^iMia  sialii .i,i7 

Sign  languaKe  .  148 

Sign  language  of  the  rily  121 

sign  talking,  ciujis  (or  iS-H 

signs  and  blaiev   illustrali-d  i'jb 


271 

21 
22 

31 
2J 


2'J3 
21 
270 
174 
1 
2  7C< 
ioo 

.iO<, 

J  70 
»70 
300 

i'O 

US 
4'6 
4'7 

47 

.i»4 

J>6 

4i8 

5 

xvi 
2h8 
■24 

12Q 
108 


'44 


the 


Signs  and  blaze*  in  the  city 

Signs,  grass  and  twig 

Signs  used  by  tramps 

Signaling,  couiw  for   . 

Signals  by  shots 

Signals  on  the  railway 

Signals,  smoke 

Signals,  weather   ... 

Signals,  when  lost 

Silfiu  Virninifa    .... 

Silver.  While,  or  Soft,  Maple 

Silverleaf,  or  Jewelwee<l 

Sisyrimkium  (iN{H.v/i/i>/iuiH 

Siie.  height,  and  weight  guessing,  coups 

for 

Skiing,  coups  for 

Skunk  Cabbage    

Sleeping  outdoors      ... 
Sliptitry,  Moose,  or  Re<l  Elm    . 
Slipiwry  Elm,  to  fireiure  for  food 
Small  Stock  Farmer  degree,  tests  for 

Smoke  signals 

Smoke  signals  when  lost . 
Snake  bite,  treatment  for 
Snakes.  goiMl  and  bad 
Snakes,    harmless,   beneficent    to 

farmer 

Snowbird 

Soft,  White,  or  Silver,  .Maple 
Solemnity  (jame 
SoliJago  CanaJensis 
Solomim's  Seal 
Solomon's  Seal,  a.s  foixl  plant 
Songs    . 
.\louette 
.\merica 

Canoeist's  Love  Song 
Closing  Lullaby 
Death  Song  (Ojibway) 
Hike  Song   . 
Hither  Thunder! 
Muje  Muk-  sin 

O  Beautiful  for    pacious  skies 
Omaha  Trit)al  rraye 
Rouser,  or  Reveille 
The  Siar-Spangleil  Banner 
Zon-zi-mon-de 
Sons-aJis  degree,  tests  for 
Song-Sparrow 
Sour  or    Black    (jmn     Pcpi>eridge,   01 

Tupelo  . 

Southern.   I>ong-lea ved .   (Fcorgi.i,   Vel 

low.  or  Hard  Pine 
Souvenir  s()oons,  to  make 
Spark -gan,  wireless 
Sparro>'      roof  bird  Ixix 
Spalky    <i  fotlida 

SjKar         he  Creat  Sturgnm  ( lame 
Specii.       .luncils,  how  callid 
Spiked  •\  illowherl),  or  Kire  Weed 
Splicing  and  braiding,  coups  for 
Spoon  and  fork,  to  carve 
Spoons,  souvenir,  to  make 
Sporeprint,  to  make  a 
Spot-the-Rabbit  Game    . 

Spotted  Pipsissiwa 

Spring  lieauiv 

Spruce.  White 

Star  gazing,  coups  for 

Star  Wiseman  degree,  tests  for. 

Stars  as  tests  of  eyesight 

Stars  as  the  camper  see-*  them 


rAGE 
lit 

»S7 

J50 

358 
,  »58 
161 
»58 
160 
aoi 
176 
30« 
>74 


.157 
.«4 
278 
'J5 
iOi 
'01 
420 
258 
20J 
340 
338 


.t40 
334 

.JOO 
46 

»74 

»7J 

194 

65 

70 
6S 
73 
73 
74 
72 
76 
76 
67 
71 
60 
00 
75 
375 
i.U 

■)12 

2'<^ 
24S 
125 
2SI 

27H 

2S 
37-t 
i,i7 
24(1 
248 

'94 
49 
»78 
171 
»87 
35; 
431 
3'8 
314 


Index 


439 


Maple 


St«rs,  first  m-enly  in  order  of  bri((htne»» 
Stars,  number  of,  visible 
Stars,  princiiial  constellations    . 
S'artlower  .  . 

Star-gnus,  or  Rlue-cyed  Gnus  . 
Star-Knut,  Yellow 
Star-leaved,  Sweet,  or  Red,  Gum 
Stickweed,  Cleavers,  or  Bedstraw 
Still-hunting  the  Buck,  or  Deer  Kunt, 

Game 

Stock  Farmer  degree,  tests  for 

Stone  signs 

Stortn  arnl  hurricane  warnings 

Storm  call,  for  teepee 

S'.ofm  Cloud  Dance  . 

Sirii  "criti 

^tiong  Hand  Game 

Stun)i,  or  Step  on  the  Rattler.  Game 

Succoo".  or  Chicory 

Sujiar,  Rock,  or  Hani.  Maple 

Summer,  or  Wood.  Duck 

Sun  i^Klge  or  Wooclcralt  Ix-ague 

'■undial.  to  make  a 

Sunstroke,  triatment  fi>r 

Supplies  for  camping  tri|i 

"■urveyors'  blazes  . 

Swallow,  Barn 

Swamp,  or  Pin,  Oak 

Swnmp,  Red,  Scarlet,  .<r  Water 

Swamp,  Water,  or  Wh.'.e  Kim 

Swan.  Trumpeter 

Swan,  Whistling 

Sweat  Lodge  making,  coups  for 

Sweet,  Star-leaved,  or  Re<l,  Cium 

Swimmer  degree,  te>  (s  for 

"Sycamore,  Plane  Irre,  Bultonball.  or 

Buttonwood 
"■ymptoms  of  toadstool  imlsoning 
Syndesmon  tkaHctroidrs 

Tacamahac,  Balm  of  Gilead,  or  Balsam 

Poplar 
Tackle  making,  cou|)S  for 

Talkfest  tiame  

Tally  book,  individual 

Tally  Keeper,  election  of 

Tally      Keeper,      quulitications      and 

duties  a< 

Tally  Keeper,  selection  of 
Tamarack,  Larch,  or  Hackmatock 
Tanager,  Scarlet        . 
Target  for  archery  .      . 

Tariret  shootins,  coup*  for 
Taurus,  constellation  of 
Tuxodium  disluhum 
Tchtssakiii  degree,  tests  for 
Tcliibalru'e-Wig<im,ii;  degree,  tests  for 
Teacher  degree,  tests  for 

Team  work  in  camp 17 » 

Tuoma  raJuans J7S 


fAcr 
.lift 
116 
317 

»70 
S(.« 
»74 
J06 

m 

5» 

410 

161 

itg 
80 

3»J 

»s 

4S 
tbH 
.to« 
(17 

XV 

aiS 
14.5 
170 
J-,'' 

J.i5 
.1°* 
310 

.lOi 

,tl« 
iJS 
CSQ 
.100 
4SH 

\oh 
106 

a?.) 


10 1 

.t(>o 

46 

104 

I7S 

.  JS 

5 

»87 

141 

.ts'> 

.!I7 

^<)^ 
.iOO 


Teepee,  making  a 

Teepee  or  lent  making,  coup  for 

Teepee,  putting  up  the 

Teepees  for  camping  trips 

Telegraph  key.  the 

Telegraphy,  wireless 

Telephone  receivers,  for  wireless 

Tent  or  teepee  makmg,  coups  for 

Tent,  to  make  a  teejiee 

Tents.  arratiKcment  of.  in  camp 

Tents  for  camping  trips 

Test  of  mushrooms  by  sporeprint 


J  56 

172 
135 

118 

H6 
17? 
17a 
194 


PAGE 

.»« 

66 

«4S 


ig4 


Tests  for  Pathfinder  and  Minisino. 
"The  Star-Spangled  Banner"  .  . 
Thong,  or  lace,  to  nuke       .  . 

Three  Years'  Service  degree,  to  qualify 

for 
Throwing  Diamond  Hitch,  coupi  for  . 
Throwing  Life  Buoy,  coups  for. 
Thrush,  Wood      .  .  .     . 

Thunder  Handler  degree,  tests  for . 
Thunder  Roller  degree,  tesu  for  ,     ,_, 

Thuya  (xcidtntaiis 184 

TUui  A  mtruana j  u 

Tilting  in  the  Water 57 

Tinder  for  rubbing-stick  fire 

Toadstools,  Mushrooms,  or  Fungi 

I'oaiLstools,  poisonous 

Toadstools,  wholesome 

Tomtom  making,  cou|m  for 

Tools  for  firemaking 

Totem,  Indian  u.se  of 

Totem  (lole,  purpose-  01,  and  ixi-iiion 

in  camp 
Totems  in  town 
Totems  of  Tnbe  and  Hand 
Touch-me-not,  or  Jewelweeil 
Town  woodcrift 
ToxyloH  pomij'eru.'i 
Tracking  and  trail  n/ 
Tracks  hard  to  :>ljc;  >grapti 
Trail  blazing,  or  rrailvifiit 
Trailing,  coups  for 
Trailing  .\rbutus. 

Trailing  Game  

I'rails,  keeping  up  the  oM    . 
Tramp  signs  .      . 

Transformer,  for  wireless  set 
Transmitter,  connecting  up  the 
Trap  for  siurrows 
Traveler  degree,  tests  for     .      .      . 
Traveling,  coups  for  .  . 

Treatment  for  snake  bite 
Treatment  for  toadstool  poisoning 
Tree,  how  to  fell  a     .     .     .     . 
Tree  the  Coon  Game 
Trees,  the  love  for     .     . 
Trees,  the  study  of    . 
'Trees,  to  determine  height  of 

Trials,  iiiiiiation 

Trioe,  definition  of    .  . 

'1 1'be  and  Council  activities 

Tribe  Committee,  duties  of 

Tribe,  how  to  form  a 

Tribe  meetings,  whon  and  where  hsld 

T-ibe,  number  of  members  nf^essary  !■ 

form 
Ttitn4alii  AmerUcinix 

Trillium,  Big  White 

Trillium  trrnum  . 

Trillium  OriituiiJloTw 

Trillium,  Red.  or  Sr.iclly  Wake-rr;.i.-. 

Trofhilus  cniubris 

Tro%lodyUs  aUim 

Tropic  travel,  coup^^ 

T  rumpet  Creeper . 

Trumpeter  Swan 

riH(>i  Catudtn^ii 

Tub  Tilling  Game 

Tulip  Tree,  White-v 


.or. 


4>t 

413 

4>4 


130 
104 

ig> 
I  go 

35g 
130 
>5g 

170 

131 

.\o 

174 
III 

305 

103 

104 

153,  »56 

358 

170 

46 

ai5 

asg 

114 

116 

«51 

414 

3S8 
340 
ig6 
221 

SO 
180 
166 
iv8 

It 

31 

37 

11 

5 

7 

5 

170 
..7S 
-.'" 
17'i 
3  o 
3.0 
tS4 

r.a 
310 

287 

43 


or  Yellow  Poplar 
Tuning  coil  (or  wir>;!cs    . 
Tupelo,  Pepperidge,  or  Black 

Gum 


C'anoe-wxid, 

\i(),  118 
>r  Sour 
.      .     313 


440 


Index 


5  3 

* ! 


Turkey  Vulture  ur  Ruzianl 
Turkey -call,  t<>  indkr 
Turk's  C.ii)  I.ily 
Twi-rier^.  Indian 
Twelve  wcrels  o(  the  wool- 
Twin  '^tars,  the    . 
Twin-flower 
Twi>t,  bread,  to  make 
Tyrannus  lyranmt^ 


VImus  Amrriraita 

I'lmw  fuiva 

Iniiuiiii  (A  Woodiratl  Boys. 

L  if  of  the  axe 


IJ-V 
J4'' 

>17 
xvi 

J70 
l8S 

ij« 


i-triitfil         6 

aaa 


I'ligiirra  r jf riiwsd . 

\eKa.  o(  the  Lyre 

I'rrftenu  Liil<Ua 

\ervain,  or  W  iUI  Hyssop 

Village  Seoul  dfKf"'.  tests  for 

V'iiil-i  finiaU 

V'iota  I  iuulUU4i 

Violet,  llinl's  fi»>l 

Violet,  or  Heartst.i -c 

Voting  on  candiilait-  (or  mcmliershi; 

\ows  of  Head  (Jhit-i   I'ld  "icmljers 

Vulture,  lllatk 

\'ulture,  Turkey 


Wadji 

Wiufokaged  iiegnt.  lest-  (or 

Wakt-robin,  or  Trillium 

Walnut.  BUck 

V.'alnut,  White 

Walking,  keep  feet  straight  in 

Wampum  I'oltector,  selection  of 

Wampum  Keeper,  duties  o( 

Wampum    keeper,  cjuali&cations   and 

outin  . 

Wampum  Keeper,  selection  of 
VVj|iato,  or  iluck  potato,  as  fuud 
War,  or  tioidcn,  Eagle 
Washington,  George,  traine<l  in  wo'mI- 

graft  . 

H'liiiiumtfUi'n  degree,  tests  for    . 
Watch  a^  a  compass,  the 
Watch  Ltxige,  tluties  of 
Watching  by  the  Trail  Game 
Water  Becxn,  Blue  Heech,  or  American 

Horntie.im 
Water-boiling  Conte&t 
Water-boiling,  coups  for 
V  Iter  Games. 
Water   Hoop,  or  Black,  .\-h 
Water  Moccasin 

Water,  Red,  Scarlet,  or  Swupip.  Maple 
Water  sf«)rts  ami  travel,  coups  ftir 
iVater  sui'iily  in  lamp 
Water,  \Miilr,  or  Swamp  Kim 
Waterpn-'f   .lielter  of  wilderness  stuti 
Wayse-scr,  to  f|Uiilify  as 

W  ■..  i!ie.-  fjaals  

»V'    iihc  1  isdom 

W  n,;'.;.,    size,    and    height    guessing. 

coups  for 
Wi-t  fjtt,  cause  of  h<>ars«riic,s 
Weymouth  Pine,  or  White  Pine 
What  to  i!  1  n  a  burning  house. 
What  to  no  in  case  of  fire 


»7.1 

abH 

»(>» 

4as 

168 
tbS 
j68 
(I 
JO 
tl  + 
i»4 


>«7 
270 
jgi 

141 

d 

io 

S 

I0» 

Mi 

in 

Ji 

1" 

Ji>« 

si 

>S7 

,41.1 
,U8 

uo 
ist 

i8o 

(OJ 

",t 
i6o 
i«8 

"i7 
Ul 
J«5 
Hi 


What  to  do  when  lost 

Whistle  wooti,    BassHtxul,  V\  hitrwood, 

Lime,  or  Linden 
Whistle  signals,  railway. 
W  hislling  Swan 
White  Ash 

While.  Canoe,  or  Paper  Bin  h 
\\  hile  Cedar,  or  Arbor  vita- 
White  man's  wotMlcraft 
White  .Man's  Woodcraft  degree,  tests 

for  

White  Oak 

White  Fine,  or  Weymouth  Pine 
White,  Shcllbark,  or  Shagbarn .  Hickory 
White,  Soft,  or  Silver,  Maple 

White  Spruce 

White  Walnut,  Oil  Nut.  or  Butternut 

\N  hile.  Water,  or  Swamp  Kim 

\\  hile-headed,  or  Balil,  t^gle 

\S  hite-heart,   Big-bud,  or   Mockeriiut 

Hickory   ... 
Whiteman's  Koot,  or  Plantain 
Whilewood,   Basswood,   Whistle  wood, 

Lime,  or  Linden 
Whilewood,  Canoe  v.ixid.  Yellow  Po(>- 

lar,  or  Tulip  Tree 
Whittling  and  chopping 
\\  ho  may  enter  the  Woodcr.ifl  league 
W  hiilesome  loadstcH>ls 
W  ipvag  signaling,  coups  for 
W  ;ld  Cariot,  or  (,hicen  Annc'^  Ijie 
Wild  Duck,  Mallard. 
Wild  Duck.  Wood,  or  Summer  Duck 
VVihl  lire,  destruction  caused  by 
W  ild  flowers,  to  preserve  siieciinens 
W  ild  flowers,  the  study  of 
Wild  lieranium,  or  Crane 
Wild  Ginger    ... 
Wild  Goose  . 

Willi  Hyssop,  or  \rr\-ain 
Wild  life  around  .New  Vork  City 
Wild  plants,  eilible     . 
Wild  Spikenard 
Wilderness  Cooking,  cou|>s  for 
W  illiam  of  Orange,  trained  in  wixdcraft 
William    the    Comiueror,    trained    in 

woodcraft  ... 

W  illow  bed,  W  oiKlcraft  .      .      . 

W  ilKiw,  Black 

Windflower 

Winning  a  nanir 

Wireless  for  Woodcrufttrs 

Wise  Woodman  degree,  tests  for 

Wolf,  tracks  of 

Woman's    Power    in    History    degree, 

tests  for   ....      . 
Wood,  or  Summer,  Duck 
Wood  supply  for  Council  Fire 
W ood  inrush .      . 
Woodcraft  Boy  in  Nature's  school. 
Woodcraft  boy  in  the  forest ,  the 
Woodcraft  Boys,  message  to 
Woixlcraft  buttons,  to  mat  '■ 
Woodcraft  Club,  for  men  .      I  women 
Woodcraft  Council  Ring 

WixKlcraft  dyes 

Woodcraft  in  town 
Woodcraft  Indian  trilK-s 
Woodcraft  Laws,  the 
Woodcraft  League,  I.,ii<lge>  of 
Woodcraft  League,  (Hirposc  of 
Woodcnft  painta 


Kill 


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aoi 

3" 
l6i 

tJH 
.tU 
li)h 
)Kg 
igti 

iti 

as? 

144 
.«0.J 
»«7 
1Q4 
.to\ 

1Q4 
J7i 

(11 

los 

lao 

»7 

m 

.M7 
117 
iHo 
l66 
165 
17^ 
a78 
.ia8 
168 
»67 
igl 
a7,j 
■LSS 

i 
i 

ar.i 

III 

410 
10; 


417 
.W7 
17^ 
.(.»" 

i 
280 

.» 

a4S 

XV 

177 

»4S 

III 

II 

to 

XV 

XV 

Mi 


Index 


aoi 


4*5 

»87 


441 


W'oodOTft  »tudy  in  naseua*  aad  U-  '***" 

Woodnua't  Untera  '. I" 

Woodpecker.  Down  V      .;;.;!'• 
Work  for  new  membere  .     .  ,, 

W  ren,  Commoo  House  ...'.'     .{5 

Yarrow,  or  Milfoil     .  ,., 

^•""^■jChestaut.  or  Chinquapin  sirub 

Vellow,  Unj-lMved.  Georii*,  Soulhl    '^ 
en.  or  Hard  Pine  ..    ,gj 


Vetew.  or  Gray  Birch    ....       '^« 
YdtewUdy'.^Upper         .  «! 

Yellow   Poplar,   tW-wood.   Whitel    "^ 
V  „  '"^'  °'  TuUp  Tree      .     .  ,0, 

Yellow  Sur-frast     .     .  ^74 


XtnaUmra  macrotira  .      . 
Ztfxac.  or  FalM  Solomon's  Seal 

Zon-ji-mon-de."  word!  and  music 
Zuni  Coil  at  robie  badfe. 


no 

J7J 

75 
a 


iq4 

»7i 
(II 

310 
»7 

igh 

.V'« 

a7j 
.U7 
127 
>8o 

966 

»78 
J7« 
.W« 
26K 
»67 
IQI 
»7,» 
,IS8 
3 

i 

«8<) 
«7,1 

III 

410 
207 


427 
.127 
17^ 

» 
280 

.» 
245 

XV 

177 
245 

121 

II 
10 
XV 

sv 
243 


MICROCOPY   RESOLU.ION   TEST   CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No   2) 


1.0 


I.I 


12.8 


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!:  iiM 

^  140 


2.5 
2.2 


2.0 


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